WikiIslam - User contributions [en]

User talk:Lightyears

2025-03-26T16:00:03Z

Damaskin:

Dear [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]]
I have completed the rough draft of 'Iddah article (https://wikiislam.net/index.php?title=User_talk:Lehrasap/Sandbox_1). It is requested to please have a look at it and advice the necessary edits and what to further do with it. Thanks.
[[User:Lehrasap|Lehrasap]] ([[User talk:Lehrasap|talk]]) 23:03, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

== Mecca article ==

I have revised my proposed additions, mainly to standardise the references.
:Thanks Fernando, the ref formatting looks good, though a few extra tips will be useful: When you use the visual editor it seems to be adding the <code><nowiki><nowiki></nowiki></nowiki></code> tags to external links, which are not necessary (it's better if readers can click the link). I'm not sure why that's happening, but these tags can be removed via the source editor when you update the article itself if the same happens there (please feel free to go ahead and add your updates when you are ready).

:Quran verses should be cited using the <code><nowiki>{{Quran||}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{Quran-range|||}}</nowiki></code> templates so they can be conveniently clicked by readers to check for themselves on the Quranx website. Wikipedia pages (which we sometimes cite for general overviews) can be linked using another tag in a format like this <code><nowiki>[[w:Petra|Petra]]</nowiki></code>, ‘Climate’ and ‘Byzantine Period’ - Wikipedia.org [where the first parameter is the wikipedia article name and the second is the display text you want to use). I don't use the visual editor myself, but there's an option to insert templates and then search for quran or quran-range. If there's no means to use the <code><nowiki>[[w:]]</nowiki></code> tag in the visual editor it's fine to just use the normal linking feature instead.

:For Crone's article you currently only have a short version of the reference. This seems to be unintentional as your first revision on 10 September removed what was the full reference from your initial comments. It would be better to have the more complete version of the Crone reference for your page update. Similarly, for Tesei's article it's great to link the freely accessible academia copy but as well as giving the full reference. An example of a better format is the Tesei reference in the [[Prophecies in the Quran]] article.

Lightyears
I've updated the main article. I'm not sure whether it's public yet. When it is I'll delete the sandbox material to avoid confusion.

:Also, feel free to add the points you mentioned on the historical attestation of Muhammad talk page, though it should also be mentioned clearly that Ohlig is considered part of the Revisionist school of thought in Islamic studies, specifically the Inârah Institute who are considered a fringe group by other academic scholars. It looks like there is an intention to flesh out the empty sections at some point but it's fine to make those changes now. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 14:41, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

I've added more on David A. King. Thanks for the technical advice, I'll go over the whole thing tomorrow.
I'm not sure what you mean by a full reference. To include 'https://www.'? The examples you give don't seem to have this.
Regards Fernando
I can't work out how to edit footnotes. I suppose it's possible to delete and then add
:Hi, I'm away for a few days with only my phone, but I recommend the source editor if anything doesn't work well with the visual editor.

:By full refs I just meant this
:Patricia Crone, ''How Did the Quranic Pagans Make a Living? Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies,'' University of London, Vol. 68, No. 3 (2005), pp. 387-399. Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/20181949, and in her ''Collected Studies'' (2016).

:Instead of simply Patricia Crone, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181949 How Did the Quranic Pagans Make a Living?]'' , also in her ''Collected Studies'' (2016).

:The first time a journal article is cited we need to give the full ref. The short version would be fine if it's cited again a 2nd time in the same article. I imagine that was your intention originally.

:Similarly this would be better:
:Tommaso Tesei [https://www.academia.edu/75302962/ The Qurʾān(s) in Context(s)] Journal Asiatique 309.2 (2021): 185-202

:Instead of just [https://www.academia.edu/75302962/_The_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n_s_in_Context_s_Journal_Asiatique_309_2_2021_185_202 Tommaso Tesei]

[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 22:16, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Lightyears
I've made some more changes. Would it be possible to finalise the whole thing now? I've asked some questions, and other readers may have the answers.
:Sure, you can go ahead and add your work into the Mecca article itself. At some point we will add some further content/edits. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 00:10, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

== Hello, are you currently reviewing updates please? ==

Hey Lightyears - I hope you are well and have had a great holiday period! You've previously reviewed and accepted/edited many of my updates (and on the shooting stars page) - I was just checking if they were still coming through okay, as some have been here for about a month? Or if you're taking a break just let me know and I'll reach out to another editior. Cheers, CPO675
:Hi, due to external events recently I have had to concentrate on other things and have been unable to look at the wiki. Possibly that may change quite soon but otherwise ASmith should be able to help. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 23:17, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Okay no worries thank you! Will do (Y)

== Article of smoke ==

Hello i see that on the article of smoke someone said that hot gas should have been the word to describe the universe but there was no word for gas in 7th century Arabic if you could re-edit it or tell me another word that would have been better for it then that would be much appreciated [[User:Syegod101|Syegod101]] ([[User talk:Syegod101|talk]]) 05:16, 12 January 2025 (UTC)

Hello? How come i dint get no responses? [[User:Syegod101|Syegod101]] ([[User talk:Syegod101|talk]]) 19:41, 30 January 2025 (UTC)
:Hello, apologies. The people you contacted are rarely active these days and probably didn't see your messages. The gas mistake which you mention has actually been on my list of things to fix since last year and I will likely fix it soon. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 22:29, 2 February 2025 (UTC)

== Publishing problem ==
Hello,
I am Damaskin, I am the administrator of the Bulgarian version.
I am sending you this because it has not allowed me to publish on Facebook recently (the last two articles), and I think it is very important. No one can publish them - the post freezes and nothing happens. It says - just a moment...
After talking to those who know the subject, the problem should be in site.
Best regards,
Damaskin

User talk:Damaskin

2019-11-26T10:38:38Z

Damaskin:

==Hi==
hi, is Russian equivalent to Bulgarian? Just making sure. We have a separate russian wiki and for example here's the RU article of what you're translating: [http://ru.wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F Ислам и педофилия]. The page names look similar. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 17:51, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

Hi Damaskin, thanks for your message. Yes sure, ofcourse please continue if they are both different languages as you said. You have full permission to translate any article into the Bulgarian language. If you face any difficulties or confusion let us know here or on the forum page. It will be great to have a set of important articles translated into Bulgarian. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:16, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

You will have to complete the translation of the all the inter-linked Islam/Science articles (a large number) in order for the main [[Islam and Science]] article to be of any use. The translation of the last two Science articles here would be useful as first steps: [[WikiIslam:Translations]]. You can also start with the translation of [[72 virgins]] which will be equally useful. Please start with the list given on the page. A specific focus on I/Science is not as good as first dealing with that list at [[WikiIslam:Translations#All_Languages]]. That list contains general topics which are very important and they cover all topics in addition to Islam and Science. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:52, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

Text in the other pages was moved to [[User:Damaskin/Sandbox1]]. It can be moved back when the page is complete. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 08:15, 12 October 2013 (PDT)

Its drop-down arrow near the "view history" tab and then "move". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:58, 15 October 2013 (PDT)

==Main page and template help==

Hi ,Sahabah. You are very welcome!:

{{Quote||'''Translations'''

Тази страница е достъпна също и на следните езици: Арабски , Азърбейджански, Чехски, Английски, Френски, Италиански, Испански, Турски, Узбекски. За други езици вижте менюто в ляво.}}

and:

{{Quote||Това е началната страница на WikiIslam(Уикиислям) за потребители на български}}

and:

{{Quote||Статии на български}}

and:

{{Quote||Карта на сайта - Използвайте, за да се движите из WikiIslam(Уикиислям) и да намерите необходимата ви информация}}

== Translating series ==

Hi Damaskin. The page you are translating now is part of a much larger series. That means without the other pages also being translated, we cannot add this page to our list of completed Bulgarian translations. Will you be translating the entire series? I ask because we often get editors who begin translating series but never complete them. This is a shame because the same amount of effort could have produced some great completed pages. [[User:Sahabah|--Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 13:19, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

:Hi Sahabah, The series is interesting, but not all of it is relevant in Bulgaria. Adoption is obsolete and therefore translated it. There are many other interesting things to translate into other topics and I hope gradually to translate many of them. I like when someone searches for something on the topic of "adoption" or something else you can find it in Google.
:Can we translate at our discretion shuffle and then add them to the list of Bulgarian translations because we think that the benefits will be greater for the people in Bulgaria?
:We hope to translate and gradually the whole series and many other things, but of course we can not guarantee that.
:Regards, D.

::In that case we could remove the footer at the bottom and add a line like "This was translated from an article series and is part of the series", etc. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:31, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

:::Hi Damaskin. In the beginning, we like translated material to be as close to the original as possible. Of course, once a dedicated Bulgarian sub-domain is opened (with a front page's worth of translations, about 25-35 articles, and at least one regular and reliable editor), things can be different.

:::The reason why we like accurate translations to begin with is because it allows new editors in that particular language to understand the style, tone, quality, etc. that we expect in all languages. It also allows us to see if there are any users who would be suitable and willing to take on the responsibility of guiding the future direction of that sub-domain. Although our core principles will remain (no bigotry, politics, other religions or worldviews, etc.), once the initial translations are done, the new sub-domains are free to evolve separately to the English part.

:::The problem with the page you chose to translate is that it doesn't qualify as a decent stand-alone article. It is written in an essay style because it belongs to the one author. It is not Encyclopedic or as scholarly as our regular pages. Nor should it be, because it forms a part of AmericanaX's own personal journey. But when it's separated from the rest of her series, her writing style loses its context and it doesn't reflect so well on us as a whole.

:::In short, we provide many examples of pages that would be great for translation and it would be appreciated if you tried to stick to them. If you see something you like and it's not on the list, leave a message on Axius' or my talk page and we can give you our opinions on them. Try to translate as many as you can, keeping in mind that the eventual goal is to open up a dedicated Bulgarian sub-domain that will allow you to develop material independently to the English site. Axius may want to add something different to what I have said, but those are my thoughts anyhow. [[User:Sahabah|--Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 14:42, 22 October 2013 (PDT)
::::Yea I see now it has the Essay tone and some of it is written in the first person. If an article on Adoption is needed in Bulgarian, it would be ideal to write a separate English article on it first and use those sources she has used. Or edit the Bulgarian version for a title "Adoption in Islam" and make further edits, however we'd like to have that in English first so we can see it follows our guidelines
::::I may be wrong but I personally think this adoption related article translated into Bulgarian should be a lower priority as compared to some other topics because adoptions generally happen very rarely so the impact is minimal but it would have been fine if we had a stand alone article like Sahabah says. Its up to you guys so whatever you decide. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 15:14, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

Hi Axius and Sahabah,
I'm not translating from English to Bulgarian myself because my English is not good and I give the articles for translation to people who I trust .
I'm saying this because the article on adoption is an exact and full translation of the English version and does not differ from the original.
It is also my opinion that adding a connection with the original English article-essay and saying that it is part of a series called " Concerns with Islam " woun't cause a fragmentation problem.
Also I understand that the article is an essay, yes , but in the absence of other relevant articles this one works as well .
Finally, I'd like if we can trust each other.
Bulgaria is an European Christian country and Muslims have been there for 600 years . Traditional Islam is more moderate and current topics are more mundane .

In the name of the mutual trust , I will provisionally accept your opinion and will stop insisting on putting the Adoption article. However, the website is yours and you're setting the rules.

Regards,
D.
:hi D, you can sign your name using the sign button in the toolbar and you can edit this talk page and we will respond here.
:I'm ok with keeping the Adoption article you've done since you worked on it but we can keep it in our Sandbox space for now (or whatever Sahabah thinks). We can put a note of some kind at the top and so on. However in the future important articles should be translated first. All of the ones in the list are good ([[WikiIslam:Translations#List_of_Articles_to_Translate]]). Can you tell us more about Adoption and Islam in Bulgaria and why its an important topic? Are there lots of people who are adopting and is it a big problem there in relation to Islam? (more than the average in other countries)
:The articles we choose on that list may be common/mundane but they are popular/important topics and these are what people want to know most about. Topics like Women's rights and so on are important. Some articles are closer to the core of Islam than others. What do you want to translate next? Let us know before you begin. Would be great if you can translate [[72 virgins]] next (whenever). There's also "[[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]]". Some articles are very shocking and contain important information that has more urgency attached to it. So for example the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/10-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 10 verses] article you did was important. Thank you for what you've done so far. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:10, 23 October 2013 (PDT)

Can You give me some e-mail, Please?I I would like to ask something there.
:Hi Damaskin, send an email to {{site email}} and I'll also forward it to Sahabah. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 07:33, 31 December 2013 (PST)

== Meta tag ==

hi Damaskin, the meta tag can be done in your language e.g.:
:<nowiki><</nowiki>metadesc>Ill health effects of Islamic Dress in relation to Vitamin D levels.</metadesc>
People will see that text in search engine results. This is for the tag on this page [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE]. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:56, 5 December 2014 (PST)

Thanks!Done, I translated it.Please text me if needed.
:Great thanks. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 04:38, 6 December 2014 (PST)

Hi Sahabah, What is wrong with Khadijah bint Khuwaylid article?
:Hi Damaskin. There's nothing wrong with your article. I just noticed you forgot to translate some of the explanations in the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4#.D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8 footnotes] (you have translated some but not all of them). I was going to leave you a message here first thing today (sadly, I didn't have much time yesterday so I couldn't get around to it). [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 07:58, 4 January 2015 (PST)

Hi, why the name in the article is still in English? I used only Bulgarian - http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Приапизъм(Постоянна_Eрекция)
:Hi Damskin. It's because of the page_title template at the bottom of the page. We use it so the name of the page can be different to what the reader's actually see (so that links do not break on other sites when they link to us). You can see where I changed it [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%29&diff=111513&oldid=111509 here]. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 06:19, 21 February 2015 (PST)

-----------------
Hi everyone,
* "This page contains content of a humorous nature" - "Тази страница има съдържание с хумористичен характер"/
"Continue at your own peril" - "Продължете на своя отговорност"
* "show"-"покажи"
* "hide"-"скрий"
For http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Имате_ли_каквото_е_необходимо,_за_да_следвате_исляма%3F

P.P. I can not find in Google the articles " Логическа заблуда " , " Салаф (определение) " and " Аллах (определение) ". Is it any reason?
Is there everything okay with the article " Аллах (определение) ", because there is no reference for (Translations) in the English article?
How many articles we have to translate for bulgarian domain?

All the best,
Damaskin

:Hi Damaskin. Concerning the articles, "Логическа заблуда", "Салаф (определение)," and "Аллах (определение)," Google just probably hasn't indexed them yet. "Аллах (определение)" is fine. I've added a link to the English version now. I also moved it to a different URL and used that "page title" template we were discussing previously. For separate domains, we need about 25 to 35 full-length articles. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:32, 1 March 2015 (PST)

Thank you, Sahab!

Hi Sahab, why is that: This Български (Bulgarian) translation for Arabic is currently incomplete?

== Setup of Bulgarian WikiIslam ==

hi Damaskin, if I give you the photoshop file for the WikiIslam logo, will you be able to add your own text to it? This would be 'WikiIslam' and then 'The Online Resource on Islam' (like it appears in the english logo on the left). Alternatively, you can tell me where I can find the font files for the font you like and the translations of those two terms as they should appear in the logo. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:47, 19 May 2015 (PDT)

Hi Axius, I do not have Photoshop, but you can send me the file and I'll try to do it. If I succeed, I'll send you the ready file back.If I can't do it,will write you also to create it together.
In case I will give you the text in Bulgarian language:
WikiIslam = УикиИслям /
The Online Resource on Islam = Онлайн източник за Ислям
:Ok sounds good. I will send you the file by email. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 12:28, 19 May 2015 (PDT)
I think I got all the redirects done. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 19:30, 29 June 2015 (PDT)

I left it for those days because I have no time, but thanks anyway. - Damaskin
:No problem.
:The reason why I did this [http://bg.wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=72_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8&curid=62&diff=496&oldid=495] kind of linking is that once we changed our domain and links like that stopped working. If we keep it internal, the links will always work. Its up to you though. For the BG site you can revert back to the external links if you like. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 04:33, 1 July 2015 (PDT)

== Reverted edits ==

Hi, just letting you know what's going on with the site at the moment and why your edits yesterday were reverted. ExMNA will likely get in touch with you at some point, but to summarise, they are undertaking a major project to revamp Wikiislam with a wide range of improvements. This will include a lot of new content and a more scholarly and objective approach in the existing articles. They are developing new guidelines for this purpose, and as a result some pages have been batch-deleted (including the Farside pages) which were not appropriate for the new approach.

AbdulHurayrah is heavily involved with this project, and the edits you saw were the removal of links on hub pages to articles that have already been removed. The 4 articles that had sudden major changes were their initial experiments to help formulate the new guidelines. Some of those articles will be further improved (I gave them feedback). I didn't undo your rollback of the embryology article because I know that the experiment introduced quite a lot of problems (I am very familiar with this article because I completely re-wrote it a couple of years ago). I'll put their changes back when I am ready to fix the problems.

I saw that you changed the wine article back to the old version that we had prior to my review and re-write. I did this re-write following feedback from Ex-Muslims and Muslims. There was agreement that the old article needed changing due to a host of problems, so I have reverted your changes to that. It's possible that this one will see further work during the revamp project. Thanks for your other work and patience while we commence the initial stages of the project. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 11:09, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hi AbdulHurayrah,
First I apologize for the inconvenience I have created, but I thought the changes for vandalism. The truth is that both articles(the wine article) have their weaknesses, but yours resemble a Pro-Islamic because I did not see used weak hadiths as you mentioned. Usually, Muslims justify that some hadith is weak when it is not profitable. I do not know how much you know Islamic scriptures, but I have no long been consulted with Muslims on controversial issues.

Regarding the four articles, they are 5 that I saw were deleted and I was shocked. Some of them were emblematic and very strong in their argumentation. I still can not understand what the new site policy is, but I will look forward to finding out. Please do not be angry with my reaction, but I love the site and want to see it still uncompromising.

My English is not good at regrouping or writing articles on the English site. For translations from English to Bulgarian, I have used paid professional translators. So I apologize for writing to you bad English now.

I will be happy to communicate more in the future to work for the good of the site and the truth.

Best regards,
Damaskin

:I just wanted to reassure you that we do not want to lose good arguments and information. I care a lot about this too, and so do ExMNA (we have had recent discussions about this). The new policy will be about re-phrasing good arguments that are supported by cited evidence into a more objective and concise style, adding balance where needed, and fixing biased personal judgements and assumptions. We will be removing conclusions and just presenting the observations and evidence so that readers see that the articles are more objective. Then they can come to their own conclusions about each topic. A lot of quotes will be moved to footnotes to make long articles more streamlined in order to better help readers who want an overview as well as those looking for detailed information on the arguments.

:The experimental versions of the 4 articles (72 Virgins, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, Aisha's Age of Consumation and Embryology in the Quran) were actually written a few months ago and copy-pasted in yesterday. Mostly the changes worked well. Since then we have further refined the new policies. Later I will add back again some removed argument sections and evidence in Age of Aisha and Embryology, but in the new concise, objective style. [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 21:32, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

==Mass deletion of hundreds of pages last December==
Please respond here: https://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Discussions/Editor_Discussions#Mass_deletion_of_hundreds_of_pages
--[[User:Yaakovaryeh|Yaakovaryeh]] ([[User talk:Yaakovaryeh|talk]]) 01:24, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

I'm very glad you wrote! I answered there.
Damaskin

WikiIslam:Discussions/Editor Discussions

2019-11-26T10:33:44Z

Damaskin:

{{Discussions}}
'''''This page is for discussions between editors. Visitors should use the [[WikiIslam:Discussions/Visitor Inquiries|visitors]] page. All new discussion topics should be created at the bottom of the page, below all previous discussions, and all messages should be [[WikiIslam:Signatures|signed]].'''''

==Logical Errors rename==

Shall we make logical errors into "logical errors and absurdities" or put any word like "absurdities"? Then there will be a lot more to add.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:50, 27 February 2014 (PST)

:No, I think absurdities is too wide in scope. For example, most of the scientific errors could be seen as absurdities. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 15:24, 27 February 2014 (PST)
::How about something temporary and general like [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Issues in the Quran]] and gather all the relevant verses and make whatever kinds of internal headings we like. The first main step is to gather the verses and some rough sorting and then later refinement to make sure the claim is correct and refining the sorting/headings also. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:01, 27 February 2014 (PST)

:::I don't think the issue is a temporary one that can be sorted by refining sub-heading. If that was the case, then the present heading, "Logical Errors in the Qur'an", is fine for now. The issue is about the entire direction of the article i.e. the author hasn't decided on the topic of the article yet. Clearly that's an odd place to be when an article has already been started. The original topic (logical errors) does not seem to create enough content to warrant an article, so the new title, "logical errors and absurdities" was suggested to allow widening its scope. However, including "absurdities" widens the scope too far. To me, the reasonable conclusion is that there is no article here, or it should at least be put on hold until there are enough logical errors found, and efforts should be concentrated on the "Qur'anic Claim of Having Details" article which has more potential, but that's probably not what everyone wants to hear, so we come back the same problem. What is this article about? If it's about "Issues in the Quran", then that completely obliterates the scope. There are hundreds of issues with the Qur'an and we have hundreds of articles dealing with them. I doubt Saggy or anyone will be willing to create an article that would encompass them all, but readers who land on a page named "Issues in the Quran" would expect nothing less. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 16:48, 27 February 2014 (PST)
::::If its in a Sandbox article space it doesnt matter what the article title is or if it doesnt have any structure and so on. Its not indexed and its under construction.
::::The first step of these articles is to choose from the 6000 verses by scanning them. We dont want any restrictions at this stage which could slow that down. The next is some kind of sorting or making sense of it. When its time to move the article to the main space only then we have to worry about applying the rules you mentioned and I agree with those rules (correct titles whether its one title or many, scope, how it fits in with everything else, whether its a valid claim or not, etc). It has to be ok in every way. Saggy is doing the first core task, bringing out those verses so that can go on in a Sandbox article. In the end we can come back to your comments and see what to do next. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 04:41, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::Well, if you, Saggy or whoever want to do it that way then it doesn't bother me in the slightest, because it's up to each individual how they spend their time and it's being done in a sandbox. But scanning 6000 verses then deciding on what to do with them is not the optimal way good articles are written. That sounds quite absurd in itself. It's common sense that when you write an article that you have a general idea of what the article is about, and only then do you do the research for it. Take the "Qur'an detail" article. We know we want verses that lack detail, so we scan the Qur'an for verses that fit the description. We do not scan the Qur'an for an unidentified purpose, collect anything that looks interesting and then decide that "there are some verses here that lack detail. Let's make an article about it". [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:14, 28 February 2014 (PST)
::::::Actually I've always wanted to scan the Quran for all the interesting things but Skeptics Quran has done a lot of it (I remember your comment about SAQ). In any case yes, as long as its done in a Sandbox people can do what they like (good practice for articles under construction in any case). In the end we can see if it makes sense or not, or how to fix it. If you had to scan the Quran for an identified purpose, you would to scan it again every time you had a new purpse. If scanning is done one time but we have a "filter" on it (like an email filter), it saves time. Anyway. Yea its up to Saggy on what he wants to write in the Sandbox. I need to take a closer look at these articles some time to see how its going. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 05:21, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::::Scanning the Qur'an as a general project is a completely different task to the one we are discussing here i.e. Saggy's "logical errors" page. And yeah, when you know what you're looking for, you would scan it again. That's how it's done. Or do you think if you scan the Qur'an now you will never have to scan the Qur'an ever again? We've all "scanned" the Qur'an multiple times (i.e. when we've read through it), but that doesn't do away with the need of re-scanning the Qur'an for a specific purpose. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:33, 28 February 2014 (PST)
::::::::I dont know, I guess its however he scans it. If it was me who had to do it, I would keep a checklist of stuff I want to check against. Anyway, yea he can work on the sandbox page as he likes. I know he was talking about the Logical errors page. I was just giving the general advice that he can work on a sandbox page. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:53, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::::::I asked because I saw some things that may not be logical as I think but they are not scientific either. Just erros.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:40, 1 March 2014 (PST)
::::::::::I just renamed it to [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Logical Errors and Other Issues in the Qur'an]] for a general kind of title. You can think about renaming it to something more specific in the end when you're done with it. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 19:16, 6 March 2014 (PST)

==Article on Ali==
How about an article on Ali? He's (one of) the most important men in Islamic history, so why not? [[User:LawrenceGilmore|LawrenceGilmore]] ([[User talk:LawrenceGilmore|talk]]) 14:01, 5 March 2014 (PST)

:I made your inquiry into a new section by making a heading. Sure thats fine only if it would be a good article related to criticism of Islam. Otherwise not too much time should be spent on it in my opinion but thats up to you. Do you have any thoughts about the text extracts [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/Islamophobia_-_temp] for the iphobia article? Sorry I have been putting off working on that article but I was waiting to see what you thought of the extracts. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:23, 5 March 2014 (PST)

==Create the Details article?==

I think its time to create the details article, What do you say?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:33, 11 March 2014 (PDT)

:I think it needs a language cleanup. I'll try to look at it and see what I can improve.
:One of the strongest cases on that page is the 5 pillars. Can you think of any other cases like these where the detail is seriously needed, is an important part of Islamic belief but is there in the Quran? Those would be very good additions to the page and are not as important as the other verses (stories with missing details e.g.) --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 17:22, 11 March 2014 (PDT)
::I think there's probably a lot more that can be added (possibly after the article's creation, but preferably before) and I agree with Axius concerning the need of a language cleanup. I too will try to help with that in the next day or two. I would also say that the 5 pillars section needs to be redone to be consistent with the rest. So, IMO, it is not quite ready but it is getting close. Other than that; well done. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 22:04, 11 March 2014 (PDT)
:::I [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&diff=105705&oldid=105634 added] some more verses for the claims of being detailed and made some headings. I found those additional verses [http://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/islam/pillars/al-salat_%28P1192%29.html here] after searching for what Quran says about salat so I could add those verses. For now I just did this and will try to add salat verses related verses so match the other sections. A good compilation of Salat related verses has been done for us here: http://www.progressive-muslim.org/salat-prayer-quran.htm . A page like this can probably go in a Ref tag, and we can have some specific verses and for the rest we can give the reader the link in the Ref tag.
:::Saggy, my opinion is that new verses for missing details should not be added anymore unless they're really good. Instead the effort should be focused on finalizing this page. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 20:36, 12 March 2014 (PDT)
::::Saggy, additions of new verses is fine but it may keep extending the time it may take for the article to be reviewed/finalized (just letting you know). You can keep adding the verses though I think thats fine. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 07:01, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::I planned the order to be numerical so we start with chapter 2 and go to 113 :/ --[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:55, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::Oh ok. I [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&diff=105829&oldid=105824 reverted] myself then. I think it should be revised so its categorized in the other sense. I think its more powerful to present "practices of Islam" in one section and laws in another etc. Do you disagree? OR, you can reorder them in the end when you're done. Another related point is that there are enough "stories" (fables) for now. It would be nice to have more incomplete details for other categories like "laws" or practices in Islam (charity, fasting, salat) etc. Or any new categories. But yes I do believe that presenting related categories is more powerful. We dont follow the chapter series anywhere on other pages because the verses are pretty random. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:04, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Law? theres hardly any law to search for i think. some practices eg. pilgrimage are more detailed than the 1-line-stories so there may not be more practices to insert. Some are not story or anything categoryable eg. "We revealed the book and with it the balance". Where do they go in the event of separation?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:26, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::::[http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details#Thief.27s_Repentance Thief's repentance] is one example of a law/sharia issue, currently the only one though. The others can go in a "Miscellaneous/Other verses" section. I guess keep collecting and we can think about it in the end. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 11:38, 15 March 2014 (PDT)

I readied the prose, now create it or u want more verses?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:40, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

:I will read through it later and clean it up before creating it. There's enough content there for an initial article. But I also want to separate the 5 Pillars before that. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 09:35, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
::2 pillars and ablution; and 1 or two more laws. Should they all go into one bunch? The Rest of the pillars have a decent amount of details so they may not go in.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:12, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
:::It's okay. I worked around it now. For Axius: concerning that progressive-muslim link; the translation they use is not accurate and distorts verses a lot. They're also Qur'anist apologists; their whole point is that the Qur'an is detailed, so I don't think it will benefit us from citing Qur'anist apologists as a reference. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 20:01, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

::::Only 1 translator called 85;4 as fire.[http://islamawakened.com/quran/85/4/] it many not necessarily be the usual future hell. I gave the source from wikipedia. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:08, 22 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::If the lack of detail was based on a historical event, then this should have been mentioned. And if only one translator used the word fire in 85:4 then you should have called the section heading "Makers of the Pit", not "Makers of the Pit of Fire" (I will change this now). Because if the fire translation is accepted then it could be easily argued that this is a poetic way of saying sinners are making their own place in hell, so it's not the Qur'an's lack of detail that is the problem, but the interpretations. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:02, 22 March 2014 (PDT)

::::::Saggy, why are you rushing everything and only making a half-hearted attempt at creating a decent article? Axius may disagree with me, and I'm not trying to discourage you, but my philosophy has always been, "if you're not going to do something properly, then don't do it at all". It is this that has led to us weeding out most of the weak articles and deleting them, resulting in a very high-quality wiki with a reputation for its accurate and articulate content. But when it comes to you, even your talk page messages are so rushed that it makes them hard to understand.

::::::See [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&oldid=106203#Blowing_on_Knots this section] called "Blowing on Knots" that you wrote. You say about [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/113-qmt.php#113.001 Qur'an 113:1-4] that, ''"One cannot understand who are those who blow on knots and why."'' This could be easily refuted by apologists. All they have to do is click on our verse reference that goes to the USC-MSA site an see that both of the other translators render it as ''"those who practise secret arts"'' and ''"the evil of malignant witchcraft"''. Then they can claim that WikiIslam are dishonest and are simply choosing the 1 translation that is most ambiguous and suited to "their agenda". Looking at the multiple translations available at [http://islamawakened.com/quran/113/4/default.htm islamawakened], most translators render it as something to do with witchcraft.

::::::I've now fixed that by removing the text you wrote and replacing it with, ''"Many translators identify those who blow on knots as "those who practice secret arts" or witchcraft, but this information is not found within the actual Qur'anic text. Others choose to translate it accurately as "those who blow on knots", which makes it impossible to identify who these people are and why they would do such a thing."'' But you were obviously aware of the situation (since you chose the 1 translation of the three that only mentions knots) so why did you not think to add this to the article? It was the same thing Qur'an 85:4 (discussed above this message). If you were aware of the uncertainty behind the meaning of this verse being discused by Muslim scholars so it confirms the fact that this verse lacks detail, why did you fail to mention it? You are rushing just to throw articles out there and this is resulting in your work being weak or incomprehensible. This is not how we do things. We do not choose quantity over quality. That may have been the case 5 years ago but not today.

::::::So can you please try to adjust you editing style accordingly? [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:32, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::ok. But I bet those claims against this site will never go away.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:52, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::::Thanks, Saggy. Of course. We know these claims will never go away. We are not doing it for those apologists who make these claims. We are doing it for all those people (Muslim and non-Muslim) who use us to learn about Islam and trust us for our accuracy. We need to be thorough and clear enough so that they have the information available to see that we are correct. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:05, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::I agree with what Sahab said and in particular ''"We do not choose quantity over quality."''. As we can see Sahab did a lot of work [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&offset=&limit=250&action=history] on the Details article. Thanks for that Sahab. Saggy please note Sahab's recommendations.
:::::::::Anyone can make any number of Sandbox articles, whether they're of poor or good quality. Picking those sandbox articles and finalizing them is entirely optional and is up to other users.
:::::::::So Saggy if you can do a good job in the Sandbox article, it makes it more likely that others will work on it and finalize the article. If its too difficult others can just add it to the [[tasks]] page to work on it in the future. If its added there, you can see that the tasks page contains lots of tasks so it will likely be a long time before anyone works on it. I would advise you to keep working on Sandbox articles as you have done but if you ask people to finalize it and it needs a lot of work, you can expect a reply like ''"it needs a lot of work (for example, X, Y Z) and at the moment I'm unable to work on it"''. In that case you can keep working on the article to the best of your ability (and make it rebuttal proof as best as you can). It can be added to the Tasks page if it needs a lot of fixing up. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 17:27, 24 March 2014 (PDT)

==Womb sentence==

[http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/228/default.htm Here] see its second sentence. does it make enough of sense? some stray translator calls it "hiding pregnancy," but is it really something that can be hidden over time? especially in those old days? If it is unclear, it should go into some article.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:46, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

:I think it sounds pretty clear. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 20:04, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
::What does this mean? "Do not kill your children secretly, for the milk, with which a child is suckled while his mother is pregnant, overtakes the horseman and throws him from his horse."[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/028-sat.php#028.3872] [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:18, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::Why? [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:22, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::I think he just wants to know what the hadith means. Strange hadith. I dont know myself. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:56, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::Appears to be claiming fetuses drink their mother's milk in the womb. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:01, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::Whoa lol. Yea I think you're right. I dont know what that horseman thing means though. Funny. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:11, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Yeah, I dunno what the "horseman" refers to either. It's probably the killer. And the milk thing sounds silly but it's not out of the ordinary for Islamic literature where the moon and sun are considered sentient beings and food likewise "praise Allah" or warn Muhammad of poisoning. Although we have to be careful with such things because while the former is a scientific error, the latter is a miracle. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 12:22, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::To put it somewhere.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:23, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::Scientific Errors in the Hadith? (lol. I'm assuming it can't be argued that fetuses suckle on their mother's milk). [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 12:26, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::So I was thinking the apologist could argue (as they do) but that the child in this quote is a child outside which has been born already: ''"with which a child is suckled while his mother is pregnant"''. In any case, this hadith could be in a "Other Hadiths" sub-section or wherever (its up to you guys). --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 14:57, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::I'll fill in the details of every possible meaning. But if this is for the scientific error article, what title to give it? "Breast milk can overflow?"[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:23, 3 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::Could be "Break milk is consumed by Fetus", etc.
:::::::::::But look what I found. I think this is interesting. I googled "greek science breast milk uterus" and I found this paper. Google "The History of the Knowledge of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology " [https://www.google.com/search?site=&source=hp&q=+The+History+of+the+Knowledge+of+Reproductive+Anatomy+and+Physiology+&oq=+The+History+of+the+Knowledge+of+Reproductive+Anatomy+and+Physiology] and click on the link from www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au
::::::::::::''ca 150 A.D. -- Galen – was a Greek Biologist and philosopher who practised medicine, was a surgeon to gladiators and a public demonstrator of anatomy.''
::::::::::::''He also believed women had two uteri ending in single neck. One of his theories was that if milk flows from the breasts of a pregnant woman, it is an indication that the foetus will be weak. His reasoning for this is; '''the breasts and uterus are joined by common vessels. The foetus inside the uterus is bathed in nutrients (milk)''', if this milk overflows to the breasts it is because the foetus is not strong enough to consume as much as it should be.''
:::::::::::Galen is mentioned on our site in other places too. [https://www.google.com/search?site=&source=hp&q=galen+site%3Awikiislam.net&oq=galen+site%3Awikiislam.net site search]. Food for thought. I knew it could be connected to Greek science just like the Embryology/semen backbone stuff is copied from Greek science in Islamic texts. I would suggest the next steps as possibly finding more related hadiths and any Islamic scholar's comments on this hadith and then citing this paper to link them. There needs to be more study to see completely what the hadith means to say.
:::::::::::Then I added Galen to the search query [https://www.google.com/search?biw=1920&bih=852&q=greek+science+breast+milk+uterus+galen&oq=greek+science+breast+milk+uterus+galen greek science breast milk uterus galen]. Click on the PDF "Exploring gender: Islamic Perspectives on Breastfeeding" for more info.
:::::::::::Galen says in another link [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/65/2/374] "so that if a nursing mother should become pregnant,", so it might be talking about a pregnant woman who is nursing another child. This is just more information. Saggy could you analyze this carefully or do more research before putting the hadith in to make sure we are not putting in any hadiths that can be explained. I have no additional input on this. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:12, 3 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::The minimum error is that milk overflows. Where is the baby or how many babies are there does not matter. I'll insert this and its better to see if somebody tries to refute or explain the rest of words later. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:00, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::[http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Hadith&curid=9085&diff=106600&oldid=106482] "there can be only some leakage of milk", can qualify for "A Pregnant woman's milk can overflow". Technically "some leakage" is "overflow". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 04:30, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::No, it throws a horseman! All i found was this denial-[http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=91918] and another where a guy will make 60 women pregnant and their kids will become horsemen of war[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/015-smt.php] - it maybe related to our subject of child/horseman but it does not clarify the milk. neway I read some breastfeeding facts and wrote down.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:36, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::Let me think- mother or somebody else may have planned to kill the foetus ( but i am not sure if this was possible). If it is killed what happens to the milk? overflow, at best. If she's pregnant and feeds a second child and this child is to be killed, again the milk may be excess. the horseman falling must be the exagerration and it is best to point that out. I checked more - only breastfeed woman leaks often. but pregnant plus breastfeeder can be sometimes low on milk supply.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:51, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::::Added ref for decreased milk. The ref template needs some fixes. i see it later, i've to go.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 05:05, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::::Ok, I think I understand now. The hadith says that it will always be the case that overflow happens for a pregnant breast feeding woman. I still dont get the logic behind the hadith "Dont kill your child because otherwise the milk wont overflow" ... ? Must be some background on the hadith as to whats going on. Yea I saw that link. I googled [https://www.google.com/search?biw=1920&bih=852&q=%22overtakes+the+horseman+and+throws+him+from+his+horse.%22&oq=%22overtakes+the+horseman+and+throws+him+from+his+horse.%22&gs_l=serp.3...12123.12994.0.13351.3.3.0.0.0.0.85.251.3.3.0....0...1c.1.39.serp..3.0.0.KbC8LzjI35c "overtakes the horseman and throws him from his horse"] and saw a few more links. Here's another [http://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=320733] which is about intercourse and other stuff.:
::::::::::::::::::''Imam Abu Sulaiman Al Khattabi explaining the hadith says, “The Prophet (pbuh) is indicating that when the husband has intercourse with his breastfeeding wife, which results in pregnancy, it reduces her milk, thus depriving the suckling child, as it is being nourished from that milk, hence weakening the suckling child”. (Ma’aalim Al Sunan of Imam Abu Sulaiman Al Khattabi)''
:::::::::::::::::and this quote (note the interpretation of horseman etc):
::::::::::::::::::''The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "…gheelah (pregnancy during the period of breastfeeding) overtakes the rider and throws him from the horse." ('''Reported by Abu Dawud, this means''' that the child who nurses from a pregnant mother will suffer from it in later life like a horseman who is thrown from his horse.)"''
:::::::::::::::::There may be additional information in the google link about the horseman phrase. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:08, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::::::And after Googling that phrase ("this means ....") I found only two links, one of which was that forum and the other is this [http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/pregnancy-and-newborns/175346.html?newborns=]. So I think this hadith may not be a good choice after addition after all but check all of this information and see for yourself. You can also get additional scientific error Hadiths from this page: [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Silliness]]. You can copy the ones that can be shown as scientific errors. Its ok to have one hadith shown in multiple pages. But yes continue with your hadith scanning/search because we know there are more errors/things found in Hadith than Quran verses. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:23, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::::::I searched for "Romans persians" and got this [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/008-smt.php] Book 008, Number 3391 is what they seem to call gheelah. But gheelah does not appear linked to "kill children" nor to the fall from horse. Its tiring; verifying such claims. What analogy did they say: Child will suffer the same as a horseback fall? is it due to milk in any way? This fall-suffer analogy is strange, it seems like all those miracle claims derived from half sentences. The subject is clearly milk, not child. but they changed it to child to brush it away. So you have googled and thrown light(lol) on two separate parts: If the second half is an analogy, the first is not clear. If we understand or assume the first, the second is not clear. "Milk throws the horseman from the horse" looks the same as "sperm flows between backbone and ribs." By now, a whole article could be made on this mess if needed.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:15, 4 April 2014 (PDT)

{{outdent}} (outdented)''"This fall-suffer analogy is strange"'' - the apologist will quote Abu Dawaud and claim that its not referring to overflow but punishment later on. I would suggest to move on to something else as things are not as clear as we would like them to be (unless additional evidence can be found). The problem is the meaning of the hadith is not clear, and we cannot claim that horseman refers to overflow (without evidence that says so). --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:28, 4 April 2014 (PDT)

:That is what I was trying to say - such an apologist cant show which word refers to what, ''satisfactorily.'' (is it "milk" that refers to punishment?) I had said the sperm thing on realising that the first guy who pointed out the sperm-flow error did not expect that apologists will give 10 different interpretations, half of them twisting the original words. They are all debunked. Same may happen here. We should take the hadith literally unless there is strong evidence for different meanings in it.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 10:06, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::Agreed that it should be taken literally. Literally it just says "horseman taking over the horse". Anything else (overflow or punishment) needs a reference. I would suggest adding the hadith to some kind of "to do" page where hadiths of interest are listed so it can be looked at again when there's more information. If the hadith literally said something about over flow or punishment or lack of milk for the other baby etc, it would be another situation. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:10, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::I think that hadith should not be added to the list. I do not get "A Pregnant woman's milk can overflow" from a literal reading. In the end, a literal reading is all that matters because anything else is an interpretation and can be argued against. Ultimately, this is just one odd hadith out of literally thousands of odd hadith, so I don't see any importance in this. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 00:28, 5 April 2014 (PDT)
::::Ok. Yes, the concept ofoverflow is not mentioned explictly and one interpretation says it means something else.
::::Saggy, I would to reiterate the need for adding content that is "rebuttal" proof. You said ''"Its tiring; verifying such claims."''. Yes its more work making sure new content is strong and of high quality but [[What_People_Say_About_WikiIslam|its worth it]]. If you want you can add the Hadith to your own "to do" page/section where you can continue the research (in which case make sure you add the reference to the Abu Dawud meaning of suffering I found). Again, do look at the [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Silliness|Silliness]] hadiths to see if any can be added from there to the Science errors page. Many hadiths/verses are easy decisions to insert if the meanings are clear (this kind of hadith is not found often). Easy or not, all new content still needs a careful look to make sure it is acceptable.
::::Its nice that you have been researching hadiths and verses and some of your other additions have been fine so yea, continue that. I recommend you do it like this as its easier: Put all of the interesting verses and hadiths you come across in your own temporary Sandbox page, and when you have a certain number, start inserting them into the relevant pages (after a good review). And then you can go back and search some more. This is easier than finding one quote, inserting, finding another and inserting etc. In the Sandbox you also have more freedom to write what you want until its finalized: [[User:Saggy/Sandbox]], [[User:Saggy/Sandbox for QHS]]. etc --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:23, 5 April 2014 (PDT)

==Editor centric navigation==

Lets see how these changes look. I moved all visitor related links to the top and the Editor related links to the left for easier access. Visitors who are 99% of the people visiting this site can look in that Navigation box while Editors can see what they want on the left for easier access. In my opinion Editors are more important than visitors. We can get visitors and thats easy; we already have a lot of them so lets pay more importance to editing which is a problem. This is more inviting to editors and its telling them they are important. Lets see how it feels for a while. The bad thing is its pushing content down but there's no other way for now.

Later we can also try reverting and moving everything below Editing. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:18, 26 April 2014 (PDT)

:Reverting back for now with a few changes - Editing section is given higher priority, Recent changes is moved to Editing, policies and Core principles have also been moved to Editing.
:Still trying to find a good menu navigation system. Making the site look like Wikipedia is not a priority. A site is not judged to be good because it looks like Wikipedia but because it has good content and is easy to navigate and makes it easy for people to find what they're looking for (this is good web design). Making it easy for people to navigate the site is of higher priority. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 19:20, 28 April 2014 (PDT)
::There is a public Mediawiki extension called "Breadcrumbs" (well, there are even TWO !). Maybe that can help ? [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 18:45, 15 December 2014 (PST)
:::The [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:BreadCrumbs first] is a strange way of doing breadcrumbs. The [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:BreadCrumbs2 2nd] is the right one which will need manual creation of the breadcrumb data. Its up to Sahab and I can install it if he wants that. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:33, 16 December 2014 (PST)

==Introducing our editors to the readers==

What can be done to make the site more inviting and more likely to connect with our readers and most importantly, potential editors? I've always thought of a page where we can list our significant current and past (retired) editors. Even if there are only a few people to mention it could be done. An summary of the kind of work they've done would be nice. That recognition would be nice and people would be interested in seeing who is doing what.

I feel this will make people more interested in joining the website as an editor when they feel a social connection to the site.

Any thoughts? --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:36, 5 July 2014 (PDT)

==Invites to Notable Internet critics of Islam==

Both of these people are very knowledgeable about Islam and I would like to invite them to join our site:

*KlingsChor ([http://www.youtube.com/user/Klingschor Youtube], [http://klingschor.blogspot.com/ Blog], [https://twitter.com/Klingschor Twitter]) and
*TheRationalizer ([http://www.youtube.com/user/TheRationalizer Youtube], [http://therationaliser.blogspot.com/ Blog], [https://twitter.com/TheRationaliser Twitter])

I'm in touch with TheRationalizer and have told him that I hope he joins us. I commented on Klingschor's Youtube channel and invited him too but he may not have read it so I will try to create a formal invitation and deliver the invite to them personally and we can also show the invite on the website (which can also be an introduction for them containing information about the internet presence and their areas of interest).

Anyone else who should be on this list? --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 11:52, 5 July 2014 (PDT)

==How to Add a translation to an article==

I have translated a complete article to another language in my sandbox. Now I need a step by step process how to add this translation in the language catagory.

Should I edit the main English article and paste my own translation in the wikitext after deleting the main article and then submit my changes for approval?

==Swedish translation==

Greetings. I have plenty of Wiki experience from gaming wikis and I thought I may be able to help out here a bit now and then. Primarily I may want to start translating articles into Swedish. Sweden is quite prominent in certain aspects of Islam, especially since we have a large minority muslims and our government caters to the more fundamentalist aspects of Islam (they, both sides, seem to have no clue about the difference between moderate and fundamental followers of the religion) and I think there may be an interest for some of these articles in Swedish.

I'm happy to translate things as I go along, and I was thinking of starting pretty soon, but what articles do you think are most prominent and best candidates for translations? A question could be about which pages are visited the most etc.

Mind you that Swedes have a very good knowledge of English, in most cases, so many things can easily remain in English, such as the Quran stuff. I can't be bothered to find a Swedish Quran and copy all your hard work. I'm thinking more general articles on abrogations and stuff like that.

Open for suggestions!

[[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 01:57, 20 August 2014 (PDT)

:Here is the list: [[WikiIslam:Translations]] You can go ahead with it in a sandbox. See [[Abrogation]] it has 3 articles, I think they are complete and hence fit for translation but take a second opinion on them. More links in [[Contradictions and Errors]]. Then there is [[WikiIslam:Site Map]] and Tasks to pick anything of your choice. Another interesting article is [[Questions to Ask About Islam]] but it keeps receiving some additions. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:42, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:Hi Leord, thanks for joining. Yea it would be great to have some articles in Swedish. You can do the Abrogation articles if you like but how about [[72 Virgins]]. This will remain a popular topic and there's a lot of wrong information for this topic that needs to be challenged. Other articles on our [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Translations#Articles_to_Translate Translation] page include [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad List of killings by Muhammad], [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Health_Effects_of_Islamic_Dress Health effects of Islamic dress] (if there are many Hijabs, Veils seen in Sweden), [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Invitations_to_Islam_Prior_to_Violence Invitations to Violence], etc. Let me know what you want to start and I'll make a page for you that you can directly edit. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:10, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::Brilliant guys, quick reply as well, nice. Cool, I will look into these over the next couple of days. As I said, Swedes are generally very proficient in English, so this is more a means to make it feel "more like home" for some parts of the possible audience than an essential service. As such I don't think the Swedish section will ever need a sub-domain, but it's better to simply link freely to English articles from the Swedish ones, and then have a translation choice on the English for the pertient ones you pointed out. It will probably take me a while to sort it all out.
::I am also pretty used to both editing and article writing, so I'll give them all a once-over for grammar, wording, meaning, etc before I start. Probably won't hurt, anyway. :) 10:01, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::Ok, sounds good. Let me know here when you have a choice. Good to know Swedish people are somewhat familiar with english. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 19:45, 20 August 2014 (PDT)

==Making Pages easier to find==

Upon doing a Google search for 'Taqiyya' (and all it's spelling variants)I was surprised and disappointed to find that wikislam did not come up (at least not in the first 5 pages). I'm not sure what (if anything) can be done to fix this, so I thought I should mention it. It is likely that this is an issue with other pages/topics/terms as well. I was thinking that the reason is due to the fact that there is no specific Taqiyya Page with the term Taqiyya in the title. I was wondering if I, or preferably a more experienced editor, could create a page specifically on the topic of Taqiyya or just create the page and have a link to http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Lying. —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Yaakov|Yaakov]] ([[User talk:Yaakov|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yaakov|contribs]]) {{#if:12:20, 20 August 2014‎| 12:20, 20 August 2014‎|}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:Sounds like a good idea to me. That is a start, the next step is also to get people to link the pages, THAT really adds google ranking. [[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 13:17, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::"Taqiyya" could become a redirect. I am not sure if it will affect the Google hits as a redirect. @Axius, can you look into it? [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 13:21, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::Unless you get hundreds of pages to link to the redirect, then NO, it does not. However, for SEO purposes, it's better to have separate articles with more specialised content linking each other (somethimes it's better with one bigger article, it depends, but in THIS case it would be ideal). Taqiyya is a very prominant concept when tackling Islam, I definitely think it would help to make sure it had its own article. I have quite a background in web... [[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 13:25, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::::Taqiyya already redirects to [[Lying]]. There is a reason why we don't have a page on Taqiyya (and hopefully never will); it is seen as a predominantly Shi'ite practice used by them to save their own lives. Lying to non-Muslims to forward Islam is supported by Muslim texts, that is why we cover it all in [[Lying_-_Primary_Sources|Lying (Primary Sources)]]. But as soon as critics mislabel it as "Taqiyya" they lose all credibility. We call it what it is; lying. No fancy words needed. Of course we do have a section within there that covers Taqiyya but that is only a small part of the entire subject. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 13:35, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::::I would be in favor of having a (small) page on Taqiya to tell people what it is and what its not (so everyone can know including critics of Islam) and it can link to Lying but its to Sahab and he says there shouldnt be a page on it so there. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 12:25, 21 August 2014 (PDT)
::::::Actually Ax, your idea of having a stub on the subject is a good idea if done right. It should basically say taqiyya simply refers to Muslims lying to protect themselves (certainly not what these editors are suggesting, to conflate a single aspect of lying with the entire subject of lying itself). It literally only has to be a few sentences long. It would, once and for all, put an end to people trying to smear this site by claiming WikiIslam supports the idea of taqiyya specifically referring to Muslims being allowed to lie freely to everyone. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:57, 22 August 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Axius, I've created that page now[http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Taqiyya] (it's a mix of my writing and the dhimmi views from Wikipedia). Let me know what you think. I would stress the need to watch that page carefully. If editors start editing it and claiming lying = taqiyya then it would impact the site's accuracy and credibility in a big way. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 13:08, 22 August 2014 (PDT)
::::::::Yup great job, looks great. Its definitely better to have this stub for everyone's sake. I havent tried to understand it in detail but I get the general idea. If anyone wants to change the article they would have to get pretty authentic sources to change the meanings. I was also not clear on the meaning of the term myself until a few years ago so its good to have this page for everyone. Seeing this page and the QHS:Lying page, many people will realize these are two different things and the QHS:Lying of course is a unique collection not available anywhere else. This should also make people who wanted to have a page on it. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 16:38, 22 August 2014 (PDT)

==Reviewing==
Guys, you are invited to review my edits. There are too many and the admins currently do not have time to review them. They are major additions proposed at [[User:Saggy/Sandbox - Issues with Quran and Hadith]]; categorised by article. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 05:16, 22 August 2014 (PDT)

==Inspired by Muhammad: Dog Hadiths==

Hello. I looked at the links to the Hadiths concerning killing dogs and restricting to killing black dogs from this page: http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Inspired_by_Muhammad#Killing_Dogs

It seems that the links do not take you to the hadiths you are quoting. Maybe the site was updated or whoever created the page made a mistake. I thought you should know.

Specifically, it's the Sahih Muslim 16:2840 and Sahih Muslim 16:2839.

I think the hadiths are Abu-Dawud: http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/016-sat.php [[User:Paul99|Paul99]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:46, 28 August 2014 (GMT)

==How do I upload content from files ?==

I have A LOT of content

^^^^ Hey, guys, you sure did not think about people using other font size than yours ! The icon menu overlapped the text zone on my system (Linux Mint 17) ;-)

OK. I have a WHOLE LOT of French texts about islam, that I wrote myself, (PDF, LibreOffice...) and even a French Mediawiki database (which I have on my computer for persnal use, but which is not connected to the Net) about the subject. Do you have use for them ? How can I upload them, if the answer is yes ?

More details here : https://www.facebook.com/groups/738034866282996/

The database in MySql dump format can be downloaded from there under the name xxx.txt.
The PDF "Monsieur Ha Ca" can be downloaded from there too. [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 18:42, 15 December 2014 (PST)

:Do wikipedia pages come out ok? How about The main [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki Mediawiki] site? Your OS is not a common choice so its probably not worth trying to fix it.
:For your other content it depends on what the quality is. Please dont upload anything before showing a sample of the writing. Also currently we dont have any french editors on the site to review the material. Can you upload it on a regular website like a blog, or just make a temporary sandbox here for one of your pages you want to show? That facebook page shows an error (not available). Its strange that you've uploaded a Mediawiki wiki database... to Facebook.com? I dont understand how thats possible. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:38, 16 December 2014 (PST)

::Hi François. Without a trusted French administrator who understands this site's policies and guidelines, it is not possible for us to fully judge the quality of original works, hence why the policies state that sub-domains can only be started when there are a front page's worth of translations (about 25-35 articles) and one reliable editor, and only then are they "free to evolve separately to the English site in style and {{underline|content}}".

::The content may be great, but we have no way to evaluate it completely. Looking at what you wrote on your user page isn't encouraging, it suggests to me that the content will most likely be breaking a whole host of WikiIslam's policies, both for style and content.

::Speaking of user pages, I have deleted those promotional links from there. You have not read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users|Message to New Users]]", otherwise you'd know our policies concerning them (see: [[WikiIslam:User Names and Pages]]). Links are allowed after 50 positive edits (i.e. main space edits that are not reverted or need to be fixed by others).

::Instead of your original content, why not consider translating existing English pages into French? If you like that idea, you can learn how to do that on [[WikiIslam:Instructions for Translators]].

::Anyhow, please do read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users|Message to New Users]]" before making any more contributions to the wiki. Thanks. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 09:44, 16 December 2014 (PST)
:::"Its strange that you've uploaded a Mediawiki wiki database... to Facebook.com?"
:::I mean I updated of course its MySQL '''dump''' in ASCII form so anybody can recreate it quickly on his/her own machine. 3,8 Mo (3 758 022 octets) :-) [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 13:06, 21 December 2014 (PST)

==Translations==

Hi Wikiislam i am former editor of Sekulyarizm.org first Azerbaijan website about atheist and criticism of İslam.I want to help Wikiislam about translation of articles into Azerbaijani language.I would be happy if you help me about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Aykhan|Aykhan]] ([[User talk:Aykhan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aykhan|contribs]]) {{#if:| |}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:hi, welcome to the site. Please see [[WikiIslam:Instructions for Translators]] for instructions. [[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]] is a good choice. Also we have two or three articles from that website [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Category:Sekulyarizm.org]. It might have been you who was the original author of those articles. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:37, 21 January 2015 (PST)

I started to translate that article but i can't move it to translations section please help
http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_t%C9%99r%C9%99find%C9%99n_sifari%C5%9F_v%C9%99_yaxud_d%C9%99st%C9%99kl%C9%99n%C9%99n_q%C9%99tll%C9%99r

==Pederasty and Racism by Muhammad.==

Volunteer needed! Editors! Help me to create the topic Pederasty by Muhamad.

I believe Pederasty by Muhammad and also Racism should be core topics.

I added this remark to the topic racism:

" This text suggests that Muhammad invented the systematic enslavement of Africans and that all enslavement of Africans was inspired by him:
{{Quote|{{Tabari|2|p. 11}}|"Shem, the son of Noah was the father of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Greeks; Ham was the father of the Black Africans; and Japheth was the father of the Turks and of Gog and Magog who were cousins of the Turks. Noah prayed that the prophets and apostles would be descended from Shem and kings would be from Japheth. '''He prayed that the African's color would change''' so that their descendants would be slaves to the Arabs and Turks."}} "

Here some stuff for a Pederasty by Muhammad topic-page:

Pederasty by Muhammad:
Pasted from https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2014/04/10/hadith-prophet-muhammad-kissed-the-penis-of-small-boys/comment-page-1/ :
" “And there shall wait on them [the Muslim men] young boys of their own, as fair as virgin pearls.”

Hadith Number 16245, Volume Title: “The Sayings of the Syrians,” Chapter Title: “Hadith of Mu’awiya Ibn Abu Sufyan”:

“I saw the prophet – pbuh – sucking on the tongue or the lips of Al-Hassan son of Ali, may the prayers of Allah be upon him. For no tongue or lips that the prophet sucked on will be tormented (by hell fire)

He (the Prophet) lift up his (al Hassan’s) shirt and kissed his (little) penis..” ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟاوأ ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﺔﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻧأ ىور He (the prophet) kissed the (little) penis of al Hassan or al Husein ﻪﺘﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗو ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟا يﺬﺨﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣ جﺮﻓ ﻢﻠﺳ و ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا ﺖﻳأر He (the prophet) put Husein’s legs apart and kissed his (little) penis

Another Hadith. Majma al-Zawa’id, Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami, 299/9 ﻦﺴﺣ هدﺎﻨﺳإو ﻲﻧاﺮﺒﻄﻟا هاور ﻪﺘﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗ و ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟا يﺬﺨﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣ جﺮﻓ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﷲ لﻮﺳر ﺖﻳأر

ﻲﻤﺜﻴﻬﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻰﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺪﺋاوﺰﻟا ﻊﻤﺠﻣ translated into English: “I saw the Messenger of Allah pbuh putting Husein’s legs apart and kissing his (little) penis.”

Related by Al-Tabarani and it’s authentication is fully validated by Islamic scholars.

Hussein and Hassan is not the same name, so clearly this is of two accounts and he kissed more than one penis."

Pasted from http://www.answeringmuslims.com/2014/04/yahya-snow-advocates-sucking-on-tongues.html?m=1:

"Al-Adab al-Mufrad al-Bukhari 1183—It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "I never saw al-Hasan without my eyes overflowing with tears. That is because the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, went out one day and I found him in the mosque. He took my hand and I went along with him. He did not speak to me until we reached the market of Banu Qaynuqa. He walked around it and looked. Then he left and I left with him until we reached the mosque. He sat down and wrapped himself in his garment. Then he said, 'Where is the little one? Call the little one to me.' Hasan came running and jumped into his lap. Then he put his hand in his beard. Then the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, opened his mouth and put his tongue in his mouth. Then he said, O Allah, I love him, so love him and the one who loves him!'" (Al-Adab al-Mufrad Al-Bukhari, Number 1183)

Musnad Ahmad 16245—[Mua’wiya said]: I saw the prophet sucking on the tongue or the lips of Al-Hassan son of Ali, may the prayers of Allah be upon him. For no tongue or lips that the prophet sucked on will be tormented (by hell fire)." —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Guide|Guide]] ([[User talk:Guide|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guide|contribs]]) {{#if: 20:00, 20 February 2015 | 20:00, 20 February 2015 |}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:First of of all, before attempting to make any more contributions, please read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users]]" in its entirety and follow whatever instructions are applicable to you.

:Secondly, I have removed your edits to Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Racism‎. What you wrote was absolute rubbish. Enslavement of Africans existed long before Prophet Muhammad was born. The Curse of Ham nonsense already existed in the Jewish Talmud long before Muhammad was born, and I doubt the European Neanderthals who enslaved Africans where inspired specifically by Muhammad. A case could probably be made that the resurgence of slavery or its perpetuance among Europeans was "inspired" to some degree by the actions of their Muslim contemporaries, but that's hardly the same thing.

:Thirdly, we will not be making racism and pederasty into core topics. To be a core topic, it has to be very general in its scope and there must be a lot of material to justify its status. If we had an article on "pederasty" it would belong in the "Pedophilia" core topic which obviously encompasses such things as that.

:Fourthly, we do not exaggerate or take issues out of context here. Muhammad may qualify as a modern-day pedophile, but he was a heterosexual pedophile, not a homosexual one. Nothing you have quoted here suggests otherwise. I would think anyone who is an ex-Muslim or is familiar with Middle-Eastern culture would realize that. Actually, I'm sure the tongue kiss thing is used somewhere here as an argument for pedophilia, but it is inaccurate so I will remove it. Thanks. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 07:05, 21 February 2015 (PST)

==Romanian translation==

Hi people, I want to translate this in Romanian. I have edited on Wikipedia a few years ago, I think I can manage...
How this starts, what shall I do? [[User:Michael|Michael]] ([[User talk:Michael|talk]]) 17:23, 17 August 2015 (PDT)

:I would like to see a translation of [[72 Virgins]]. We have others listed here [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Translations#Articles_to_Translate]. If you tell me which article you want to do and its translated title, I can make a copy of that page that you can edit.
:I also renamed that image to a better file name and inserted a disclaimer. See this part of the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_is_the_religious_persuasion_of_the_contributors_to_WikiIslam.3F FAQ]. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 18:27, 17 August 2015 (PDT)

==My idea==

Here is my idea:

TEXTS TO BE USED

1. "Sirat Rasul Allah" pages 111-690 (minus poetry and lists of names).

2. Bukhari/Muslim with repetition cut out.

3. The Qur'an.

INSTRUCTIONS

We start with 1. It will serve as the "skeleton".

Some of 2 describe specific events (2a) and some of 2 do not describe specific events (2b).

We insert 2a into the text of 1, where the events occur.

We insert 2b where the topic arises in 1's text.

Finally, we insert the verses of 3 where they were revealed. (Both 1 and 2 tell us where verses were revealed).

When this is completed, it would serve as an authoritative, one-stop reference. It would be the totality of Islam in one document.

-Enterusername

:What makes the totality of Islam is subjective. There are other texts too. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 22:30, 4 September 2015 (PDT)

Other texts can be included. "Good" Hadiths can be included in number 2 as well.
If this was completed, it would serve as the totality of ''authoritative knowledge'' about Islam.

:You can work on it if you like (in the sandbox space first). I can tell you how to start. It would fall under the [[essay]] category. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 07:20, 5 September 2015 (PDT)

==Article Idea==

I have an idea for an article:

A complete list of all the events that occurred between Muhammad, the Quraysh, and the Jews, along with a final moral analysis.

==ALL LINKS TO VERSES @ usc.edu ARE DEAD==

ALL LINKS TO VERSES @ usc.edu ARE DEAD. Either a new site must be found, or a possible solution might be to link to an archived version of the pages through one (or more) of the following:

http://'''webcache.googleusercontent.com'''/search?q=cache: [original URL]

https://'''web.archive.org'''/web/*/ [original URL]

http://'''archive.is'''/ [original URL]

[[User:Yaakovaryeh|Yaakovaryeh]] ([[User talk:Yaakovaryeh|talk]]) 17:07, 18 October 2016 (EDT)

:It was definitely working yesterday clicking links from wikiislam. I think it's probably just gone down temporarily (has happened before)[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 17:15, 18 October 2016 (EDT)

==CMJE web no longer offers quran and hadiths==

The templates converting hadith/verse number to cmje url don't work anymore. We should start using other website, or use our own quran / hadiths. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 04:48, 18 December 2016 (EST)

:Yeah, it's not worked since mid October. I contacted one of the cmje members and they got it working again for a few weeks, but now it's down again. They say they have problems maintaining the site. I'm working on a new solution involving another Qur'an and hadith site, but first I am trying to get some of the templates we need unlocked so editor user rights can change them. I know someone who has an excellent site with many great features better than cmje that will be able to work with the existing usc-msa hadith citations on wikiislam as well as new ones after I've changed the templates. I can get the Qur'an links working as soon as I've got the template rights changed and hadiths hopefully fairly soon after when the other site is able to take them.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 20:22, 19 December 2016 (EST)

===Transition from CMJE to QuranX===
I can edit the templates now (I asked for the templates to be unprotected so Editors could change them, but they seem to have decided instead to give me Admin rights). The eventual permanent exmna admin can unprotect them if he/she decides to in future (they are in transition between admins).

The site we will be using as a replacement for cmje is [http://quranx.com/ QuranX.com]. It combines many of the best features of other well known sites, and as such is an excellent research productivity tool. To start with I've just made the Qur'an templates point there. Some improvements to the QuranX site are soon coming which we can use (e.g. showing the linked verse(s) in context). Hadith templates will be directed there too once it is able to interpret the obsolete usc-msa numbering scheme used by the existing hadith citations here. If there are any technical problems in future with the site we will be using please contact therationaliser[[file:At-sign.gif]]gmail.com [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 23:42, 28 December 2016 (EST)

:Hadiths for the old cmje collections (Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Al-Muwatta) should be working again now. Links to them are now using the quranx site. There's some more work to do (minor feature improvements, and a process comparing the translations with cmje (quranx includes some corrections to the cmje translations), but it's good that we have something once again.

:We are also using the new QuranX features allowing alternative referencing systems to be used when citing hadiths (USC-MSA and in-book reference, which also appear on another well known hadith site but without the ability to link using the USC-MSA system). The templates for these 4 collections now allow an in-book reference alternative to the default USC-MSA reference system. This is useful as there are many hadiths that appear on QuranX that were omitted on the old cmje site's hadith collections (especially in cmje's abridged Abu Dawud collection). These hadiths usually have been given a USC-MSA number the same as adjacent hadiths that were on cmje. The in-book referencing system can be used to cite them specifically, or otherwise using the default USC-MSA system, all the hadiths that have a cited USC-MSA number will be listed when there is more than one.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 01:04, 3 January 2017 (EST)
::The current hadith template is probably causing an Enter. See [[Glossary of Islamic Terms#M|the last part of this section]]. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 15:00, 3 January 2017 (EST)
:::Thanks, I think it's fixed now. There are also some minor issues with the usc hadith numbers in the data set on QuranX that I'm also helping them fix.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 15:55, 3 January 2017 (EST)

==Offline version?==

When I am in an article and click "Printable version" I can make a nice PDF out of that article. I think you could upload somewhere (I wouldn't overload this site) a big zip with all articles in PDF. And then people who might have limited internet access could study offline also. Maybe they can't access wikiislam, but they can download the bunch of PDFs somewhere. And also if there was a printed version, that would be also great. Doesn't have to be everything, it could be "The Best of WikiIslam" for example. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 19:38, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

==Mass deletion of hundreds of pages==

I recently came across a couple of links to dead pages ([[Islam Science and the Problems at Wikipedia]], [[Notable Former Muslims]], and [[People Who Left Islam]]) and noticed that they were all deleted by the same user - AbdulHurayrah (at the same time - 20:25, 26 December 2018). So I looked into it and found that in his first 2 days of editing, he deleted over 700 pages (at least a quarter of the pages on the site):

@ 20:25, 26 December 2018 he deleted 403 pages including:
150 "farsideology" pages, 28 "Videos on Islam" pages, 24 "The Root of Terrorism" pages, 19 "Mind of the Musulman" pages, 18 "Islam on the Net" pages, 13 "Islam Illustrated" pages, and about 150 other random pages including the 3 I previously mentioned (I didn't go thru all of them, but one particularly interesting looking one that caught my eye was [[The Handbook to Debating Non-Muslims]]).

@ 14:24, 27 December 2018 he deleted 320 "former Muslim" pages.

@ 16:17, 28 December 2018 he was indefinitely blocked by Damaskin for Vandalism.

@ 16:28, 28 December 2018 he was unblocked by Damaskin.

I presume the deletions were in good faith to make Wikiislam more objective, less hostile, more palatable to Muslims, etc. and it might even be right, but what troubles me most is the total lack of any apparent/transparent discussion/consensus prior to this sudden mass deletion (by a new editor). (Not to mention all the wasted time and effort that must have gone into those pages). --[[User:Yaakovaryeh|Yaakovaryeh]] ([[User talk:Yaakovaryeh|talk]]) 01:13, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

::I think he explained somewhere that this is exmna's plan. They were planning "massive overhaul" of wikiislam. To delete bad pages and rewrite the good ones. I'm not sad that they deleted farsideology, because it was a joke. This website should be more about facts and arguments. But I wasn't very happy when they edited my article "Mary, the sister of Aaron, in the Qur'an". They've written on reddit that they will delete "conclusions". And yes they deleted the title "Conclusions" and left the text of the conclusion there, so now it seems that the conclusion is a part of the previous section "Moses' Father". Also I remember I've wrote somewhere here a long time ago to some Christian activist who tried to portray Islam as Satan's work that we should be more objective and we should share facts that we can all agree upon and not subjective conclusions and maybe they got inspired and said to themselves "Let's delete all sections named Conclusions". While the Conclusion sections is actually a summary of facts and arguments and not a subjective conclusion based on some belief or prejudice. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 19:50, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
::Btw. if you hate the title "Conclusions", because it sounds subjective, you can replace it with "Summary". [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 20:07, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
:::Hello, Can anyone find out that there are any Muslim editors on this site? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 09:09, 12 November 2019 (UTC) 
 I was convinced by the site owner that this was the new site policy and so I removed the ban. I totally agree with you guys. Unfortunately, the site policy includes deleting and rewriting articles. The site is no longer aimed at criticizing Islam as it was intended. Not to mention that I don't think the editor is competent to re-write the articles and is familiar with Islam in depth. I am not angry with the owner and the editor, because I believe they do it with a pure heart, but unfortunately I do not agree with them at all on the politics, views of Islam and with the facts they claim. I hadn't even entered a year of disappointment. Unfortunately, the only place without masks and makeup will be make-up and masked. Sad, very sad because I love a site that was full of facts from the Islamic scriptures themselves, where they could not be found anywhere - so far. Excuse my English 
Damaskin

WikiIslam:Discussions/Editor Discussions

2019-11-26T10:29:32Z

Damaskin:

{{Discussions}}
'''''This page is for discussions between editors. Visitors should use the [[WikiIslam:Discussions/Visitor Inquiries|visitors]] page. All new discussion topics should be created at the bottom of the page, below all previous discussions, and all messages should be [[WikiIslam:Signatures|signed]].'''''

==Logical Errors rename==

Shall we make logical errors into "logical errors and absurdities" or put any word like "absurdities"? Then there will be a lot more to add.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:50, 27 February 2014 (PST)

:No, I think absurdities is too wide in scope. For example, most of the scientific errors could be seen as absurdities. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 15:24, 27 February 2014 (PST)
::How about something temporary and general like [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Issues in the Quran]] and gather all the relevant verses and make whatever kinds of internal headings we like. The first main step is to gather the verses and some rough sorting and then later refinement to make sure the claim is correct and refining the sorting/headings also. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:01, 27 February 2014 (PST)

:::I don't think the issue is a temporary one that can be sorted by refining sub-heading. If that was the case, then the present heading, "Logical Errors in the Qur'an", is fine for now. The issue is about the entire direction of the article i.e. the author hasn't decided on the topic of the article yet. Clearly that's an odd place to be when an article has already been started. The original topic (logical errors) does not seem to create enough content to warrant an article, so the new title, "logical errors and absurdities" was suggested to allow widening its scope. However, including "absurdities" widens the scope too far. To me, the reasonable conclusion is that there is no article here, or it should at least be put on hold until there are enough logical errors found, and efforts should be concentrated on the "Qur'anic Claim of Having Details" article which has more potential, but that's probably not what everyone wants to hear, so we come back the same problem. What is this article about? If it's about "Issues in the Quran", then that completely obliterates the scope. There are hundreds of issues with the Qur'an and we have hundreds of articles dealing with them. I doubt Saggy or anyone will be willing to create an article that would encompass them all, but readers who land on a page named "Issues in the Quran" would expect nothing less. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 16:48, 27 February 2014 (PST)
::::If its in a Sandbox article space it doesnt matter what the article title is or if it doesnt have any structure and so on. Its not indexed and its under construction.
::::The first step of these articles is to choose from the 6000 verses by scanning them. We dont want any restrictions at this stage which could slow that down. The next is some kind of sorting or making sense of it. When its time to move the article to the main space only then we have to worry about applying the rules you mentioned and I agree with those rules (correct titles whether its one title or many, scope, how it fits in with everything else, whether its a valid claim or not, etc). It has to be ok in every way. Saggy is doing the first core task, bringing out those verses so that can go on in a Sandbox article. In the end we can come back to your comments and see what to do next. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 04:41, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::Well, if you, Saggy or whoever want to do it that way then it doesn't bother me in the slightest, because it's up to each individual how they spend their time and it's being done in a sandbox. But scanning 6000 verses then deciding on what to do with them is not the optimal way good articles are written. That sounds quite absurd in itself. It's common sense that when you write an article that you have a general idea of what the article is about, and only then do you do the research for it. Take the "Qur'an detail" article. We know we want verses that lack detail, so we scan the Qur'an for verses that fit the description. We do not scan the Qur'an for an unidentified purpose, collect anything that looks interesting and then decide that "there are some verses here that lack detail. Let's make an article about it". [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:14, 28 February 2014 (PST)
::::::Actually I've always wanted to scan the Quran for all the interesting things but Skeptics Quran has done a lot of it (I remember your comment about SAQ). In any case yes, as long as its done in a Sandbox people can do what they like (good practice for articles under construction in any case). In the end we can see if it makes sense or not, or how to fix it. If you had to scan the Quran for an identified purpose, you would to scan it again every time you had a new purpse. If scanning is done one time but we have a "filter" on it (like an email filter), it saves time. Anyway. Yea its up to Saggy on what he wants to write in the Sandbox. I need to take a closer look at these articles some time to see how its going. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 05:21, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::::Scanning the Qur'an as a general project is a completely different task to the one we are discussing here i.e. Saggy's "logical errors" page. And yeah, when you know what you're looking for, you would scan it again. That's how it's done. Or do you think if you scan the Qur'an now you will never have to scan the Qur'an ever again? We've all "scanned" the Qur'an multiple times (i.e. when we've read through it), but that doesn't do away with the need of re-scanning the Qur'an for a specific purpose. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 05:33, 28 February 2014 (PST)
::::::::I dont know, I guess its however he scans it. If it was me who had to do it, I would keep a checklist of stuff I want to check against. Anyway, yea he can work on the sandbox page as he likes. I know he was talking about the Logical errors page. I was just giving the general advice that he can work on a sandbox page. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:53, 28 February 2014 (PST)
:::::::::I asked because I saw some things that may not be logical as I think but they are not scientific either. Just erros.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:40, 1 March 2014 (PST)
::::::::::I just renamed it to [[WikiIslam:Sandbox/Logical Errors and Other Issues in the Qur'an]] for a general kind of title. You can think about renaming it to something more specific in the end when you're done with it. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 19:16, 6 March 2014 (PST)

==Article on Ali==
How about an article on Ali? He's (one of) the most important men in Islamic history, so why not? [[User:LawrenceGilmore|LawrenceGilmore]] ([[User talk:LawrenceGilmore|talk]]) 14:01, 5 March 2014 (PST)

:I made your inquiry into a new section by making a heading. Sure thats fine only if it would be a good article related to criticism of Islam. Otherwise not too much time should be spent on it in my opinion but thats up to you. Do you have any thoughts about the text extracts [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/Islamophobia_-_temp] for the iphobia article? Sorry I have been putting off working on that article but I was waiting to see what you thought of the extracts. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:23, 5 March 2014 (PST)

==Create the Details article?==

I think its time to create the details article, What do you say?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:33, 11 March 2014 (PDT)

:I think it needs a language cleanup. I'll try to look at it and see what I can improve.
:One of the strongest cases on that page is the 5 pillars. Can you think of any other cases like these where the detail is seriously needed, is an important part of Islamic belief but is there in the Quran? Those would be very good additions to the page and are not as important as the other verses (stories with missing details e.g.) --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 17:22, 11 March 2014 (PDT)
::I think there's probably a lot more that can be added (possibly after the article's creation, but preferably before) and I agree with Axius concerning the need of a language cleanup. I too will try to help with that in the next day or two. I would also say that the 5 pillars section needs to be redone to be consistent with the rest. So, IMO, it is not quite ready but it is getting close. Other than that; well done. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 22:04, 11 March 2014 (PDT)
:::I [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&diff=105705&oldid=105634 added] some more verses for the claims of being detailed and made some headings. I found those additional verses [http://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/islam/pillars/al-salat_%28P1192%29.html here] after searching for what Quran says about salat so I could add those verses. For now I just did this and will try to add salat verses related verses so match the other sections. A good compilation of Salat related verses has been done for us here: http://www.progressive-muslim.org/salat-prayer-quran.htm . A page like this can probably go in a Ref tag, and we can have some specific verses and for the rest we can give the reader the link in the Ref tag.
:::Saggy, my opinion is that new verses for missing details should not be added anymore unless they're really good. Instead the effort should be focused on finalizing this page. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 20:36, 12 March 2014 (PDT)
::::Saggy, additions of new verses is fine but it may keep extending the time it may take for the article to be reviewed/finalized (just letting you know). You can keep adding the verses though I think thats fine. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 07:01, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::I planned the order to be numerical so we start with chapter 2 and go to 113 :/ --[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:55, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::Oh ok. I [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&diff=105829&oldid=105824 reverted] myself then. I think it should be revised so its categorized in the other sense. I think its more powerful to present "practices of Islam" in one section and laws in another etc. Do you disagree? OR, you can reorder them in the end when you're done. Another related point is that there are enough "stories" (fables) for now. It would be nice to have more incomplete details for other categories like "laws" or practices in Islam (charity, fasting, salat) etc. Or any new categories. But yes I do believe that presenting related categories is more powerful. We dont follow the chapter series anywhere on other pages because the verses are pretty random. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:04, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Law? theres hardly any law to search for i think. some practices eg. pilgrimage are more detailed than the 1-line-stories so there may not be more practices to insert. Some are not story or anything categoryable eg. "We revealed the book and with it the balance". Where do they go in the event of separation?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 11:26, 15 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::::[http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details#Thief.27s_Repentance Thief's repentance] is one example of a law/sharia issue, currently the only one though. The others can go in a "Miscellaneous/Other verses" section. I guess keep collecting and we can think about it in the end. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 11:38, 15 March 2014 (PDT)

I readied the prose, now create it or u want more verses?--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:40, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

:I will read through it later and clean it up before creating it. There's enough content there for an initial article. But I also want to separate the 5 Pillars before that. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 09:35, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
::2 pillars and ablution; and 1 or two more laws. Should they all go into one bunch? The Rest of the pillars have a decent amount of details so they may not go in.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:12, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
:::It's okay. I worked around it now. For Axius: concerning that progressive-muslim link; the translation they use is not accurate and distorts verses a lot. They're also Qur'anist apologists; their whole point is that the Qur'an is detailed, so I don't think it will benefit us from citing Qur'anist apologists as a reference. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 20:01, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

::::Only 1 translator called 85;4 as fire.[http://islamawakened.com/quran/85/4/] it many not necessarily be the usual future hell. I gave the source from wikipedia. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:08, 22 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::If the lack of detail was based on a historical event, then this should have been mentioned. And if only one translator used the word fire in 85:4 then you should have called the section heading "Makers of the Pit", not "Makers of the Pit of Fire" (I will change this now). Because if the fire translation is accepted then it could be easily argued that this is a poetic way of saying sinners are making their own place in hell, so it's not the Qur'an's lack of detail that is the problem, but the interpretations. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:02, 22 March 2014 (PDT)

::::::Saggy, why are you rushing everything and only making a half-hearted attempt at creating a decent article? Axius may disagree with me, and I'm not trying to discourage you, but my philosophy has always been, "if you're not going to do something properly, then don't do it at all". It is this that has led to us weeding out most of the weak articles and deleting them, resulting in a very high-quality wiki with a reputation for its accurate and articulate content. But when it comes to you, even your talk page messages are so rushed that it makes them hard to understand.

::::::See [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&oldid=106203#Blowing_on_Knots this section] called "Blowing on Knots" that you wrote. You say about [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/113-qmt.php#113.001 Qur'an 113:1-4] that, ''"One cannot understand who are those who blow on knots and why."'' This could be easily refuted by apologists. All they have to do is click on our verse reference that goes to the USC-MSA site an see that both of the other translators render it as ''"those who practise secret arts"'' and ''"the evil of malignant witchcraft"''. Then they can claim that WikiIslam are dishonest and are simply choosing the 1 translation that is most ambiguous and suited to "their agenda". Looking at the multiple translations available at [http://islamawakened.com/quran/113/4/default.htm islamawakened], most translators render it as something to do with witchcraft.

::::::I've now fixed that by removing the text you wrote and replacing it with, ''"Many translators identify those who blow on knots as "those who practice secret arts" or witchcraft, but this information is not found within the actual Qur'anic text. Others choose to translate it accurately as "those who blow on knots", which makes it impossible to identify who these people are and why they would do such a thing."'' But you were obviously aware of the situation (since you chose the 1 translation of the three that only mentions knots) so why did you not think to add this to the article? It was the same thing Qur'an 85:4 (discussed above this message). If you were aware of the uncertainty behind the meaning of this verse being discused by Muslim scholars so it confirms the fact that this verse lacks detail, why did you fail to mention it? You are rushing just to throw articles out there and this is resulting in your work being weak or incomprehensible. This is not how we do things. We do not choose quantity over quality. That may have been the case 5 years ago but not today.

::::::So can you please try to adjust you editing style accordingly? [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:32, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::ok. But I bet those claims against this site will never go away.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:52, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
::::::::Thanks, Saggy. Of course. We know these claims will never go away. We are not doing it for those apologists who make these claims. We are doing it for all those people (Muslim and non-Muslim) who use us to learn about Islam and trust us for our accuracy. We need to be thorough and clear enough so that they have the information available to see that we are correct. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:05, 23 March 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::I agree with what Sahab said and in particular ''"We do not choose quantity over quality."''. As we can see Sahab did a lot of work [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=WikiIslam:Sandbox/Qur%27anic_Claim_of_Having_Details&offset=&limit=250&action=history] on the Details article. Thanks for that Sahab. Saggy please note Sahab's recommendations.
:::::::::Anyone can make any number of Sandbox articles, whether they're of poor or good quality. Picking those sandbox articles and finalizing them is entirely optional and is up to other users.
:::::::::So Saggy if you can do a good job in the Sandbox article, it makes it more likely that others will work on it and finalize the article. If its too difficult others can just add it to the [[tasks]] page to work on it in the future. If its added there, you can see that the tasks page contains lots of tasks so it will likely be a long time before anyone works on it. I would advise you to keep working on Sandbox articles as you have done but if you ask people to finalize it and it needs a lot of work, you can expect a reply like ''"it needs a lot of work (for example, X, Y Z) and at the moment I'm unable to work on it"''. In that case you can keep working on the article to the best of your ability (and make it rebuttal proof as best as you can). It can be added to the Tasks page if it needs a lot of fixing up. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 17:27, 24 March 2014 (PDT)

==Womb sentence==

[http://www.islamawakened.com/quran/2/228/default.htm Here] see its second sentence. does it make enough of sense? some stray translator calls it "hiding pregnancy," but is it really something that can be hidden over time? especially in those old days? If it is unclear, it should go into some article.--[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:46, 20 March 2014 (PDT)

:I think it sounds pretty clear. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 20:04, 20 March 2014 (PDT)
::What does this mean? "Do not kill your children secretly, for the milk, with which a child is suckled while his mother is pregnant, overtakes the horseman and throws him from his horse."[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/028-sat.php#028.3872] [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 08:18, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::Why? [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:22, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::I think he just wants to know what the hadith means. Strange hadith. I dont know myself. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:56, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::Appears to be claiming fetuses drink their mother's milk in the womb. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:01, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::Whoa lol. Yea I think you're right. I dont know what that horseman thing means though. Funny. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:11, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Yeah, I dunno what the "horseman" refers to either. It's probably the killer. And the milk thing sounds silly but it's not out of the ordinary for Islamic literature where the moon and sun are considered sentient beings and food likewise "praise Allah" or warn Muhammad of poisoning. Although we have to be careful with such things because while the former is a scientific error, the latter is a miracle. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 12:22, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::To put it somewhere.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:23, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::Scientific Errors in the Hadith? (lol. I'm assuming it can't be argued that fetuses suckle on their mother's milk). [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 12:26, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::So I was thinking the apologist could argue (as they do) but that the child in this quote is a child outside which has been born already: ''"with which a child is suckled while his mother is pregnant"''. In any case, this hadith could be in a "Other Hadiths" sub-section or wherever (its up to you guys). --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 14:57, 2 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::I'll fill in the details of every possible meaning. But if this is for the scientific error article, what title to give it? "Breast milk can overflow?"[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 12:23, 3 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::Could be "Break milk is consumed by Fetus", etc.
:::::::::::But look what I found. I think this is interesting. I googled "greek science breast milk uterus" and I found this paper. Google "The History of the Knowledge of Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology " [https://www.google.com/search?site=&source=hp&q=+The+History+of+the+Knowledge+of+Reproductive+Anatomy+and+Physiology+&oq=+The+History+of+the+Knowledge+of+Reproductive+Anatomy+and+Physiology] and click on the link from www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au
::::::::::::''ca 150 A.D. -- Galen – was a Greek Biologist and philosopher who practised medicine, was a surgeon to gladiators and a public demonstrator of anatomy.''
::::::::::::''He also believed women had two uteri ending in single neck. One of his theories was that if milk flows from the breasts of a pregnant woman, it is an indication that the foetus will be weak. His reasoning for this is; '''the breasts and uterus are joined by common vessels. The foetus inside the uterus is bathed in nutrients (milk)''', if this milk overflows to the breasts it is because the foetus is not strong enough to consume as much as it should be.''
:::::::::::Galen is mentioned on our site in other places too. [https://www.google.com/search?site=&source=hp&q=galen+site%3Awikiislam.net&oq=galen+site%3Awikiislam.net site search]. Food for thought. I knew it could be connected to Greek science just like the Embryology/semen backbone stuff is copied from Greek science in Islamic texts. I would suggest the next steps as possibly finding more related hadiths and any Islamic scholar's comments on this hadith and then citing this paper to link them. There needs to be more study to see completely what the hadith means to say.
:::::::::::Then I added Galen to the search query [https://www.google.com/search?biw=1920&bih=852&q=greek+science+breast+milk+uterus+galen&oq=greek+science+breast+milk+uterus+galen greek science breast milk uterus galen]. Click on the PDF "Exploring gender: Islamic Perspectives on Breastfeeding" for more info.
:::::::::::Galen says in another link [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/65/2/374] "so that if a nursing mother should become pregnant,", so it might be talking about a pregnant woman who is nursing another child. This is just more information. Saggy could you analyze this carefully or do more research before putting the hadith in to make sure we are not putting in any hadiths that can be explained. I have no additional input on this. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:12, 3 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::The minimum error is that milk overflows. Where is the baby or how many babies are there does not matter. I'll insert this and its better to see if somebody tries to refute or explain the rest of words later. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:00, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::[http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Errors_in_the_Hadith&curid=9085&diff=106600&oldid=106482] "there can be only some leakage of milk", can qualify for "A Pregnant woman's milk can overflow". Technically "some leakage" is "overflow". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 04:30, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::No, it throws a horseman! All i found was this denial-[http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=91918] and another where a guy will make 60 women pregnant and their kids will become horsemen of war[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/015-smt.php] - it maybe related to our subject of child/horseman but it does not clarify the milk. neway I read some breastfeeding facts and wrote down.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:36, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::Let me think- mother or somebody else may have planned to kill the foetus ( but i am not sure if this was possible). If it is killed what happens to the milk? overflow, at best. If she's pregnant and feeds a second child and this child is to be killed, again the milk may be excess. the horseman falling must be the exagerration and it is best to point that out. I checked more - only breastfeed woman leaks often. but pregnant plus breastfeeder can be sometimes low on milk supply.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:51, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::::Added ref for decreased milk. The ref template needs some fixes. i see it later, i've to go.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 05:05, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::::Ok, I think I understand now. The hadith says that it will always be the case that overflow happens for a pregnant breast feeding woman. I still dont get the logic behind the hadith "Dont kill your child because otherwise the milk wont overflow" ... ? Must be some background on the hadith as to whats going on. Yea I saw that link. I googled [https://www.google.com/search?biw=1920&bih=852&q=%22overtakes+the+horseman+and+throws+him+from+his+horse.%22&oq=%22overtakes+the+horseman+and+throws+him+from+his+horse.%22&gs_l=serp.3...12123.12994.0.13351.3.3.0.0.0.0.85.251.3.3.0....0...1c.1.39.serp..3.0.0.KbC8LzjI35c "overtakes the horseman and throws him from his horse"] and saw a few more links. Here's another [http://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=320733] which is about intercourse and other stuff.:
::::::::::::::::::''Imam Abu Sulaiman Al Khattabi explaining the hadith says, “The Prophet (pbuh) is indicating that when the husband has intercourse with his breastfeeding wife, which results in pregnancy, it reduces her milk, thus depriving the suckling child, as it is being nourished from that milk, hence weakening the suckling child”. (Ma’aalim Al Sunan of Imam Abu Sulaiman Al Khattabi)''
:::::::::::::::::and this quote (note the interpretation of horseman etc):
::::::::::::::::::''The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "…gheelah (pregnancy during the period of breastfeeding) overtakes the rider and throws him from the horse." ('''Reported by Abu Dawud, this means''' that the child who nurses from a pregnant mother will suffer from it in later life like a horseman who is thrown from his horse.)"''
:::::::::::::::::There may be additional information in the google link about the horseman phrase. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:08, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::::::::::::::::::And after Googling that phrase ("this means ....") I found only two links, one of which was that forum and the other is this [http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/pregnancy-and-newborns/175346.html?newborns=]. So I think this hadith may not be a good choice after addition after all but check all of this information and see for yourself. You can also get additional scientific error Hadiths from this page: [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Silliness]]. You can copy the ones that can be shown as scientific errors. Its ok to have one hadith shown in multiple pages. But yes continue with your hadith scanning/search because we know there are more errors/things found in Hadith than Quran verses. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:23, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::::::::::::::::::I searched for "Romans persians" and got this [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/008-smt.php] Book 008, Number 3391 is what they seem to call gheelah. But gheelah does not appear linked to "kill children" nor to the fall from horse. Its tiring; verifying such claims. What analogy did they say: Child will suffer the same as a horseback fall? is it due to milk in any way? This fall-suffer analogy is strange, it seems like all those miracle claims derived from half sentences. The subject is clearly milk, not child. but they changed it to child to brush it away. So you have googled and thrown light(lol) on two separate parts: If the second half is an analogy, the first is not clear. If we understand or assume the first, the second is not clear. "Milk throws the horseman from the horse" looks the same as "sperm flows between backbone and ribs." By now, a whole article could be made on this mess if needed.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 09:15, 4 April 2014 (PDT)

{{outdent}} (outdented)''"This fall-suffer analogy is strange"'' - the apologist will quote Abu Dawaud and claim that its not referring to overflow but punishment later on. I would suggest to move on to something else as things are not as clear as we would like them to be (unless additional evidence can be found). The problem is the meaning of the hadith is not clear, and we cannot claim that horseman refers to overflow (without evidence that says so). --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 09:28, 4 April 2014 (PDT)

:That is what I was trying to say - such an apologist cant show which word refers to what, ''satisfactorily.'' (is it "milk" that refers to punishment?) I had said the sperm thing on realising that the first guy who pointed out the sperm-flow error did not expect that apologists will give 10 different interpretations, half of them twisting the original words. They are all debunked. Same may happen here. We should take the hadith literally unless there is strong evidence for different meanings in it.[[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 10:06, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
::Agreed that it should be taken literally. Literally it just says "horseman taking over the horse". Anything else (overflow or punishment) needs a reference. I would suggest adding the hadith to some kind of "to do" page where hadiths of interest are listed so it can be looked at again when there's more information. If the hadith literally said something about over flow or punishment or lack of milk for the other baby etc, it would be another situation. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:10, 4 April 2014 (PDT)
:::I think that hadith should not be added to the list. I do not get "A Pregnant woman's milk can overflow" from a literal reading. In the end, a literal reading is all that matters because anything else is an interpretation and can be argued against. Ultimately, this is just one odd hadith out of literally thousands of odd hadith, so I don't see any importance in this. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 00:28, 5 April 2014 (PDT)
::::Ok. Yes, the concept ofoverflow is not mentioned explictly and one interpretation says it means something else.
::::Saggy, I would to reiterate the need for adding content that is "rebuttal" proof. You said ''"Its tiring; verifying such claims."''. Yes its more work making sure new content is strong and of high quality but [[What_People_Say_About_WikiIslam|its worth it]]. If you want you can add the Hadith to your own "to do" page/section where you can continue the research (in which case make sure you add the reference to the Abu Dawud meaning of suffering I found). Again, do look at the [[Qur%27an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Silliness|Silliness]] hadiths to see if any can be added from there to the Science errors page. Many hadiths/verses are easy decisions to insert if the meanings are clear (this kind of hadith is not found often). Easy or not, all new content still needs a careful look to make sure it is acceptable.
::::Its nice that you have been researching hadiths and verses and some of your other additions have been fine so yea, continue that. I recommend you do it like this as its easier: Put all of the interesting verses and hadiths you come across in your own temporary Sandbox page, and when you have a certain number, start inserting them into the relevant pages (after a good review). And then you can go back and search some more. This is easier than finding one quote, inserting, finding another and inserting etc. In the Sandbox you also have more freedom to write what you want until its finalized: [[User:Saggy/Sandbox]], [[User:Saggy/Sandbox for QHS]]. etc --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:23, 5 April 2014 (PDT)

==Editor centric navigation==

Lets see how these changes look. I moved all visitor related links to the top and the Editor related links to the left for easier access. Visitors who are 99% of the people visiting this site can look in that Navigation box while Editors can see what they want on the left for easier access. In my opinion Editors are more important than visitors. We can get visitors and thats easy; we already have a lot of them so lets pay more importance to editing which is a problem. This is more inviting to editors and its telling them they are important. Lets see how it feels for a while. The bad thing is its pushing content down but there's no other way for now.

Later we can also try reverting and moving everything below Editing. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:18, 26 April 2014 (PDT)

:Reverting back for now with a few changes - Editing section is given higher priority, Recent changes is moved to Editing, policies and Core principles have also been moved to Editing.
:Still trying to find a good menu navigation system. Making the site look like Wikipedia is not a priority. A site is not judged to be good because it looks like Wikipedia but because it has good content and is easy to navigate and makes it easy for people to find what they're looking for (this is good web design). Making it easy for people to navigate the site is of higher priority. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 19:20, 28 April 2014 (PDT)
::There is a public Mediawiki extension called "Breadcrumbs" (well, there are even TWO !). Maybe that can help ? [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 18:45, 15 December 2014 (PST)
:::The [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:BreadCrumbs first] is a strange way of doing breadcrumbs. The [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:BreadCrumbs2 2nd] is the right one which will need manual creation of the breadcrumb data. Its up to Sahab and I can install it if he wants that. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:33, 16 December 2014 (PST)

==Introducing our editors to the readers==

What can be done to make the site more inviting and more likely to connect with our readers and most importantly, potential editors? I've always thought of a page where we can list our significant current and past (retired) editors. Even if there are only a few people to mention it could be done. An summary of the kind of work they've done would be nice. That recognition would be nice and people would be interested in seeing who is doing what.

I feel this will make people more interested in joining the website as an editor when they feel a social connection to the site.

Any thoughts? --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:36, 5 July 2014 (PDT)

==Invites to Notable Internet critics of Islam==

Both of these people are very knowledgeable about Islam and I would like to invite them to join our site:

*KlingsChor ([http://www.youtube.com/user/Klingschor Youtube], [http://klingschor.blogspot.com/ Blog], [https://twitter.com/Klingschor Twitter]) and
*TheRationalizer ([http://www.youtube.com/user/TheRationalizer Youtube], [http://therationaliser.blogspot.com/ Blog], [https://twitter.com/TheRationaliser Twitter])

I'm in touch with TheRationalizer and have told him that I hope he joins us. I commented on Klingschor's Youtube channel and invited him too but he may not have read it so I will try to create a formal invitation and deliver the invite to them personally and we can also show the invite on the website (which can also be an introduction for them containing information about the internet presence and their areas of interest).

Anyone else who should be on this list? --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 11:52, 5 July 2014 (PDT)

==How to Add a translation to an article==

I have translated a complete article to another language in my sandbox. Now I need a step by step process how to add this translation in the language catagory.

Should I edit the main English article and paste my own translation in the wikitext after deleting the main article and then submit my changes for approval?

==Swedish translation==

Greetings. I have plenty of Wiki experience from gaming wikis and I thought I may be able to help out here a bit now and then. Primarily I may want to start translating articles into Swedish. Sweden is quite prominent in certain aspects of Islam, especially since we have a large minority muslims and our government caters to the more fundamentalist aspects of Islam (they, both sides, seem to have no clue about the difference between moderate and fundamental followers of the religion) and I think there may be an interest for some of these articles in Swedish.

I'm happy to translate things as I go along, and I was thinking of starting pretty soon, but what articles do you think are most prominent and best candidates for translations? A question could be about which pages are visited the most etc.

Mind you that Swedes have a very good knowledge of English, in most cases, so many things can easily remain in English, such as the Quran stuff. I can't be bothered to find a Swedish Quran and copy all your hard work. I'm thinking more general articles on abrogations and stuff like that.

Open for suggestions!

[[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 01:57, 20 August 2014 (PDT)

:Here is the list: [[WikiIslam:Translations]] You can go ahead with it in a sandbox. See [[Abrogation]] it has 3 articles, I think they are complete and hence fit for translation but take a second opinion on them. More links in [[Contradictions and Errors]]. Then there is [[WikiIslam:Site Map]] and Tasks to pick anything of your choice. Another interesting article is [[Questions to Ask About Islam]] but it keeps receiving some additions. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 04:42, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:Hi Leord, thanks for joining. Yea it would be great to have some articles in Swedish. You can do the Abrogation articles if you like but how about [[72 Virgins]]. This will remain a popular topic and there's a lot of wrong information for this topic that needs to be challenged. Other articles on our [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Translations#Articles_to_Translate Translation] page include [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad List of killings by Muhammad], [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Health_Effects_of_Islamic_Dress Health effects of Islamic dress] (if there are many Hijabs, Veils seen in Sweden), [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Invitations_to_Islam_Prior_to_Violence Invitations to Violence], etc. Let me know what you want to start and I'll make a page for you that you can directly edit. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:10, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::Brilliant guys, quick reply as well, nice. Cool, I will look into these over the next couple of days. As I said, Swedes are generally very proficient in English, so this is more a means to make it feel "more like home" for some parts of the possible audience than an essential service. As such I don't think the Swedish section will ever need a sub-domain, but it's better to simply link freely to English articles from the Swedish ones, and then have a translation choice on the English for the pertient ones you pointed out. It will probably take me a while to sort it all out.
::I am also pretty used to both editing and article writing, so I'll give them all a once-over for grammar, wording, meaning, etc before I start. Probably won't hurt, anyway. :) 10:01, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::Ok, sounds good. Let me know here when you have a choice. Good to know Swedish people are somewhat familiar with english. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 19:45, 20 August 2014 (PDT)

==Making Pages easier to find==

Upon doing a Google search for 'Taqiyya' (and all it's spelling variants)I was surprised and disappointed to find that wikislam did not come up (at least not in the first 5 pages). I'm not sure what (if anything) can be done to fix this, so I thought I should mention it. It is likely that this is an issue with other pages/topics/terms as well. I was thinking that the reason is due to the fact that there is no specific Taqiyya Page with the term Taqiyya in the title. I was wondering if I, or preferably a more experienced editor, could create a page specifically on the topic of Taqiyya or just create the page and have a link to http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Lying. —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Yaakov|Yaakov]] ([[User talk:Yaakov|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Yaakov|contribs]]) {{#if:12:20, 20 August 2014‎| 12:20, 20 August 2014‎|}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:Sounds like a good idea to me. That is a start, the next step is also to get people to link the pages, THAT really adds google ranking. [[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 13:17, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::"Taqiyya" could become a redirect. I am not sure if it will affect the Google hits as a redirect. @Axius, can you look into it? [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 13:21, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::Unless you get hundreds of pages to link to the redirect, then NO, it does not. However, for SEO purposes, it's better to have separate articles with more specialised content linking each other (somethimes it's better with one bigger article, it depends, but in THIS case it would be ideal). Taqiyya is a very prominant concept when tackling Islam, I definitely think it would help to make sure it had its own article. I have quite a background in web... [[User:Leord|Leord]] ([[User talk:Leord|talk]]) 13:25, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
::::Taqiyya already redirects to [[Lying]]. There is a reason why we don't have a page on Taqiyya (and hopefully never will); it is seen as a predominantly Shi'ite practice used by them to save their own lives. Lying to non-Muslims to forward Islam is supported by Muslim texts, that is why we cover it all in [[Lying_-_Primary_Sources|Lying (Primary Sources)]]. But as soon as critics mislabel it as "Taqiyya" they lose all credibility. We call it what it is; lying. No fancy words needed. Of course we do have a section within there that covers Taqiyya but that is only a small part of the entire subject. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 13:35, 20 August 2014 (PDT)
:::::I would be in favor of having a (small) page on Taqiya to tell people what it is and what its not (so everyone can know including critics of Islam) and it can link to Lying but its to Sahab and he says there shouldnt be a page on it so there. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 12:25, 21 August 2014 (PDT)
::::::Actually Ax, your idea of having a stub on the subject is a good idea if done right. It should basically say taqiyya simply refers to Muslims lying to protect themselves (certainly not what these editors are suggesting, to conflate a single aspect of lying with the entire subject of lying itself). It literally only has to be a few sentences long. It would, once and for all, put an end to people trying to smear this site by claiming WikiIslam supports the idea of taqiyya specifically referring to Muslims being allowed to lie freely to everyone. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 10:57, 22 August 2014 (PDT)
:::::::Axius, I've created that page now[http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Taqiyya] (it's a mix of my writing and the dhimmi views from Wikipedia). Let me know what you think. I would stress the need to watch that page carefully. If editors start editing it and claiming lying = taqiyya then it would impact the site's accuracy and credibility in a big way. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 13:08, 22 August 2014 (PDT)
::::::::Yup great job, looks great. Its definitely better to have this stub for everyone's sake. I havent tried to understand it in detail but I get the general idea. If anyone wants to change the article they would have to get pretty authentic sources to change the meanings. I was also not clear on the meaning of the term myself until a few years ago so its good to have this page for everyone. Seeing this page and the QHS:Lying page, many people will realize these are two different things and the QHS:Lying of course is a unique collection not available anywhere else. This should also make people who wanted to have a page on it. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 16:38, 22 August 2014 (PDT)

==Reviewing==
Guys, you are invited to review my edits. There are too many and the admins currently do not have time to review them. They are major additions proposed at [[User:Saggy/Sandbox - Issues with Quran and Hadith]]; categorised by article. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 05:16, 22 August 2014 (PDT)

==Inspired by Muhammad: Dog Hadiths==

Hello. I looked at the links to the Hadiths concerning killing dogs and restricting to killing black dogs from this page: http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Inspired_by_Muhammad#Killing_Dogs

It seems that the links do not take you to the hadiths you are quoting. Maybe the site was updated or whoever created the page made a mistake. I thought you should know.

Specifically, it's the Sahih Muslim 16:2840 and Sahih Muslim 16:2839.

I think the hadiths are Abu-Dawud: http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/016-sat.php [[User:Paul99|Paul99]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 16:46, 28 August 2014 (GMT)

==How do I upload content from files ?==

I have A LOT of content

^^^^ Hey, guys, you sure did not think about people using other font size than yours ! The icon menu overlapped the text zone on my system (Linux Mint 17) ;-)

OK. I have a WHOLE LOT of French texts about islam, that I wrote myself, (PDF, LibreOffice...) and even a French Mediawiki database (which I have on my computer for persnal use, but which is not connected to the Net) about the subject. Do you have use for them ? How can I upload them, if the answer is yes ?

More details here : https://www.facebook.com/groups/738034866282996/

The database in MySql dump format can be downloaded from there under the name xxx.txt.
The PDF "Monsieur Ha Ca" can be downloaded from there too. [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 18:42, 15 December 2014 (PST)

:Do wikipedia pages come out ok? How about The main [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki Mediawiki] site? Your OS is not a common choice so its probably not worth trying to fix it.
:For your other content it depends on what the quality is. Please dont upload anything before showing a sample of the writing. Also currently we dont have any french editors on the site to review the material. Can you upload it on a regular website like a blog, or just make a temporary sandbox here for one of your pages you want to show? That facebook page shows an error (not available). Its strange that you've uploaded a Mediawiki wiki database... to Facebook.com? I dont understand how thats possible. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:38, 16 December 2014 (PST)

::Hi François. Without a trusted French administrator who understands this site's policies and guidelines, it is not possible for us to fully judge the quality of original works, hence why the policies state that sub-domains can only be started when there are a front page's worth of translations (about 25-35 articles) and one reliable editor, and only then are they "free to evolve separately to the English site in style and {{underline|content}}".

::The content may be great, but we have no way to evaluate it completely. Looking at what you wrote on your user page isn't encouraging, it suggests to me that the content will most likely be breaking a whole host of WikiIslam's policies, both for style and content.

::Speaking of user pages, I have deleted those promotional links from there. You have not read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users|Message to New Users]]", otherwise you'd know our policies concerning them (see: [[WikiIslam:User Names and Pages]]). Links are allowed after 50 positive edits (i.e. main space edits that are not reverted or need to be fixed by others).

::Instead of your original content, why not consider translating existing English pages into French? If you like that idea, you can learn how to do that on [[WikiIslam:Instructions for Translators]].

::Anyhow, please do read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users|Message to New Users]]" before making any more contributions to the wiki. Thanks. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 09:44, 16 December 2014 (PST)
:::"Its strange that you've uploaded a Mediawiki wiki database... to Facebook.com?"
:::I mean I updated of course its MySQL '''dump''' in ASCII form so anybody can recreate it quickly on his/her own machine. 3,8 Mo (3 758 022 octets) :-) [[User:François Paganel|François Paganel]] ([[User talk:François Paganel|talk]]) 13:06, 21 December 2014 (PST)

==Translations==

Hi Wikiislam i am former editor of Sekulyarizm.org first Azerbaijan website about atheist and criticism of İslam.I want to help Wikiislam about translation of articles into Azerbaijani language.I would be happy if you help me about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Aykhan|Aykhan]] ([[User talk:Aykhan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Aykhan|contribs]]) {{#if:| |}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:hi, welcome to the site. Please see [[WikiIslam:Instructions for Translators]] for instructions. [[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]] is a good choice. Also we have two or three articles from that website [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Category:Sekulyarizm.org]. It might have been you who was the original author of those articles. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 15:37, 21 January 2015 (PST)

I started to translate that article but i can't move it to translations section please help
http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Sandbox/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_t%C9%99r%C9%99find%C9%99n_sifari%C5%9F_v%C9%99_yaxud_d%C9%99st%C9%99kl%C9%99n%C9%99n_q%C9%99tll%C9%99r

==Pederasty and Racism by Muhammad.==

Volunteer needed! Editors! Help me to create the topic Pederasty by Muhamad.

I believe Pederasty by Muhammad and also Racism should be core topics.

I added this remark to the topic racism:

" This text suggests that Muhammad invented the systematic enslavement of Africans and that all enslavement of Africans was inspired by him:
{{Quote|{{Tabari|2|p. 11}}|"Shem, the son of Noah was the father of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Greeks; Ham was the father of the Black Africans; and Japheth was the father of the Turks and of Gog and Magog who were cousins of the Turks. Noah prayed that the prophets and apostles would be descended from Shem and kings would be from Japheth. '''He prayed that the African's color would change''' so that their descendants would be slaves to the Arabs and Turks."}} "

Here some stuff for a Pederasty by Muhammad topic-page:

Pederasty by Muhammad:
Pasted from https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2014/04/10/hadith-prophet-muhammad-kissed-the-penis-of-small-boys/comment-page-1/ :
" “And there shall wait on them [the Muslim men] young boys of their own, as fair as virgin pearls.”

Hadith Number 16245, Volume Title: “The Sayings of the Syrians,” Chapter Title: “Hadith of Mu’awiya Ibn Abu Sufyan”:

“I saw the prophet – pbuh – sucking on the tongue or the lips of Al-Hassan son of Ali, may the prayers of Allah be upon him. For no tongue or lips that the prophet sucked on will be tormented (by hell fire)

He (the Prophet) lift up his (al Hassan’s) shirt and kissed his (little) penis..” ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟاوأ ﻦﺴﺤﻟا ﺔﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﻪﻧأ ىور He (the prophet) kissed the (little) penis of al Hassan or al Husein ﻪﺘﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗو ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟا يﺬﺨﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣ جﺮﻓ ﻢﻠﺳ و ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﻲﺒﻨﻟا ﺖﻳأر He (the prophet) put Husein’s legs apart and kissed his (little) penis

Another Hadith. Majma al-Zawa’id, Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami, 299/9 ﻦﺴﺣ هدﺎﻨﺳإو ﻲﻧاﺮﺒﻄﻟا هاور ﻪﺘﺒﻴﺑز ﻞﺒﻗ و ﻦﻴﺴﺤﻟا يﺬﺨﻓ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣ جﺮﻓ ﻢﻠﺳو ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﷲ ﻰﻠﺻ ﷲ لﻮﺳر ﺖﻳأر

ﻲﻤﺜﻴﻬﻟا ﺮﻜﺑ ﻰﺑأ ﻦﺑ ﻲﻠﻌﻟﺪﺋاوﺰﻟا ﻊﻤﺠﻣ translated into English: “I saw the Messenger of Allah pbuh putting Husein’s legs apart and kissing his (little) penis.”

Related by Al-Tabarani and it’s authentication is fully validated by Islamic scholars.

Hussein and Hassan is not the same name, so clearly this is of two accounts and he kissed more than one penis."

Pasted from http://www.answeringmuslims.com/2014/04/yahya-snow-advocates-sucking-on-tongues.html?m=1:

"Al-Adab al-Mufrad al-Bukhari 1183—It is related that Abu Hurayra said, "I never saw al-Hasan without my eyes overflowing with tears. That is because the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, went out one day and I found him in the mosque. He took my hand and I went along with him. He did not speak to me until we reached the market of Banu Qaynuqa. He walked around it and looked. Then he left and I left with him until we reached the mosque. He sat down and wrapped himself in his garment. Then he said, 'Where is the little one? Call the little one to me.' Hasan came running and jumped into his lap. Then he put his hand in his beard. Then the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, opened his mouth and put his tongue in his mouth. Then he said, O Allah, I love him, so love him and the one who loves him!'" (Al-Adab al-Mufrad Al-Bukhari, Number 1183)

Musnad Ahmad 16245—[Mua’wiya said]: I saw the prophet sucking on the tongue or the lips of Al-Hassan son of Ali, may the prayers of Allah be upon him. For no tongue or lips that the prophet sucked on will be tormented (by hell fire)." —Preceding unsigned comment added by [[User:Guide|Guide]] ([[User talk:Guide|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guide|contribs]]) {{#if: 20:00, 20 February 2015 | 20:00, 20 February 2015 |}} ([[WikiIslam:Signatures#Signing_Posts|Remember to sign your comments]]) 

:First of of all, before attempting to make any more contributions, please read the "[[WikiIslam:Message to New Users]]" in its entirety and follow whatever instructions are applicable to you.

:Secondly, I have removed your edits to Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Racism‎. What you wrote was absolute rubbish. Enslavement of Africans existed long before Prophet Muhammad was born. The Curse of Ham nonsense already existed in the Jewish Talmud long before Muhammad was born, and I doubt the European Neanderthals who enslaved Africans where inspired specifically by Muhammad. A case could probably be made that the resurgence of slavery or its perpetuance among Europeans was "inspired" to some degree by the actions of their Muslim contemporaries, but that's hardly the same thing.

:Thirdly, we will not be making racism and pederasty into core topics. To be a core topic, it has to be very general in its scope and there must be a lot of material to justify its status. If we had an article on "pederasty" it would belong in the "Pedophilia" core topic which obviously encompasses such things as that.

:Fourthly, we do not exaggerate or take issues out of context here. Muhammad may qualify as a modern-day pedophile, but he was a heterosexual pedophile, not a homosexual one. Nothing you have quoted here suggests otherwise. I would think anyone who is an ex-Muslim or is familiar with Middle-Eastern culture would realize that. Actually, I'm sure the tongue kiss thing is used somewhere here as an argument for pedophilia, but it is inaccurate so I will remove it. Thanks. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 07:05, 21 February 2015 (PST)

==Romanian translation==

Hi people, I want to translate this in Romanian. I have edited on Wikipedia a few years ago, I think I can manage...
How this starts, what shall I do? [[User:Michael|Michael]] ([[User talk:Michael|talk]]) 17:23, 17 August 2015 (PDT)

:I would like to see a translation of [[72 Virgins]]. We have others listed here [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Translations#Articles_to_Translate]. If you tell me which article you want to do and its translated title, I can make a copy of that page that you can edit.
:I also renamed that image to a better file name and inserted a disclaimer. See this part of the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/WikiIslam:Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_is_the_religious_persuasion_of_the_contributors_to_WikiIslam.3F FAQ]. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 18:27, 17 August 2015 (PDT)

==My idea==

Here is my idea:

TEXTS TO BE USED

1. "Sirat Rasul Allah" pages 111-690 (minus poetry and lists of names).

2. Bukhari/Muslim with repetition cut out.

3. The Qur'an.

INSTRUCTIONS

We start with 1. It will serve as the "skeleton".

Some of 2 describe specific events (2a) and some of 2 do not describe specific events (2b).

We insert 2a into the text of 1, where the events occur.

We insert 2b where the topic arises in 1's text.

Finally, we insert the verses of 3 where they were revealed. (Both 1 and 2 tell us where verses were revealed).

When this is completed, it would serve as an authoritative, one-stop reference. It would be the totality of Islam in one document.

-Enterusername

:What makes the totality of Islam is subjective. There are other texts too. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 22:30, 4 September 2015 (PDT)

Other texts can be included. "Good" Hadiths can be included in number 2 as well.
If this was completed, it would serve as the totality of ''authoritative knowledge'' about Islam.

:You can work on it if you like (in the sandbox space first). I can tell you how to start. It would fall under the [[essay]] category. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 07:20, 5 September 2015 (PDT)

==Article Idea==

I have an idea for an article:

A complete list of all the events that occurred between Muhammad, the Quraysh, and the Jews, along with a final moral analysis.

==ALL LINKS TO VERSES @ usc.edu ARE DEAD==

ALL LINKS TO VERSES @ usc.edu ARE DEAD. Either a new site must be found, or a possible solution might be to link to an archived version of the pages through one (or more) of the following:

http://'''webcache.googleusercontent.com'''/search?q=cache: [original URL]

https://'''web.archive.org'''/web/*/ [original URL]

http://'''archive.is'''/ [original URL]

[[User:Yaakovaryeh|Yaakovaryeh]] ([[User talk:Yaakovaryeh|talk]]) 17:07, 18 October 2016 (EDT)

:It was definitely working yesterday clicking links from wikiislam. I think it's probably just gone down temporarily (has happened before)[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 17:15, 18 October 2016 (EDT)

==CMJE web no longer offers quran and hadiths==

The templates converting hadith/verse number to cmje url don't work anymore. We should start using other website, or use our own quran / hadiths. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 04:48, 18 December 2016 (EST)

:Yeah, it's not worked since mid October. I contacted one of the cmje members and they got it working again for a few weeks, but now it's down again. They say they have problems maintaining the site. I'm working on a new solution involving another Qur'an and hadith site, but first I am trying to get some of the templates we need unlocked so editor user rights can change them. I know someone who has an excellent site with many great features better than cmje that will be able to work with the existing usc-msa hadith citations on wikiislam as well as new ones after I've changed the templates. I can get the Qur'an links working as soon as I've got the template rights changed and hadiths hopefully fairly soon after when the other site is able to take them.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 20:22, 19 December 2016 (EST)

===Transition from CMJE to QuranX===
I can edit the templates now (I asked for the templates to be unprotected so Editors could change them, but they seem to have decided instead to give me Admin rights). The eventual permanent exmna admin can unprotect them if he/she decides to in future (they are in transition between admins).

The site we will be using as a replacement for cmje is [http://quranx.com/ QuranX.com]. It combines many of the best features of other well known sites, and as such is an excellent research productivity tool. To start with I've just made the Qur'an templates point there. Some improvements to the QuranX site are soon coming which we can use (e.g. showing the linked verse(s) in context). Hadith templates will be directed there too once it is able to interpret the obsolete usc-msa numbering scheme used by the existing hadith citations here. If there are any technical problems in future with the site we will be using please contact therationaliser[[file:At-sign.gif]]gmail.com [[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 23:42, 28 December 2016 (EST)

:Hadiths for the old cmje collections (Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Al-Muwatta) should be working again now. Links to them are now using the quranx site. There's some more work to do (minor feature improvements, and a process comparing the translations with cmje (quranx includes some corrections to the cmje translations), but it's good that we have something once again.

:We are also using the new QuranX features allowing alternative referencing systems to be used when citing hadiths (USC-MSA and in-book reference, which also appear on another well known hadith site but without the ability to link using the USC-MSA system). The templates for these 4 collections now allow an in-book reference alternative to the default USC-MSA reference system. This is useful as there are many hadiths that appear on QuranX that were omitted on the old cmje site's hadith collections (especially in cmje's abridged Abu Dawud collection). These hadiths usually have been given a USC-MSA number the same as adjacent hadiths that were on cmje. The in-book referencing system can be used to cite them specifically, or otherwise using the default USC-MSA system, all the hadiths that have a cited USC-MSA number will be listed when there is more than one.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 01:04, 3 January 2017 (EST)
::The current hadith template is probably causing an Enter. See [[Glossary of Islamic Terms#M|the last part of this section]]. [[User:Saggy|Saggy]] ([[User talk:Saggy|talk]]) 15:00, 3 January 2017 (EST)
:::Thanks, I think it's fixed now. There are also some minor issues with the usc hadith numbers in the data set on QuranX that I'm also helping them fix.[[User:Lightyears|Lightyears]] ([[User talk:Lightyears|talk]]) 15:55, 3 January 2017 (EST)

==Offline version?==

When I am in an article and click "Printable version" I can make a nice PDF out of that article. I think you could upload somewhere (I wouldn't overload this site) a big zip with all articles in PDF. And then people who might have limited internet access could study offline also. Maybe they can't access wikiislam, but they can download the bunch of PDFs somewhere. And also if there was a printed version, that would be also great. Doesn't have to be everything, it could be "The Best of WikiIslam" for example. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 19:38, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

==Mass deletion of hundreds of pages==

I recently came across a couple of links to dead pages ([[Islam Science and the Problems at Wikipedia]], [[Notable Former Muslims]], and [[People Who Left Islam]]) and noticed that they were all deleted by the same user - AbdulHurayrah (at the same time - 20:25, 26 December 2018). So I looked into it and found that in his first 2 days of editing, he deleted over 700 pages (at least a quarter of the pages on the site):

@ 20:25, 26 December 2018 he deleted 403 pages including:
150 "farsideology" pages, 28 "Videos on Islam" pages, 24 "The Root of Terrorism" pages, 19 "Mind of the Musulman" pages, 18 "Islam on the Net" pages, 13 "Islam Illustrated" pages, and about 150 other random pages including the 3 I previously mentioned (I didn't go thru all of them, but one particularly interesting looking one that caught my eye was [[The Handbook to Debating Non-Muslims]]).

@ 14:24, 27 December 2018 he deleted 320 "former Muslim" pages.

@ 16:17, 28 December 2018 he was indefinitely blocked by Damaskin for Vandalism.

@ 16:28, 28 December 2018 he was unblocked by Damaskin.

I presume the deletions were in good faith to make Wikiislam more objective, less hostile, more palatable to Muslims, etc. and it might even be right, but what troubles me most is the total lack of any apparent/transparent discussion/consensus prior to this sudden mass deletion (by a new editor). (Not to mention all the wasted time and effort that must have gone into those pages). --[[User:Yaakovaryeh|Yaakovaryeh]] ([[User talk:Yaakovaryeh|talk]]) 01:13, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

::I think he explained somewhere that this is exmna's plan. They were planning "massive overhaul" of wikiislam. To delete bad pages and rewrite the good ones. I'm not sad that they deleted farsideology, because it was a joke. This website should be more about facts and arguments. But I wasn't very happy when they edited my article "Mary, the sister of Aaron, in the Qur'an". They've written on reddit that they will delete "conclusions". And yes they deleted the title "Conclusions" and left the text of the conclusion there, so now it seems that the conclusion is a part of the previous section "Moses' Father". Also I remember I've wrote somewhere here a long time ago to some Christian activist who tried to portray Islam as Satan's work that we should be more objective and we should share facts that we can all agree upon and not subjective conclusions and maybe they got inspired and said to themselves "Let's delete all sections named Conclusions". While the Conclusion sections is actually a summary of facts and arguments and not a subjective conclusion based on some belief or prejudice. [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 19:50, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
::Btw. if you hate the title "Conclusions", because it sounds subjective, you can replace it with "Summary". [[User:Prekladator|Prekladator]] ([[User talk:Prekladator|talk]]) 20:07, 26 October 2019 (UTC)
:::Hello, Can anyone find out that there are any Muslim editors on this site? [[User:Guillotino|Guillotino]] ([[User talk:Guillotino|talk]]) 09:09, 12 November 2019 (UTC) I was convinced by the site owner that this was the new site policy and so I removed the ban. I totally agree with you guys. Unfortunately, the site policy includes deleting and rewriting articles. The site is no longer aimed at criticizing Islam as it was intended. Not to mention that I don't think the editor is competent to re-write the articles and is familiar with Islam in depth. I am not angry with the owner and the editor, because I believe they do it with a pure heart, but unfortunately I do not agree with them at all on the politics, views of Islam and with the facts they claim. I hadn't even entered a year of disappointment. Unfortunately, the only place without masks and makeup will be make-up and masked. Sad, very sad because I love a site that was full of facts from the Islamic scriptures themselves, where they could not be found anywhere - so far. Excuse my English Damaskin

User talk:Damaskin

2018-12-29T15:24:03Z

Damaskin: /* Reverted edits */

Embryology in the Quran

2018-12-28T16:42:29Z

Damaskin: Reverted edits by AbdulHurayrah (talk) to last revision by Lightyears

[[File:Fetus.jpg|right|thumb|248px|]]
This article analyzes the apologetic claim that [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] [[embryology]] is [[Islam and Science|scientifically]] accurate.

==Introduction==

The propagation of Qur'anic Embryology as a tool of [[w:Dawah|da'wah]] began in earnest when books were published by non-Muslim medical experts [[Dr.]] [[Dr. Keith Moore and the Islamic Additions|Keith Moore]] (alongside his co-author Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist"<ref name="Loyalist">[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20100314033922/http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/js1190.htm|2=2013-04-10}} United States Designates bin Laden Loyalist], United States Department of the Treasury, JS-1190, February 24, 2004</ref>) and Dr. [[Bucailleism|Maurice Bucaille]]. These claims are repeated by Dr. [[Zakir Naik]], [[Harun Yahya]] and many others. There is good evidence of Dr. Keith Moore's [[Dr. Keith Moore and the Islamic Additions#Moore.27s Current Views|lack of sincerity and competence]] to compare the Qur'an with contemporary science.

Many have written about the remarkable similarities between Qur'anic embryology and that taught by Galen. He was a highly influential Greek physician (b. 130 CE), whose works were studied in Syria and Egypt during Muhammad's time<ref>Marshall Clagett, “Greek Science in Antiquity”, pp.180-181, New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1955; Dover, 2001</ref>. Some of the most obvious links with Galen (and also with the Talmud) are in statements about the nutfah stage of embryology in the Qur'an, and even more so in the hadith. See the article [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith]] for the compelling evidence. Striking similarities exist between the other Qur'anic embryo stages and Galen too. However, while interesting and very probable, these influences cannot be proven for the Qur'an, and it is in any case unnecessary when exposing the weaknesses in the Qur'anic descriptions. Thus this article will concentrate solely on showing that Qur'anic embryology is incorrect, and that Islamic websites and public figures make false, illogical or unproven assertions in its defence.

There are already [[Embryology in the Quran#External Links|many responses]] available. So here are collated some of the best points and evidences, and some new ones, concentrating solely on the Qur'anic verses, because the [[hadith]]s provide an even greater exhibition of the [[Embryology in Islamic Scripture|unscientific nature of Islamic embryology]].

==Summary of the Main Errors in Qur'anic Embryology==

The main errors can be summarised as follows and are further discussed in the rest of this article.

'''1).''' A number of verses collectively demonstrate a belief that the earliest, nutfah stage of development is made of semen, perhaps mixed with a female fluid, which is placed in the womb for a known term, and where it undergoes various stages of development (as also taught by Galen and in the Jewish Talmud). See [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|this article]] for the most comprehensive explanation and evidence. Futhermore, there is no sign that the author of the Qur'an was aware of the female egg (ovum).

In reality, a single sperm cell penetrates and fuses with the female ovum. This fertilised egg, called a zygote, is then pushed down the fallopian tube for a few days. On the way, cell division begins, and this multi-celled cluster, now called a blastocyst, implants in the uterus (womb).

'''2).''' The embryo is then congealed blood. All the classical tafsirs (commentaries) understood the meaning of 'alaqah to be blood or congealed blood, and clotted blood is a definition of the word in classical Arabic dictionaries. Regardless of alternative meanings for this arabic word, it would be very foolish even to use a word whose main definitions include an explicit biological meaning (clotted blood) in a description of a biological process (embryology) if that meaning was not the one you intended. The choice of word now causes a well justified suspicion of inaccuracy, and for centuries misled people into thinking that the embryo is at one stage congealed blood (an actual embryo is at no point blood or a clot of blood). Similarly, for the same reason it would also be foolish to use this word while intending blood clot as a mere visual analogy.

'''3).''' Bones are formed before being clothed with flesh. In fact cartilage models of the bones start to form at the same time as and in parallel with surrounding muscles, and this cartilage is literally replaced with bone.

The author of the Qur'an imagined a sequence of stages, which when examined without the false definitions and arbitrary assumptions made by apologists, clearly has no resemblance to the actual development process of a child in the womb. Someone with a modern, scientific knowledge of embryology can instead marvel at the exquisite complexity that results from a process of co-ordinated cell differentiation and signalling, encoded in our genetic instruction set by millions of years of evolution.

==Analysis==

The following analysis of Qur'anic embryology is fully referenced to highly regarded dictionaries of classical Arabic for the significant words, including links to Lane's Lexicon.

If, the reader is so inclined, they can read the relevant sections [http://embryologyinthequran.blogspot.com in a similar analysis] to see how many of the word definitions used in Islamic apologetics are based on misquotes of Arabic dictionaries and are incompatible with how those same Arabic words were used in the hadith (such as claims about the word nutfah, or that the word 'alaqah meant a "leech-like substance", or that a mudghah is not merely a small piece of meat, but one that has been chewed). For a good summary of the arbitrary assumptions and heavily selective debating technique used by apologists, with a particular focus on Keith Moore's claims, [{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20060214032231/http://www.geocities.com/freethoughtmecca/embryo.html|2=2011-12-05}} see here].

===Original Creation from Dust / Clay / Mud===

Confusion is sometimes caused by statements about dust (tubarin تُرَابٍ), mud (hamain حَمَإٍ), clay (teenin طِينٍ), or sounding clay (salsalin صَلْصَٰلٍ) in the Qur'anic embryology verses. Clarification is provided in {{Quran-range|32|7|8}} that this refers to the creation of Adam only, and that the subsequent statements relate to the development of humans since then. This was also the opinion of classical scholars such as ibn Kathir.

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|32|7|8}}|'''Pickthall:'''Who made all things good which He created, and He began the creation of man from clay [teenin طِينٍ]; Then He made his seed from a draught of despised fluid;}}
The word translated “seed” in Pickthall’s translation is nasl, which means progeny (i.e. descendants).<ref>نسل nasl - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000286.pdf Lane’s Lexicon] Suppliment, page 3032</ref>

{{Quote|{{Quran|3|59}}|'''Pickthall:'''Lo! the likeness of Jesus with Allah is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust [turabin تُرَابٍ], then He said unto him: Be! and he is.}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|15|26}}|'''Yusuf Ali:'''We created man from sounding clay [salsalin صَلْصَٰلٍ], from mud [hamain حَمَإٍ] molded into shape;}}

These verses clearly state that the first [[Creation of Humans from Clay|man was made ''from'' clay]] (min مِّنْ means 'from' or 'of'), and that clay was a building material, that was moulded and shaped, and not a catalytic compound, as some apologetics claim in an attempt to link the Qur'an with one theory about the origin of all life on Earth.

While again not strictly related to embryology, another claim on some Islamic websites is that clay and humans have similar compositions. The Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology defines clay as, "a fine textured, sedimentary, or residual deposit. It consists of hydrated silicates of aluminum mixed with various impurities". The essential elements in clay are thus silicon, aluminum, hydrogen and oxygen. Silicon and Aluminum have extremely limited, if any, roles to play in the maintenance of life.<ref>Fenchel, Tom 2003. The origin and Early Evolution of Life. Oxford University Press. Page 27.</ref> Other human-required elements (such as nitrogen, sodium etc) are only found in trace amounts in clay and can be regarded as contaminants. There is no similarity between the compositions of clay and humans.

===The Qur'anic Embryology Verses===

These verses form the basis for Qur'anic embryology. Other verses that relate to individual stages are also quoted throughout this article.

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|23|12|14}}|'''Pickthal:''' Verily We created man from a product of wet earth [sulalatin min teenin سُلَٰلَةٍ مِّن طِينٍ]; Then placed him as a drop (of seed) [nutfatan نُطْفَةً] in a safe lodging [qararin makeenin قَرَارٍ مَّكِينٍ]; Then fashioned We the drop a clot ['alaqatan عَلَقَةً], then fashioned We the clot a little lump [mudghatan مُضْغَةً], then fashioned We the little lump bones ['ithaman عِظَٰمًا], then clothed [kasawna كَسَوْنَا] the bones with flesh [lahman لَحْمًا], and then produced it as another creation. So blessed be Allah, the Best of creators!
 '''Transliteration:''' ''Walaqad khalaqna al-insana min sulalatin min teenin Thumma jaAAalnahu nutfatan fee qararin makeenin Thumma khalaqna alnnutfata AAalaqatan fakhalaqna alAAalaqata mudghatan fakhalaqna almudghata AAithaman fakasawna alAAithama lahman thumma ansha/nahu khalqan akhara fatabaraka Allahu ahsanu alkhaliqeena''}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|22|5}}|'''Pickthall:''' O mankind! if ye are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, then lo! We have created you from dust [turabin تُرَابٍ], then from a drop of seed [nutfatin نُّطْفَةٍ], then from a clot [alaqatin عَلَقَةٍ], then from a little lump of flesh [mudghatin مُّضْغَةٍ] shapely and shapeless [mukhallaqatin waghayri mukhallaqatin مُّخَلَّقَةٍ وَغَيْرِ مُخَلَّقَةٍ], that We may make (it) clear for you. And We cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time, and afterward We bring you forth as infants, then (give you growth) that ye attain your full strength. And among you there is he who dieth (young), and among you there is he who is brought back to the most abject time of life, so that, after knowledge, he knoweth naught. And thou (Muhammad) seest the earth barren, but when We send down water thereon, it doth thrill and swell and put forth every lovely kind (of growth).
 '''Transliteration:''' ''Ya ayyuha alnnasu in kuntum fee raybin mina albaAAthi fa-inna khalaqnakum min turabin thumma min nutfatin thumma min AAalaqatin thumma min mudghatin mukhallaqatin waghayri mukhallaqatin linubayyina lakum wanuqirru fee al-arhami ma nashao ila ajalin musamman thumma nukhrijukum tiflan thumma litablughoo ashuddakum waminkum man yutawaffa waminkum man yuraddu ila arthali alAAumuri likayla yaAAlama min baAAdi AAilmin shay-an watara al-arda hamidatan fa-itha anzalna AAalayha almaa ihtazzat warabat waanbatat min kulli zawjin baheejin''}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|40|67}}|'''Pickthall:''' He it is Who created you from dust [turabin تُرَابٍ], then from a drop (of seed) [nutfatin نُّطْفَةٍ] then from a clot [alaqatin عَلَقَةٍ], then bringeth you forth as a child, then (ordaineth) that ye attain full strength and afterward that ye become old men - though some among you die before - and that ye reach an appointed term, that haply ye may understand.
 '''Transliteration:''' ''Huwa allathee khalaqakum min turabin thumma min nutfatin thumma min AAalaqatin thumma yukhrijukum tiflan thumma litablughoo ashuddakum thumma litakoonoo shuyookhan waminkum man yutawaffa min qablu walitablughoo ajalan musamman walaAAallakum taAAqiloona''}}

These verses clearly delineate the stages of Qur'anic embryology thus:

(references provide links to Lane's Lexicon of classical Arabic)

#Dust/mud/clay (creation of Adam only)
#Nutfah<ref name="LLnutfah">نُطْفَةً nutfah - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000288.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Suppliment, page 3034</ref> (drop of semen)
#Alaqah<ref name="LLalaqah">عَلَقَةً alaqah - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume5/00000419.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 5, page 2134</ref> (leech and certain creatures that cling and suck blood, or blood, thick blood or clotted blood)
#Mudghah<ref name="LLmudghah">مُضْغَةً mudghah - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000275.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Suppliment, page 3021</ref> (bite-sized morsel of flesh, shaped and without shape)
#'Itham<ref name="LLitham">عِظَٰمًا 'itham - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume5/00000372.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 5, page 2087</ref> (bones, especially of the limbs)
#'Itham clothed<ref name="LLkasawa">كسو kasawa - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000254.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Suppliment, page 3000</ref> with Lahm<ref name="LLlahm">لَحْمًا lahm - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000262.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Suppliment, page 3008 and [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume8/00000263.pdf page 3009]</ref> (flesh)
#Another creation / child

===The Nutfah (Semen) Stage and the Missing Female Ovum===

The first stage of Qur'anic embryology is the nutfah stage. The word nutfah<ref name="LLnutfah"></ref> literally meant a small amount of liquid, and was a euphemism for semen. The Lisan al Arab dictionary of classical Arabic gives these definitions (translated from the Arabic):

{{Quote|1=نُّطْفَة in Lisan al Arab|2=A little water; a little water remaining in a waterskin; a little water remaining in a bucket; pure water, a little or a lot; the water of the man; semen is called nutfah for its small amount<ref>http://www.baheth.info/all.jsp?term=%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%81</ref>}}

A nice example of nutfah usage can be found in a pre-Islamic poem where it is used to mean “the small quantity of wine that remained in a wineskin”.<ref>Irfan Shahid, “Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century. Volume 2, Part 2”, p.145, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2009</ref>

Verses 80:18-19, and 77:20-22 together with 23:13 strongly imply that it is semen that is stored in the womb and developed into the embryo, as the [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|hadiths confirm, and Jews and Greeks]] believed.

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|80|18|19}}|'''Pickthall:''' From what thing [shayinشَىْءٍ] doth He create him? From a drop of seed [nutfatin نُّطْفَةٍ]. He createth him and proportioneth him}}

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|77|20|22}}|'''Pickthall:''' Did We not create you from a base fluid [ma-in maheenin مَّآءٍ مَّهِينٍ]? Which We laid up [jaAAalnahu جَعَلْنَٰهُ] in a safe abode [qararin makeenin قَرَارٍ مَّكِينٍ], For a period (of gestation), determined (according to need)?}}

Verses 77:20-21 closely parallel 23:13 quoted below, which too says "We placed it (jaAAalnahu) in a safe abode (qararin makeen)", and uses the word nutfah instead of maa' maheenin ('water distained' - maa' was another euphemism for semen). The 'hu' ending to jaAAalnahu can mean him or it, and probably means the former in 23:13 ('We placed him'). However, 77:20 uses the 2nd person "you", so the latter meaning, 'it' is clearly intended in the next verse, in reference to the liquid ('We placed it').

{{Quote|{{Quran|23|13}}|'''Pickthall:''' Then placed him [jaAAalnahu جَعَلْنَٰهُ] as a drop (of seed) [nutfatan نُطْفَةً] in a safe lodging [qararin makeenin قَرَارٍ مَّكِينٍ];}}

The Qur'an never explicitly explains how and if the female parent contributes genetic material. It is merely the assumption, and an assumption only, of apologists that 'nutfatun amshajin' (amshajin means mixed<ref>أَمْشَاج Amshajan - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000245.pdf] Volume 7 Page 2717</ref>) in verse 76:2 includes the female gamete (ovum).

{{Quote|{{Quran|76|2}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' Verily We created Man from a drop of mingled sperm [nutfatin amshajin نُّطْفَةٍ أَمْشَاجٍ], in order to try him: So We gave him (the gifts), of Hearing and Sight.}}

The term ‘nutfatun amshaajin’ could just as easily refer to the sperm-menstrual blood union of Aristotle and the ancient Indian embryologists, or the two semens hypothesis of Hippocrates and Galen, or even the readily observed mingling of semen and vaginal discharge during sexual intercourse. In other words, the fact the Qur'an does not explicitly state that ‘nutfatun amshaajin’ contains the ovum, together with the existence of other possible explanations, means that it is illogical to assume the former and not the latter.

The insistence that it explains the former is pure conjecture devoid of evidence, and constitutes the [[Logical Fallacy|logical fallacy]] of equivocation, and its adoption is merely wishful thinking or 'reinterpretation after the fact.’

Some critics argue that in fact, the Qur'an itself provides the evidence of its doctrinal omission or rejection of the role of the ovum in procreation, for verse 2:223 states that wives are tilth. This is saying they are like the earth, which contributes nutrients only, receiving the seed from the male.

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|223}}|'''Pickthall:''' Your women are a tilth for you (to cultivate) go to your tilth as ye will, and send (good deeds) before you for your souls, and fear Allah, and know that ye will (one day) meet Him. Give glad tidings to believers, (O Muhammad).}}

This one isn't a particularly strong criticism, however, as the 7th century Arabs must have recognised that a child can inherit characteristics from its mother, though again, it must be stated that there is no sign that this was by means of a female ovum in any Islamic sources, Qur'an or hadith. The resemblance of a child to its mother was a question that interested the early Muslims, as can be seen in the hadith. See the article [[Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith|Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith]] regarding this and many other common arguments used by proponents of Qur'anic embryology concerning the nutfah stage.

===The 'Alaqah Stage===

The concensus in the tafsirs for the embryology verses was that 'alaqah meant blood. In numerous tafsirs it is variously described as blood (al dam الدم), congealed blood (al dam al jamid الدم الجامد), or simply, red 'alaqah ('alaqah hamra علقة حمراء). Nevertheless, in modern times some Muslims, especially those who know that this contradicts the biological reality, have tried to reinterpret the word using some of the other dictionary definitions for 'alaqah or 'alaq. Each of these alternatives is problematic, as indeed is the mere fact that 'alaqah has clotted blood<ref name="LLalaqah"></ref> as one of its main meanings.

====Clinging Thing====
Those who claim that 'alaqah is used in the sense of a clinging thing in the Qur'an should consider that the embryo does not cease to be attached to the uterine wall when the musculo-skeletal system begins to develop around the 5th week. Yet the Qur'anic stages appear to describe a transition between a succession of states. Moreover it would be self-evident from aborted fetuses that at some stage the embryo becomes attached to something.

====Hanging / Suspended====

Also flawed is a related claim, that 'alaqah is used here in its meaning of a suspended, or hanging thing, because the early embryo is floating in amniotic fluid, and is attached via a connecting stalk to the uterine wall in which it is buried. The problem is that not all embryos hang downwards below their connecting stalk. Rather it depends where in the uterus implantation occurs. The uterus lies fairly horizontal at this time, so depending on the side of the uterus implantation occurs, the early embryo can also be above its stalk, as this diagram<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.babycenter.com/fetal-development-twins-images-4-weeks|2=2013-06-01}} Fraternal twins in the womb -- 4 weeks] - BabyCenter Medical Advisory Board, June 1, 2013</ref> of twins at 4 weeks demonstrates :

<center>[[File:Fraternal twins in womb-4 weeks.jpg]]</center>

Various studies of placentas and ultrasound scans have found that between 26% and 53% of implantations occur on the anterior (frontal) wall of the uterus (like the lower twin in the diagram).<ref>Benirschke, K. & Kaufmann, B. 2000. Pathology of the Human Placenta. 4th Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York. Page 399 - 400</ref> Clearly apologists should expect better of the Qur'an's author than to say that as early embryos, humans are "hanging things" when such a description is untrue for a significant percentage of the population, not even a general rule.

This scientific inaccuracy should be considered before even raising the doubts above concerning the suitability of the word 'alaqah to describe embryos that are on the posterior wall, and thus below their connecting stalks. For it is highly doubtful that 'alaqah in the sense of “hanging” would be a good way to describe the embryo in relation to the connecting stalk. Lane’s lexicon strongly indicates that 'alaq is not just the thing which is hung, but the entire apparatus or vertical rope by which means it is suspended, or even just the rope itself, giving the example of a suspended bucket in a well.<ref>علق 'alaq - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume5/00000419.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 5, page 2134</ref> The stalk evidently has a certain amount of stiffness and does not hang vertically under gravity like a bucket in a well.

====Leech====

Apologists who are fond of leech metaphors should consider that unlike a leech, which simply sucks blood from its host, the embryo circulates and exchanges blood and waste products with its mother.<ref>Barry Mitchell & Ram Sharma 2009. Embryology: An Illustrated Colour Text. Second Edition. Churchill Livingstone ElSevier. Page 10-11</ref> Furthermore, a leech attaches itself directly to the surface of its host. In contrast, the [[w:Blastocyst|blastocyst]] stage embryo implants into the uterine wall ([[w:Endometrium|endometrium]]) by means of an outer cell layer surrounding it, called the [[w:Syncytiotrophoblast|syncytiotrophoblast]]. It is the syncytiotrophoblast which invades the endometrium, burying the entire embryo within the wall (unlike a leech), establishes a circulatory connection, and will later form the outer layer of the [[w:Placenta#Development|placenta]].

A leech has many characteristics such as size, behaviour, shape, color, appearance. Why would the author use 'alaqah intending such a metaphorical meaning when his listeners could not be expected to know in what respect the analogy applies? It is no more than a Texan Sharpshooter fallacy<ref>{{cite web|quote= The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy in which pieces of information that have no relationship to one another are called out for their similarities, and that similarity is used for claiming the existence of a pattern. This fallacy is the philosophical/rhetorical application of the multiple comparisons problem (in statistics) and apophenia (in cognitive psychology). It is related to the clustering illusion, which refers to the tendency in human cognition to interpret patterns where none actually exist. The name comes from a joke about a Texan who fires some shots at the side of a barn, then paints a target centered on the biggest cluster of hits and claims to be a sharpshooter.|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy|title= Texas sharpshooter fallacy|publisher= Wikipedia|author= |date= accessed August 13, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTexas_sharpshooter_fallacy&date=2013-08-13|deadurl=no}}</ref>, typical of Islamic miracle claims, to choose one characteristic - shape - which in their eyes, to a very and arbitrarily limited degree, has a similarity with that of an embryo, and draw any conclusions, particularly as the early embryo passes through a wide range of shapes and they are both biological organisms. Moreover, such apologetics have to conveniently ignore the embryo's yolk sac, which gradually becomes incorporated into its developing gut, when depicting the embryo.

====Congealed Blood====
Given that one of the meanings of 'alaqah is congealed blood, which was also the understanding given in numerous tafsirs, it would be most unwise to use such a word with a specific biological meaning to describe a biological process (embryology) if that meaning was not the intention. For the same reason it would be foolish even to use clotted blood merely as a visual metaphor. A perfect author would avoid arousing any such suspicion of inaccurate biology with his choice of words.

The poet al-Nabigha alja'di النابغة الجعدي (died c.670 AD) was a contemporary of Muhammad. One of his poems about Allah further underlines this suspicion:

{{Quote||
الخـالق البـارئ المصـور في الأرحام ماء حتى يصير دما
The creator, the maker, the fashioner, in the wombs water until it becomes blood<ref>{{cite web|url= http://poetsgate.com/poem_14021.html|title= الحمد لله لا شريك له|publisher= PoetsGate (Arabic)|author= |date= February 15, 2007|archiveurl= http://archive.is/6XW6e|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}

Water (maa') is used here as a euphemism for semen, just as we sometimes find in the Qur'an and hadiths (see above). This poem also perhaps shows some influence in 7th century Arabia of the ideas of the Greek physician, Galen, whose works were studied at that time by groups in Alexandria and Syria. Indeed, other similarities between Galenic embryology and that of the Qur'an are well known.

===The Mudghah Stage===

The word mudghah meant a bite sized morsel of meat suitable for chewing<ref name=LLmudghah></ref>. Islamic websites frequently claim, without citing any evidence, that it means a piece of meat that has actually been chewed, or even that has teeth marks on it. They do this, quite laughably, so that they can invite the reader to admire the supposed similarities between an image of the somites of an embryo next to a piece of chewing gum with a row or two of teeth marks. The problems with this ridiculous argument, which highlights the poverty of Islamic apologetics, include:

# They are using a false definition of the word mudghah, as mentioned above.
# It is a lot easier to leave neat teeth marks in chewing gum than on a piece of meat.
# Somites (bilateral rows of blocks of cells that will migrate and develop into segments of the body) are protrusions, but teeth marks are indentations.

Verse {{Quran|22|5}} (quoted above) mentions that the mudghah is formed and without form. Given that this stage appears before the 'itham (bones) stage, such a 'clarification' gives no additional information whatsoever. Such vagueness of description is typical of an author who is merely pretending to have true knowledge.

===The Formation of Bone and Clothing with Flesh===

====Bone and Muscle Formation According to Medical Science====

In order to compare with science the Qur'anic statement that Allah makes the lump of flesh bones ('ithaman<ref name="LLitham"></ref>) and then clothes (fa-kasawna<ref name="LLkasawa"></ref>) the bones with flesh (lahman<ref name="LLlahm"></ref>), first we should see what science has discovered about the process of bone and muscle formation. Here is a brief description for both of them, without any detail on the relative timing of parallel processes. The section that follows afterwards contains numerous cited scientific sources stating the timing of these processes. Finally we will compare this with the Qur'an.

[[w:Mesoderm|Mesoderm]] is the middle of the three layers of the early embryo. Some of the mesoderm cells ([[w:Paraxial_mesoderm|paraxial mesoderm]]) form a series of blocks called [[w:Somite|somites]] either side of the neural tube (this tube will eventually form the spinal cord and brain). These somites will differentiate into sclerotome and myotome, which form the cartilage 'models' (or 'templates') and become connective tissues (including muscles) respectively of the future [[w:Axial_skeleton|axial skeleton]] (i.e. everything except the limbs, shoulders and pelvis). The myotome differentiates and migrates as the sclerotome is condensing into mesenchyme, which will produce cartilage. Each process occurs segmentally down the somites in a cranio-caudal sequence (head to tail).

Another area of mesoderm (lateral plate mesoderm) proliferates especially quickly in certain positions to form the limb buds. There, mesenchyme cells condense into distinct masses within the limb buds. These mesenchyme cells differentiate into chondrocytes, which secrete the cartilage matrix and are embedded in it. Thus cartilage models of the future limb bones gradually form ([[w:Chondrogenesis|chondrification]]). Once the cartilage models have formed and while they are still growing, the cartilage is literally replaced with actual bone by osteoblasts ([[w:Endochondral_ossification|ossification]]) working outwards from centres of the cartilage models. Osteoclasts remove the remnants of the mineralized cartilage. Ossification also starts in the axial skeleton some time after it has begun in the limbs, except for the upper and lower jaw, which start to ossify slightly earlier.

Meanwhile, the process of limb muscle formation begins as soon as the limb buds appear. Myoblast cells migrate from somites to populate the limb buds. They aggregate into distinct masses, differentiating and fusing into muscle fibres, as the condensing mesenchyme starts to chondrify, and before the resulting cartilage models begin to ossify.

====The Timing of These Processes====

Here is the scientific evidence for the contemporaneous development of cartilage/bone and muscles.

A very detailed account of musculo-skeletal development in the human limb by clinical-geneticist Robert Jan Galjaard can be read online.<ref>Galjaard, R.J.H. [http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10474/030924_Galjaard,%20Robert-Jan%20Harmen.pdf Mapping Studies of Congenital Limb Anomalies]. Ablasserdam: Haveka, B.V., 2003, page 16 [http://www.webcitation.org/6lFwBQq9z webcitation archive link]</ref> It details that muscle precursor cells migrate from the somites into the limb buds (ca. day 26), well before the condensing core of mesenchyme has started to chondrify into cartilage bone models in the upper part of the upper limb (ca. day 37), followed by the lower part (ca. day 41). The myoblasts have grouped into distinct masses by this stage and are differentiating into muscle fibres. The upper limbs later start to ossify (ca. day 54). Chondrification of mesenchyme, the grouping of myogenic masses, and ossification all occur in a proximal-distal order (upper to lower part of each limb). The digits of the hands only start to chondrify ca. day 51.

Professor Peter Law confirms that myoblasts are found in the limb buds day 26.<ref>Law, Peter et al., ''Pioneering Human Myoblast Genome Therapy as a Platform Technology of Regenerative Medicine.'' In: Stem Cell Therapy. Erik Greer (Editor). Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2006. Page 3.</ref>

Myoblasts have aggregated into ventral and dorsal masses in the upper limb by day 36 and the start of chondrification.<ref>Sivakumar, B. et. al. ''Congenital Hand Differences'' in Farhadieh, R. et. al. (ed.) Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Approaches and Techniques, Chichester: Wiley, 2015, p.660 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tCq9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA660#v=onepage&q&f=false Google books preview]</ref>

A detailed account by Walker and Miranda, including useful diagrams, explains that after day 35, the premuscle regions of the limb containing myoblasts and fibroblasts become distinct, and by day 45 have started to fuse together to become myotubes (which form muscle fibres). With axial musculo-skeletal development, myotomes have migrated (these form axial muscle) and sclerotomes have started to condense into mesenchyme (which will form cartilage) in the 5th week.<ref>Walker, U. A., and Miranda, A. F. ''Muscle Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate'' in Cowett, R. M. (ed.) Principles of Perinatal-Neonatal Metabolism, 2nd Edition, Volume 1, New York: Springer, 1998, pp.642-643 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eoy-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA642#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books preview]</ref>

According to Rugh, Building blocks are present for 40 pairs of muscles, which are located from the base of the skull to the bottom of the spinal column by day 28<ref>Conception to Birth Roberts Rugh, Ph.D., Landrum B. Shettles, Ph.D., M.D. Harper & Row, (New York), 1971, p.35</ref> (these are the myotomes of the somites). Muscles appear in the pelvis day 31<ref>ibid. p.43</ref>. Movement of the muscles is being controlled by the nervous system by the 6th week <ref>ibid. p.34</ref>. All of the muscle blocks have appeared by day 36 after conception<ref>ibid. p.46</ref>.

In the 10th edition (2016) of the Developing Human, Keith Moore says that ossification of the long bones begins in the 8th week, starting with the upper limbs, followed by the lower limbs and pelvis<ref>Keith L. Moore, Ph..D., FIAC, FRSM T.V.N. Persaud, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc., FRCPath W.B., The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, , 10th Edition, Philadelphia: Elseiver, 2016, p. p.349 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pmKGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA349#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books preview]</ref> (which concurs with Galjaard cited above).

It is apparent from the above that muscle masses have started to form around the mesenchyme condensations around the same time as they begin to chondrify into cartilage models of the limb bones, and long before they have even begun to ossify. Similarly, the process of muscle and cartilage formation begins at the same time for the axoskeleton. Muscles and cartilage, and bone that replaces it, continue their formation in parallel with each other.

====Problems With The Qur'anic Description====

Firstly, it is clear that bone formation (ossification) begins long after muscle has begun to develop around its precursors. Therefore, there is no scientific basis for the Qur'anic claim of a stage in which bone is later covered with flesh after its own formation. The prefix fa before kasawna means "and then", indicating an uninterrupted sequence.<ref>فَ fa - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000105.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 6, page 2322</ref>

Next, if proponents of Qur'anic embryology suppose that the Qur'an was only referring to precursor cartilage models of the bones and not bone itself, they have to explain why the author of the Qur'an mentioned not cartilage (ghudhroof)<ref name="LLghudtroof">غضروف ghudhroof, alternatively spelt غرضوف ghurdoof - [http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000032.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 6, page 2248</ref>) but only bone ('itham)<ref name="LLitham"></ref>, which starts to form well after muscles.

In any case its embryology would still be wrong. We have seen that muscle and bone (or their precursors) develop contemporaneously, although the parallel processes start when muscle begins developing around condensations of mesenchyme that have only just begun to differentiate into cartilage, as detailed above.

For the same reason the Qur'an would still be wrong even if, with further and unjustifiable generosity, we suppose that it means only the very beginning of the formation of the cartilage (chondrification) before they are in any sense complete shapes. Going back earlier still, it can even be pointed out that the precursors of muscles (myoblasts) and precursors to the cartilage (mesenchyme) are present in the limb bud as soon as it arises.

Of course, the natural reading of verse 23:14 is that the bones have some sort of meaningful shape, and can meaningfully be called bones. This is certainly not the case when the condensed mesenchyme has merely started to produce cartilage. Furthermore, the natural reading of verse 23:14 is that all the bones have some meaningful presence worthy of the label 'bones' before Allah clothes them with flesh. As noted in the evidence above, fingers only start to even chondrify after muscle formation is already well underway in the upper part of the limbs.

We have more evidence that 23:14 refers to things already recognisable as bones being clothed with muscles or flesh elsewhere in the Qur'an. Verse 2:259 uses the same Arabic words as does 23:14 for 'bones', 'clothed' and 'flesh' to describe the resurrection of a donkey which had been dead for 100 years. The main embryology passages, such as verse 22:5 (see quote above) suggests that embryological development has similarities with resurrection.

{{Quote|{{Qtt|2|259}}|'''Pickthall:''' ...and look at your ass; and that We may make you a sign to men, and look at the bones, how We set them together, then clothed them with flesh...
 '''Transliteration:''' ''waonthur ila himarika walinajAAalaka ayatan lilnnasi waonthur ila alAAithami kayfa nunshizuha thumma naksooha lahman''}}

The resurrected donkey's bones clearly had no flesh on them (were unclothed), and then Allah clothed them. This rather suggests that when the same words are used in 23:14 to describe the developing embryo, the author had in mind a small skeleton without any muscles (possibly within some remnant of the mudghah stage), which is then clothed with muscles or flesh.

===The Beginning of the Fetal Stage===

Proponents of Qur'anic embryology also claim that it correctly denotes the start of the Fetal stage by referring to the creation of ‘another creation’ after the 'itham/lahm stage (bone clothed with flesh), which supposedly occurs at week eight.

{{Quote|{{cite Quran|23|12|end=14|style=ref}}|'''Pickthal:''' …We the clot a little lump, then fashioned We the little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh, and then produced it as another creation.}}

An experienced embryologist would know that the delineation of the embryo and fetal stages is arbitrary.

{{Quote||However, the 8-week dividing line is still arbitrary, since a firm scientific basis for the transition to the fetal stage is lacking.<ref>Network for European CNS Transplantation and Restoration (NECTAR) - [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/embryos1994.html Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Human Embryonic or Fetal Tissue for Experimental and Clinical Neurotransplantation and Research (1994)] - Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota</ref>}}

==Other Apologetic Claims==

===Gender Determination===
Some claim that verses 35:11 and 53:45-46 show knowledge that gender is determined by sperm cells (which contain either an x or y chromosome to go with the x chromosome of the female ovum).

{{Quote|{{Quran|35|11}}|Allah created you from dust [tubarin تُرَابٍ], then from a little fluid [nutfatin نُّطْفَةٍ], then He made you pairs [azwajan أَزْوَٰجًا](the male and female). No female beareth or bringeth forth save with His knowledge. And no-one groweth old who groweth old, nor is aught lessened of his life, but it is recorded in a Book, Lo! that is easy for Allah.}}

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|53|45|46}}|And that He createth the two spouses, the male and the female [alzzawjayni alththakara waalontha ٱلزَّوْجَيْنِ ٱلذَّكَرَ وَٱلْأُنثَىٰ], From a drop (of seed) when it is poured forth [nutfatin itha tumna نُّطْفَةٍ إِذَا تُمْنَىٰ];}}

This does not hold water for three reasons:

1. Verses 75:37-39 show that the author believed that gender was determined after the 'alaqah stage. Both 53:45 and 75:39 use the exact same phrase, "alzzawjayni alththakara waalontha" 'of the two spouses, the male and the female', and 35:11 too uses the word for male / female pair (azwajan).

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|75|37|36}}|Was he not a drop [nutfatan نُطْفَةً] of fluid [manayin مَّنِىٍّ] which gushed forth [yumna يُمْنَىٰ]? Then he became a clot [alaqatan عَلَقَةً]; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned And made of him a pair, the male and female [alzzawjayni alththakara waalontha ٱلزَّوْجَيْنِ ٱلذَّكَرَ وَٱلْأُنثَىٰ].}}

In light of these verses, the ones used by apologists are merely saying that male and female babies start off as a nutfah (drop of semen).

2. If apologists want to take 53:45 literally as indicating 'when' gender is determined, then the Qur'an would still be wrong, because millions of sperm are emitted, some with an x chromosome, some with a y chromosome. Gender is determined not when the semen is emitted, but when the egg is fertilised by one of the sperm cells, which can take anything from half an hour to 12 hours for the first of them to reach the egg, and then more time for one of the many that arrive to successfully penetrate it.

3. Again, it should be noted that the evidence is unanimous that nutfah means a small quantity of fluid, a euphemism for semen – there is no indication of sperm cells within the fluid.

Furthermore, there are hadith even more explicit than Qur'an 75:37-39 which say that gender is decided after the 'mudghah stage:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|315}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "At every womb Allah appoints an angel who says, 'O Lord! A drop of semen, O Lord! A clot. O Lord! A little lump of flesh." Then if Allah wishes (to complete) its creation, the angel asks, (O Lord!) Will it be a male or female, a wretched or a blessed, and how much will his provision be? And what will his age be?' So all that is written while the child is still in the mother's womb."}}

Others interpret 75:39 to mean that the external genitalia and gonads are formed after the 'alaqah stage. This is a more plausible interpretation, but is still problematic. For the gender of the child has already been determined genetically at the moment of conception as stated above.

====Intersex People====

Furthermore, not everyone is simply a male with XY sex chromosomes, or a female with XX sex chromosomes. A small minority are called [[w:intersex]] due to certain types of genetic or phenotypic sex variations, including:<ref>[https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001669.htm Medline plus - Intersex]</ref>

* Those who are 46, XY intersex. The person has the chromosomes of a man, but the external genitals are incompletely formed, ambiguous, or clearly female.

* Those who are 46, XX intersex. The person has the chromosomes of a woman, the ovaries of a woman, but external (outside) genitals that appear male.

* True Gonadal intersex (formerly called True Hermaphroditism). Such people have both male and female gonads (ovaries and testes), and may have ambiguous external genitalia.

* Other genetic configurations include XXX, and XXY (1 in 1000 people)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isna.org/faq/frequency |title=How common is intersex? | Intersex Society of North America |publisher=Isna.org |accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref>. These people have no discrepancy between their gonads and external genitalia, but there may be problems with sex hormone levels, and overall sexual development.

According to Leonard Sax, when the term intersex is "restricted to those conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female", around 0.018% of the population are intersex. This definition excludes Klinefelter syndrome and many other variations.<ref>Sax, L., ''How common is intersex? a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling'' Journal of Sex Research, volume 39, issue 3, pp.174–178 (2002) doi 10.1080/00224490209552139 pmid 12476264</ref>

===Sperm within Semen===

Others claim that verses 35:37 and 32:7-8 hint at sperm within the semen. These claims are debunked by means of very similar verses and other reasons at the end of the article [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Greek_and_Jewish_Ideas_about_Reproduction_in_the_Quran_and_Hadith#Other_apologetic_claims Greek and Jewish Ideas about Reproduction in the Quran and Hadith]

===Fetus is in Three Layers of darkness===

The word butun (بطن)<ref>بطن butun - [[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000257.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Volume 1, page 220</ref> means belly/abdomen/midriff, though some translators like to use the more specific word "womb". Tafsirs interpreted the "three darknesses" as the placenta, womb (uterus) and belly. There are in fact many more layers in the human body such as the endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium, peritoneum, besides the cervix uteri, corpus uteri, abdomen (with walls), and placenta (with layers). The idea of three membranes around the fetus ([[w:Chorion|chorion]], [[w:Allantois|allantois]], and [[w:Amnion|amnion]]) was taught by the highly influential Greek physician, Galen. Perhaps the Qur'anic author is simply repeating this idea, which applies only to the embryonic membranes.

The allantois is a sac-like structure which becomes part of the umbilical cord, hardly a 'a darkness' for the embryo. The other two membranes, the chorion and amnion, together form the [[w:Amniotic_sac|amniotic sac]], which is quite thin and transparent.

{{Quote|{{Quran|39|6}}|
He created you from one soul. Then He made from it its mate, and He produced for you from the grazing livestock eight mates. He creates you in the wombs of your mothers, creation after creation, within three darknesses. That is Allah, your Lord; to Him belongs dominion. There is no deity except Him, so how are you averted?}}

===The Least Period of Conception===

Another claim is that the Qur'an correctly states that the least period of conception is 6 months. They base this claim on two verses.

{{Quote| {{Quran|46|15}}|'''Pickthal:''' And We have commended unto man kindness toward parents. His mother beareth him with reluctance, and bringeth him forth with reluctance, and the bearing of him and the weaning of him is thirty months, till, when he attaineth full strength and reacheth forty years, he saith: My Lord! Arouse me that I may give thanks for the favour wherewith Thou hast favoured me and my parents, and that I may do right acceptable unto Thee. And be gracious unto me In the matter of my seed. Lo! I have turned unto Thee repentant, and lo! I am of those who surrender (unto Thee).}}

{{Quote| {{Quran|31|14}}|'''Pickthal:''' And We have enjoined upon man concerning his parents. His mother beareth him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Give thanks unto Me and unto thy parents. Unto Me is the journeying.}}

Dr. Omar Abdul Rehman claims that ‘the two texts taken together leave only six months (22 weeks i.e., five and half Gregorian months are equal to about six [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar months]]. of pregnancy).’ Here, Dr. Abdul Rehman’s sleight of hand to fit 22 weeks into six lunar months is ludicrous as each lunar month consists of four weeks, while five and a half Gregorian months consist of about 23.8 weeks.

Dr. Al-Ghazal also claims that according to ‘scientific facts’ the least period of conception is 22 weeks.

Even assuming the arbitrary claim by Drs Al-Ghazal and Abdul Rehman of 22 weeks, being the ‘most cases’ scenario (which is false according to medical statistics – see below), one is left with the conclusion that the Qur'an is still in error as six lunar months is 24 weeks, not 22 weeks.

This two-week difference is very important to the development and survivability of the fetus. Hence, it should not be summarily dismissed and rounded to the nearest month. If anything, it should be rounded to five lunar months, not six.

Regardless, the claim of six lunar months or 22 weeks as the least period of conception or ‘minimum period for fetal viability’ is unsupported by modern medical science.

{{Quote||A fetus is defined as being viable if it has the ability to "potentially able to live outside the mother's womb [that is, can survive], albeit with artificial help." In the fifties viability was reached about 30 weeks after conception. Modern medical technology changed that to 25 weeks in the seventies. Now viability continues to be pushed further and further back in the pregnancy and is now as early as 19 weeks.

21 and 22 week premature babies are now supported routinely, and have a good chance of survival. By 24 weeks after conception, premature babies have a 40% chance of reaching adulthood without any major complications. By 28 weeks, the chance is 90%. By 29 weeks, survival is almost definite. (Note: These percentages are from reports written during the late 1980s. Current survival rates are most likely much higher.)<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20050205142039/http://www.abortioninfo.net/facts/development4.shtml Fetal Development/Viability] - Abortioninfo</ref>}}

Thus, it can be seen that the minimum period of fetal viability has changed, at least in recent history. It was never 22 weeks or 6 lunar months prior to the era of modern medicine, being likely to have been at least 30 weeks. Now, it has shrunk to only 19 weeks in countries with advanced pediatric medicine. We would suggest the minimum period of fetal viability in many third-world countries would still be around 30 weeks. Thus, Qur'anic embryology's proposition of the least period of conception is false.

===The End of Cell Differentiation===

Some proponents of Qur'anic embryology state that the mudghah stage, which is described in one verse, "partly formed and partly unformed" or "shaped and shapeless" refers to the incomplete cell differentiation observed in this stage.

{{Quote|{{Quran|22|05}}|'''Pickthal:''' O mankind! if ye are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, then lo! We have created you from dust, then from a drop of seed, then from a clot, then from a little lump of flesh shapely and shapeless, …}}

This claim is not backed by the scientific evidence.

Remembering that this mudghah stage occurs before the 'itham (bones) stage, so it must occur before week six, when the progeny is still in the “embryo” stage. However, modern embryologists know that cell differentiation occurs well before the ‘mudghah’ stage and well into the “fetal” stage. Hence the Qur'anic embryology claim must be incorrect.

==Conclusion==

Qur'anic Embryology can be seen to be false due to the following points:

# The Qur'an itself omits mention of the ovum in human reproduction. Moreover, the choice of the words nutfah (small amount of liquid) and maa' maheenin (water/liquid disdained), which are placed in a safe place (the womb) in key passages indicate a belief that the embryo is formed out of semen, with no knowledge of the sperm cell.
# The word 'alaqah probably means blood clot in the embryology verses, which corresponds to no actual embryological stage. Even if this was not the intended meaning, the foolishness of using a word with such an explicit biological meaning in a description of a biological process (embryology) means that the Qur'an can not be divine in origin.
# The stages of bone formation then clothing with flesh is in error, even assuming that 'itham means both bone and cartilage.
# The apologetic claim of cell differentiation at the Mudgha stage is incorrect, as modern embryology has discovered cell differentiation occurring before and after the putative ‘Mudgha’ stage.
# The claim that the Qur'an correctly predicted the beginning of the fetal stage is shown to be in error because the transition between the embryo and the fetus is arbitrary.
# The claim that the Qur'an correctly states the least period of conception at 24 weeks is in error, as according to modern medical knowledge this period is closer to 21-22 weeks or even less with advanced medical science, and at least 30 weeks without modern medical assistance. Similarly, other apologetic claims regarding sperm, the womb, and gender determination are disproved by other verses and scientific knowledge.

{{Core Science}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Embryology|Embryology}}
*[[Quran Describes Gender Determination By Sperm|Qur'an Describes Gender Determination By Sperm]]

==External Links==
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20060214032231/http://www.geocities.com/freethoughtmecca/embryo.html|2=2012-06-11}} Qur'anic Embryology] ''- Dr. Yusuf Needham and Dr. Butrus Needbeer, FreeThought Mecca''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://answering-islam.org/Quran/Science/embryo.html|2=2012-06-11}} Embryology in the Qur'an] ''- Dr. Lactantius, Answering Islam''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://mukto-mona.com/wordpress/?p=1166|2=2012-06-11}} Islamic embryology: overblown balderdash] ''- Dr. PZ Myers' response to Hamza Andreas Tzortzis’ paper, Embryology in the Qur’an''
*[http://embryologyinthequran.blogspot.com Embryology in the Qur'an: Much Ado About Nothing] ''- Captain Disguise and Martin Taverille's response to Hamza Andreas Tzortzis’ paper, Embryology in the Qur’an''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Qur'an]]
{{page_title|Embryology in the Qur'an}}

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Mary, Sister of Aaron

2015-11-05T00:12:40Z

Damaskin:

{{Underconstruction}}

This article examines the father of Mary, mother of Jesus, according to the Qur'an.

==Introduction==

Contrary to the Bible, the Qur'an mentions the father of Mary, mother of Jesus, as being a man called 'Imran'.

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|3|35|36}}|(Remember) when the wife of 'Imran said: My Lord! I have vowed unto Thee that which is in my belly as a consecrated (offering). Accept it from me. Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Hearer, the Knower!

And when she was delivered she said: My Lord! Lo! I am delivered of a female - Allah knew best of what she was delivered - the male is not as the female; and lo! I have named her Mary, and lo! I crave Thy protection for her and for her offspring from Satan the outcast.}}

==Resemblance with Biblical genealogy==

Imran is the Arabic version of the Hebrew name 'Amram' which we find in the Old Testament. This Amram is mentioned as being the father of Moses, Aaron and Mary, which is a different Mary than the mother of Jesus from the New Testament.

Since the Qur'anic father of Mary has the same name as an Old Testament man who also had a daughter named Mary, but lived approximately 1400 years earlier, non-Muslim scholars began to consider the possibility that the writer(s) of the Qur'an have perhaps confused one Mary for the other. Though two people who lived in different times can surely have fathers who share the same name, the debated Quranic error becomes more evident when we read that the Qur'an also calls the mother of Jesus "Sister of Haroun", which is the Arabic name for 'Aaron', another child of the Old Testament Amram. So now Amram shares, not one, but two identically named children with the Qur'anic Imran:

{{Quote|{{Quran|19|28}}|O sister of Aaron! Thy father was not a wicked man nor was thy mother a harlot.}}

The above indicates that the Quran inexplicitely implies that Moses was the uncle of Jesus, which is physically impossible since they lived about 1400 years apart (according to Christian and non-Christian theologians).

==Apologetic arguments==

Throughout history Muslims have formed two main arguments to refute claims by critics, that Muhammad (or whoever wrote the Qur'an) mixed up two Mary's by copying the wrong genealogy from the circling Christian and Jewish teachings during the Islamic prophet's time.

=== Muslim argument 1: "The Qur'anic text in reality refers to Imran as the ancestor of Mary, mother of Jesus"===

Here the Muslim apologists claim that Mary is the ancestor of Imran, and more specific, his son Aaron.

[[proof of scholarly claim(s) needed]] on to-do list

Refutation:

This Islamic argument seems to be refuted by {{Quran-range|3|35|36}} which, as seen above, makes it clear that the wife of Imran had a daughter named Mary, seemingly erasing the possibility of her being a far descendant of Imran.

Also, just a few verses down the line, this same Mary bears a child of her own, called Jesus, the Messiah, according to the Quran:

{{Quote|{{Quran|3|45}}|(And remember) when the angels said: O Mary! Lo! Allah giveth thee glad tidings of a word from him, whose name is the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, illustrious in the world and the Hereafter, and one of those brought near (unto Allah).}}

=== Muslim argument 2: "Imran is really Joachim"===

Some Muslim scholars have tried to refute the controversy surrounding Imran by arguing that he is in fact the Catholic Joachim, who is the father of Mary, mother of Jesus, according to non-Biblical Catholic and Orthodox Christian teachings. In fact, these two denominations of Christianity call this father of Mary 'Saint Joachim'.

[[proof of scholarly claim(s) needed]] on to-do list

However the above mentioned verse in the {{Quran|19|28}} states clearly that she is the sister of Haroun (Aaron), again placing her 1400 years prior to her actual life.

=== Muslim argument 3: "Sister of Aaron really means descendant of Aaron"===

Ibn Kathir (a 14th century scholar, generally considered the best scholar of all time by Sunni's) gave the following explanation in his tafsir:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2684&Itemid=75 Maryam with Al-Masih before the People, Their Rejection of Her and His Reply to Them] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=(O sister of Harun!) referring to the brother of Musa, because she was of his descendants. This is similar to the saying, `O brother of Tamim,' to one who is from the Tamimi tribe, and `O brother of Mudar,' to one who is from the Mudari tribe. It has also been said that she was related to a righteous man among them whose name was Harun and she was comparable to him in her abstinence and worship.}}

This argument seems far fetched, since even the given comparisons are not even one-on-one. In the comparing sayings the associated name is that of the founding father of that tribe. But in the case of Mary and Aaron, the latter is not a 'tribe starter' but the actual ancestor of Mary.

[[Category:Qur'anic Errors]]
[[bg:Грешки в Корана: Моисей и Аарон – вуйчовци на Иисус]]
{{Page title|Qur'anic Errors: Mary, the Mother of Jesus or the Sister of Moses?}}

List of Muhammads Wives and Concubines

2015-10-30T00:44:35Z

Damaskin: /* Engagements and Broken Contracts */

According to Anas ibn Malik, the Prophet [[Muhammad]] used to visit all eleven of his [[Muhammad's Wives|wives]] in one night; but he could manage this, as he had the [[Sex|sexual]] prowess of thirty men.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|5|268}}. See also {{Bukhari|7|62|142}}.</ref> The historian Al-[[Tabari]] calculated that Muhammad [[Marriage|married]] a total of fifteen [[Islam and Women|women]], though only ever eleven at one time; and two of these marriages were never consummated.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 126-127}}.</ref> This tally of fifteen does not include at least four concubines. According to Merriam-Webster, a concubine is “a woman with whom a man cohabits without being married”, and has a “social status in a household below that of a wife.”<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubine|2=2011-09-28}} Concubine] – Merriam-Webster, accessed September 28, 2011</ref> All of Muhammad’s concubines were his [[Slavery|slaves]]. Al-Tabari also excludes from the fifteen several other women with whom Muhammad had some kind of marriage contract but who, due to legal technicalities, never became full wives. It is fairly certain, however, that none of these unions was ever consummated. They were the cultural equivalent of a broken engagement. Finally, there were several other women whom Muhammad wished to marry, or whom he was invited to marry, but for various reasons he did not.

==Lists==

The following [[lists]] of women in Muhammad’s life are based on the Islamic sources. Because there were so many women, some of whom had only a very brief association with him, it is possible that this number still falls short of the real total.

===Wives and Concubines===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="65" | Status
! width ="65" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable Early Sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]
|Married
|July 595.
|She was a wealthy merchant from Mecca who employed the 24-year-old Muhammad and then proposed marriage. She was the mother of six of his children and a key character in the earliest development of Islam. She was Muhammad's only wife as long as she lived. She died in April 620.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82-83, 106-107, 111, 113-114, 160-161, 191, 313-314.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 127-128}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 3-4}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9-12, 39, 151-152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|Sawda bint Zam'a
|Married, though with limited rights.
|May 620.
|She was a tanner who had been an early convert to Islam. Muhammad married her at a time when he was unpopular and bankrupt. He considered divorcing her when, as the oldest and plainest of his wives (described as "fat and very slow"), she no longer attracted him, but she persuaded him to keep her in the house in exchange for never sleeping with her again (she gave up her turn to Aisha).
|
*Bukhari<ref>{{Bukhari|2|26|740}}.</ref>
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 148, 309, 530.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 128-130}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 169-170}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:39-42, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Aisha bint Abi Bakr
|Married
|Contracted May 620 but first consummated in April or May 623.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's best friend and head evangelist Abu Bakr. Muhammad selected the six-year-old Aisha in preference to her teenaged sister, and she remained his favourite wife. She contributed a major body of information to Islamic law and history. The paedophilic aspect of this relationship has institutionalised such marriages within Islam.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 116, 223, 279-280, 311, 457, 464-465, 468, 493-499, 522, 535-536, 544, 649-650, 667, 678-688.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 128-131}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 171-174}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:43-56, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|Hafsa bint Umar
|Married
|January or February 625.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's wealthy friend Umar. Hafsa was the custodian of the autograph-text of the Qur'an, which was actually somewhat different from the standard Qur'an of today.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 218, 301, 679.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 131-132}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 174-175}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:56-60, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Zaynab bint Khuzayma
|Married
|February or March 625.
|She was a middle-class widow known as "Mother of the Poor" because of her commitment to charity work. She died in October 625.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 63-64}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:82, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Hind (Umm Salama) bint Abi Umayya
|Married
|April 626.
|An attractive widow with four young children, Hind had been rejected by her aristocratic family in Mecca because they were so hostile to Islam. Her tact and practical wisdom sometimes mitigated Muhammad's cruelties. She was a notable teacher of Islamic law and a partisan of Ali.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 146, 147, 150-153, 167-169, 213-214, 462, 529, 536, 546, 589, 680.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 132}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 175-177}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:61-67, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Zaynab bint Jahsh
|Married
|March 627.
|An early convert to Islam, Zaynab was the wife of Muhammad's adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah. She was also the Prophet's biological cousin. When Muhammad became infatuated with Zaynab, Zayd was pressured into a divorce. To justify marrying her, Muhammad announced new revelations that (1) an adopted son did not count as a real son, so Zaynab was not his daughter-in-law, and (2) as a prophet, he was allowed more than the standard four wives. Zaynab excelled at leather-crafts.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 215, 495.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 134}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 180-182}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:72-81, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Rayhana bint Zayd ibn Amr
|Sexual slavery
|May 627.
|Her first husband was one of the 600-900 Qurayza men whom Muhammad beheaded in April 627. He enslaved all the women and selected Rayhana for himself because she was the most beautiful. When she refused to marry him, he kept her as a concubine instead. She died shortly before Muhammad in 632.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 137, 141}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 164-165}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:92-94, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith
|Married
|January 628.
|The daughter of an Arab chief, she was taken prisoner when Muhammad attacked her tribe. Muhammad did not make a habit of marrying his war-captives, but Aisha claimed that Juwayriyah was so beautiful that men always fell in love with her at first sight.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 490-493.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 133}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 182-184}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:83-85, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Ramlah (Umm Habiba) bint Abi Sufyan
|Married
|July 628 (following a proxy wedding earlier in the year)
|She was a daughter of Abu Sufyan, the Meccan chief who led the resistance against Muhammad, but she had been a teenaged convert to Islam. This marriage offset some of Muhammad's political humiliation in the Treaty of Hudaybiya by demonstrating that he could command the loyalty of his adversary's own daughter. Ramlah was devoted to Muhammad and quick to pick quarrels with people who were not.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 146, 527-528, 529, 543.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 133-134}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 177-180}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:68-71, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
|[[Safiyah|Safiyah bint Huyayy]]
|Married
|July 628.
|She was the beautiful daughter of a Jewish chief, Huyayy ibn Akhtab. Muhammad married her on the day he defeated the last Jewish tribe in Arabia, only hours after he had supervised the slaying of Kinana her second husband. His earlier victims had included her father, brother, first husband, three uncles and several cousins. This marriage was of no benefit to Safiyah's defeated tribe, who were banished from Arabia a few years later; its real political significance was that Safiyah's presence in Muhammad's household was an open demonstration that he had defeated the Jews.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 241-242, 511, 514-515, 516-517, 520.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 134-135}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 184-185}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:85-92, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
|Maymunah bint Al-Harith
|Married
|February 629.
|She was a middle-class widow from Mecca who proposed marriage to Muhammad. A placid woman who kept a very tidy house, Maymunah was completely obsessed with rules and rituals.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 531, 679-680.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 135}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 185-186}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:94-99, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
|[[Mariyah the Sex Slave of the Holy Prophet|Mariyah bint Shamoon al-Quptiya]]
|Sexual slavery
|c. June 629.
|She was one of several slaves whom the Governor of Egypt sent as a present to Muhammad. He kept her as a concubine despite the objections of his official wives, who feared her beauty. Mariyah bore Muhammad a son, Ibrahim.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 653.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 137, 141}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 193-195}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:148-151.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
|Mulayka bint Kaab
|Divorced
|January 630.
|Her family resisted the Muslim invasion of Mecca. Needing to appease the conqueror, they gave him the beautiful Mulayka as a bride. When she realised that Muhammad's army had killed her father, she demanded a divorce, which he granted her. She died a few weeks later.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 165}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106, 154.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 15
|Fatima ''al-Aliya'' bint Zabyan ''al-Dahhak''
|Divorced
|February or March 630.
|She was the daughter of a minor chief who had converted to Islam. Muhammad divorced her after only a few weeks "because she peeked at men in the mosque courtyard." Fatima had to work for the rest of her life as a dung-collector, and she outlived all Muhammad's widows.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 186-188}}. Despite the confusion over the name, she is probably also the woman referred to in {{Tabari|9|pp. 136-137}} and the “Fatima bint Shurayh” of {{Tabari|9|p. 139}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 16
|Asma bint Al-Numan
|Divorced
|June or July 630.
|She was a princess from Yemen whose family hoped the marriage alliance would ward off a military invasion from Medina. But Muhammad divorced her before consummation after Aisha tricked her into reciting the divorce formula. Asma later married a brother of Umm Salama.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Amra bint Yazid).</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 188-191}}. She is mentioned in {{Tabari|9|pp. 128-130}} but has apparently been partly confused with Amra bint Yazid.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:101-105, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 17
|''Al-Jariya''
|Sexual slavery
|After 627.
|She was a domestic slave belonging to Zaynab bint Jahsh, who made Muhammad a present of her. She seems to have been an "unofficial" concubine who did not have a regular turn on his roster.
|
*Ibn al-Qayyim<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim, ''Za’d al-Ma’ad'' 1:114.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 18
|Amra bint Yazid
|Divorced
|c. 631.
|She was a Bedouin of no political importance. Muhammad divorced her before consummation when he saw she had symptoms of leprosy.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 19
|Tukana al-Quraziya
|Sexual slavery
|Unknown, but probably in the last months of Muhammad's life.
|She was a member of the defeated Qurayza tribe whom Muhammad selected as one of his personal slaves. She appears to have been another "unofficial" concubine without a regular turn on the roster. After Muhammad's death, she married Abbas.
|
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/54.htm/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:52].</ref>
*Ibn al-Qayyim.<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim, ''Zaad al-Ma’ad'' 1:114.</ref>
|} 

===Engagements and Broken Contracts===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable early sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|Ghaziya (Umm Sharik) bint Jabir
|Early 627.
|She was a poor widow with dependent children. She sent Muhammad a proposal of marriage, and he agreed to the contract. However, when he met her in person, he saw that, although attractive, she was "old", and he divorced her immediately. She never remarried.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111-114.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|Khawla bint Hudhayl
|Probably mid- or late-627.
|She was a princess from the powerful Christian Taghlib tribe in northern Arabia. Her uncle arranged the marriage, which was expected to be politically advantageous on both sides. Muhammad signed the contract, but Khawla died on her journey to Medina, before they met in person.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 166}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:116.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Sharaf bint Khalifa
|Probably mid- or late-627.
|She was an aunt of Khawla bint Hudhayl (above). After Khawla's death, the family tried to substitute Sharaf. In one tradition, Sharaf also died before consummation. In another tradition, Muhammad changed his mind and broke off the contract.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:116-117.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|Layla bint al-Khutaym
|After 627.
|One of the first converts in Medina, Layla asked Muhammad to marry her so that her clan, the Zafar, would be the most closely allied to the Prophet. He agreed. However, Layla's family warned her that she was too "jealous and whip-tongued" to adapt well to polygamy, which would cause political problems for the whole community. Under this pressure, Layla broke off the engagement.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:7, 108-109, 231.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Umm Habib bint Al-Abbas
|After March 630.
|She was Muhammad's cousin. He saw her as a baby crawling around and remarked, "If I am alive when she grows up, I will marry her." He changed his mind when he found out that her father had been his foster-brother and died soon afterwards.
|
*Ibn Ishaq.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 311.</ref>
*Al-Tabari.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:36.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Sana ''al-Nashat'' bint Rifaa (Asma) ibn As-Salt
|c. April 630.
|She was the daughter of a Muslim warrior who hoped to advance his career by becoming Muhammad's father-in-law. Muhammad signed the contract, but Sana died before the marriage could be consummated.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 135-136}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 166}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106-107.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Umra bint Rifaa
|c. May 630.
|She was the sister of Sana (above). After Sana died, their father tried to interest Muhammad in Umra. At first he agreed, but he later changed his mind, ostensibly because Rifaa boasted that Umra "has never known a day's illness in her life."
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:107.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Bint Jundub ibn Damra of Janda’a
|Unknown.
|Nothing is known about this woman except that Muhammad contracted marriage with her but divorced her before consummation.
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Jamra bint Al-Harith
|c. 631
|She proposed marriage to Muhammad, and he accepted. Her father informed him that she suffered from a serious disease, whereupon Muhammad broke off the engagement. According to the Muslim chroniclers, her father arrived home only to find that she really had been afflicted with leprosy.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 140-141}}</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Al-Shanba’ bint Amr
|January 632.
|She was from a Bedouin tribe who appeared friendly to Muhammad but who had also been friends of the [[Qurayza]] tribe. Al-Shanba’ insulted Muhammad on the first day by implying that he was not a true prophet, and he divorced her immediately.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 136}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
|Qutayla (Habla) bint Qays
|May 632.
|She was a cousin of Asma bint Al-Numan, and the Yemenites sent her to Muhammad as a substitute bride. He signed the marriage contract but he died before Qutayla arrived in Medina. As soon as she heard that he was dead, she apostated from Islam. Soon afterwards she married an Arab chief who was a leader in the Apostasy Wars.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 138-139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:105.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
|Mary, mother of Jesus
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to the Virgin Mary, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an refers several times to Mary, praising her chastity and affirming the virgin birth of Jesus. Muhammad said she lived in a beautiful jewelled palace in Paradise next to Khadijah's.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|3|33|51}}; {{Quran-range|19|16|40}}; {{Quran|21|91}}; {{Quran|66|12}}.</ref>
*Bukhari<ref>[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=91&number=633/ Sahih Bukhari 4:55:642]. {{Bukhari|5|58|163}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|31|5965}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
|Queen Asiya of Egypt
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to Queen Asiya, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an tells how Asiya rescued the infant Moses from the evil Pharaoh, and how Pharaoh later tortured his wife to death for her monotheism. Muhammad said that Asiya's palace in Heaven was on the other side of Khadijah's.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|28|4|13}}; {{Quran|66|11}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|31|5966}}.</ref>
*Ibn Kathir<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
|Kulthum bint Amram
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad originally believed that Maryam the sister of Moses and Maryam the mother of Jesus were one and the same. When he realised his mistake, he apparently over-corrected by deciding that Moses' sister was not even named Maryam. He renamed her Kulthum ("Chubby Cheeks") and said that Allah had wedded her to him in Heaven. He did not say that she was a perfect woman or that she lived next to Khadijah.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|19|27|28}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|25|5326}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|} 

===Refused Proposals===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable early sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|Fakhita (Umm Hani) bint Abi Talib
|before 595;
January 630;

c. 631
|Muhammad proposed to his cousin Fakhita, but her father married her off to a wealthy Makhzumite poet.

Nearly forty years later, after Muhammad conquered Mecca, Fakhita's husband fled rather than convert to Islam, causing an automatic divorce. Muhammad proposed to Fakhita again, but she refused, saying she could not be equally fair to a new husband and her young children.

Later still, Fakhita came to Muhammad, saying her children had grown up and she was finally ready to marry him; but he said she was too late.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 181, 184, 404-405, 551-552, 557, 689.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 170-171}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:109-110.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|“As Many Wives as You Want”
|c.618-619.
|The chiefs of Mecca offered Muhammad "as many wives as you want in marriage," together with wealth, political power and the services of a competent exorcist, if only he would stop insulting their gods. Muhammad refused this offer, which was made while Khadijah was still alive.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 106-107}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Habiba bint Sahl
|c. 623.
|Habiba was a prominent member of the Najjar clan in Medina. When the chief died with no obvious heir, Muhammad proposed to Habiba. His companions warned him that the women of Medina were not used to polygamy and that the men were very jealous for the happiness of their daughters; if this marriage turned out badly, key citizens might withdraw their support from Islam. Muhammad retracted his proposal, but the Najjar clan made him their chief anyway.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 235.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:288-289.</ref>
*Abu Dawud<ref>{{Abudawud|12|2219}}; {{Abudawud|12|2220}}; {{Abudawud|12|2221}}.</ref>
*Muwatta<ref>{{Muwatta|20|10|31}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|''Al-Ansariya''
|After 625.
|This unnamed woman proposed to Muhammad in Hafsa's presence. Hafsa decried the shame of a woman who would throw herself at a man, but Muhammad retorted, "She is better than you because she wanted me while you only find fault." He refused the proposal, but promised the woman a reward in Paradise for asking.

In fact several ''ansar'' women are said to have proposed to Muhammad; while this example is anonymous, it clearly refers to a woman who is distinct from Layla bint Khutaym.
|
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/54.htm/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:52].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Khawla bint Hakim
|After 627.
|This is the same Khawla bint Hakim who arranged Muhammad's marriages to Aisha and Sawda. Her first husband was Hafsa's uncle, and their elder son fought at Badr. After being widowed, Khawla asked Muhammad to marry her, but he refused without giving a reason. However, he found her a new husband the same day.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 590</ref>
*Bukhari<ref>{{Bukhari|7|62|24}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|58}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|63}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|66}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:114.</ref>
*Ibn Kathir<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1839&Itemid=89/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|33|50}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Dubaa bint Amir
|After 627.
|Dubaa was a wealthy noblewoman to whom Muhammad sent a marriage proposal when he heard about her beautiful long hair that filled a whole room when she sat down. But by the time she accepted him, he had been advised that she was “elderly” (her grown-up son had been born from her third marriage) so he retracted his proposal before he had even met her.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Izza bint Abi Sufyan
|After July 628.
|She was the sister of Muhammad’s wife Ramlah. Ramlah proposed Izza as a bride, "since, as I cannot be your only wife, I would like to share my good fortune with my sister." But Muhammad said he could not marry two sisters concurrently.
|
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|8|3412}}; {{Muslim|8|3413}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Durrah bint Abi Salama
|After July 628.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's wife Hind. Another wife, Ramlah, noticed that Muhammad admired Durrah and asked if he intended to marry her. He replied that he could not marry his stepdaughter; and besides, her father had been his foster-brother. On the day Muhammad died, Durrah was only six years old.
|
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|8|3412}}; {{Muslim|8|3413}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Umama bint Hamza
|After March 630.
|She was Muhammad's cousin and said to be the prettiest girl in the family. Ali proposed her as a bride while she was still a child, but Muhammad said that he could not marry her because her father had been his foster-brother. She later married his stepson, Salama ibn Abi Salama.
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:115-116.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Safiyah bint Bashshama
|September 630.
|She was a war-captive from Mesopotamia. Muhammad asked her to marry him, but when she said she wanted to return to her husband, he allowed her family to ransom her. It is said that her family cursed her for placing her personal happiness above the political needs of the tribe.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:109-111.</ref>

|} 

{{Core Women}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Lists|Lists}}
{{Hub4|Muhammad's Wives|Muhammad's wives and concubines}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Списък с жените и наложничките на Мухаммад|Bulgarian]], [[Lista delle Mogli e Concubine di Maometto|Italian]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
{{page_title|List of Muhammad's Wives and Concubines}}
[[bg:Списък с жените и наложничките на Мухаммад]]

Rape in Islamic Law

2015-10-27T00:16:35Z

Damaskin: /* Context */

{{Quote|1=

{{cite web quotebox|url= http://islamqa.info/en/10382|title= Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife|publisher= Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382|author= |date= November 24, 2005|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382&date=2012-01-17|deadurl=no}}|2=Islam allows a man to have intercourse with his slave woman, whether he has a wife or wives or he is not married...Whoever regards that as haraam is a sinner who is going against the consensus of the scholars. }}

==Definitions==

===Rape===

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rape|2=2012-02-17}} Rape] Dictionary.com|2='''rape''' [reyp] '''''noun, verb,'' raped, rap·ing.'''
'''''noun'''''

# the unlawful compelling of a person through physical force or duress to have sexual intercourse.}}

====Duress====

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duress|2=2012-02-17}} Duress] Wikipedia|2=In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed.) defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner [they] otherwise would not [or would]". Duress is pressure exerted upon a person to coerce that person to perform an act that he or she ordinarily would not perform. The notion of duress must be distinguished both from undue influence in the civil law and from necessity.

Duress has two aspects. One is that it negates the person's consent to an act, such as sexual activity or the entering into a contract; or, secondly, as a possible legal defense or justification to an otherwise unlawful act.<ref>Gaines, Larry; Miller, LeRoy (2006). Criminal Justice In Action: The Core. Thomson/Wadsworth. ISBN 0-495-00305-0.</ref> A defendant utilizing the duress defense admits to breaking the law, but claims that he/she is not liable because, even though the act broke the law, it was only performed because of extreme unlawful pressure.<ref>[http://www.pi1stclass.com/glossary.htm 1st Class Investigations Glossary]</ref> In criminal law, a duress defense is similar to a plea of guilty, admitting partial culpability, so that if the defense is not accepted then the criminal act is admitted.

Duress or coercion can also be raised in an allegation of rape or sexual assault to negate a defense of consent on the part of the person making the allegation.}}

==Qur'an==

There is no equivalent term for ‘[[rape]]’ in the [[Qur'an]]. Likewise, there is not a single verse in the Qur'an which even remotely discourages forced sex. In contrast, there are several verses in this book which give the green light to rape and other sexual crimes against [[Islam and Women|women]].

[[Surah]] [[The Holy Qur'an: An-Nisa (Women)|an-Nisa]] discusses lawful and forbidden women for pious Muslims. Before we delve into the particular verse, it should be noted that it is not easy to understand what is being suggested using the verse alone. Therefore, relying on authoritative [[Tafsir]]s (Qur'an interpretations) and [[Sahih]] (authentic) [[Hadith]]s associated with it, are necessary to get the exact picture.

===Verse 4:24===

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|24}}|Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess. Thus has Allah ordained for you. All others are lawful, provided you seek them from your property, desiring chastity, not fornication. So with those among them whom you have enjoyed, give them their required due, but if you agree mutually after the requirement (has been determined), there is no sin on you. Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knowing, All-Wise.}}

What we see in the beginning of this verse as “forbidden” refers to sexual intercourse. The Qur'an dictates, women already married are forbidden for Muslims except those whom their right hands possess (sex [[Slavery|slaves]]).

====Context====

It is important to know the context of this verse, as it sheds light onto the nature of allowance. If we go through a Sahih Hadith in Sunan Abu Dawud:

{{Quote|Abu Dawud 11:2150| Abu Said al-Khudri said: "The apostle of Allah sent a military expedition to Awtas on the occasion of the battle of Hunain. They met their enemy and fought with them. They defeated them and took them captives. Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers. So Allah, the Exalted, sent down the Quranic verse, "And all married women (are forbidden) unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess". That is to say, they are lawful for them when they complete their waiting period." [The Quran verse is 4:24] <ref>[http://quranx.com/hadith/AbuDawud/Book-12/Hadith-110/ Sunan Abu Dawud - Book 12, Hadith 110], Quranx.com ([http://www.webcitation.org/6brTvQ0Nx archive])</ref>}}

Here in the above hadith, we are told why verse 4:24 was revealed to [[Muhammad]]. It was to encourage his fighters, who were reluctant, to have sexual contacts with female captives even while their husbands were alive as prisoners of war. This is made clear when we read:

:'''"Some of the Companions of the apostle of Allah were reluctant to have intercourse with the female captives in the presence of their husbands who were unbelievers."'''

The Abu Dawud hadith is confirmed by the two Sahih collections, namely Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.

In Sahih Bukhari we read:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|459}}|Narrated Ibn Muhairiz: I entered the Mosque and saw Abu Said Al-Khudri and sat beside him and asked him about Al-Azl (i.e. coitus interruptus). Abu Said said, "We went out with Allah's Apostle for the Ghazwa of Banu Al-Mustaliq and we received captives from among the Arab captives and we desired women and celibacy became hard on us and we loved to do coitus interruptus. So when we intended to do coitus interrupt us, we said, 'How can we do coitus interruptus before asking Allah's Apostle who is present among us?" We asked (him) about it and he said, 'It is better for you not to do so, for if any soul (till the Day of Resurrection) is predestined to exist, it will exist."}}

Similarly in Sahih Muslim:

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3432}}|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that at the Battle of Hunain Allah's Messenger sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, the Companions of Allah's Messenger seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that:" And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess (Quran 4:. 24)" (i. e. they were lawful for them when their 'Idda period came to an end).}}

There is an entire chapter devoted to this in the Sahih Muslim collection. The title of the chapter speaks in volumes as we read:

:'''Sahih Muslim. Chapter 29: Title: It is permissible to have sexual intercourse with a captive woman after she is purified of menses or delivery. In case she has a husband, her marriage is abrogated after she becomes captive.'''

Ibn Kathir, the most prominent of all Qur'an interpreters, had this to say in regards to verse 4:24:

{{Quote|1=[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=10803 Forbidding Women Already Married, Except for Female Slaves] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=The Ayah (verses) means Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess.), you are prohibited from marrying women who are already married, except those whom your right hands possess) except those whom you acquire through war, for you are allowed such women after making sure they are not pregnant. Imam Ahmad recorded that Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri said, "We captured some women from the area of Awtas who were already married, and we disliked having sexual relations with them because they already had husbands. So, we asked the Prophet about this matter, and this Ayah (verse) was revealed, Also (forbidden are) women already married, except those whom your right hands possess). Accordingly, we had sexual relations with these women." (Alternate translation can be: as a result of these verses, their (Infidels) wives have become lawful for us) This is the wording collected by At-Tirmidhi An-Nasa'i, Ibn Jarir and Muslim in his Sahih.}}

Similarly in Tafsir al-Jalalayn (Qur'an interpretation by two Jalals namely: Jalaluddin Mahalli and Jalaluddin Suyuti):

{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24] Tafsir al-Jalalayn|2=And, forbidden to you are, wedded women, those with spouses, that you should marry them before they have left their spouses, be they Muslim free women or not; save what your right hands own, of captured [slave] girls, whom you may have sexual intercourse with, even if they should have spouses among the enemy camp, but only after they have been absolved of the possibility of pregnancy [after the completion of one menstrual cycle]; this is what God has prescribed for you.}}

The tafsir attributed to Ibn Abbas, Muhammad's paternal cousin, further confirms:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=73&tSoraNo=4&tAyahNo=24&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Qur'an 4:24] Tafsir 'Ibn Abbas| 2= And all married women (are forbidden unto you save those (captives) whom your right hands possess) of captives, even if they have husbands in the Abode of War, after ascertaining that they are not pregnant, by waiting for the lapse of one period of menstruation. (It is a decree of Allah for you) that which I have mentioned to you is unlawful in Allah's Book.}}

===Further Verses===

====Verses 23:1-6====

There are other verses in the Qur'an similar to verse 4:24. For example, Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Mumenoon (The Believers)|al-Mumenoon]] makes mention of successful Muslims and their characteristics:

{{Quote|{{Quran|23|1-6}}|Successful indeed are the believers, who are humble in their prayers and who keep aloof from what is vain and who are givers of poor-rate and who guard their private parts, except before their mates or those whom their right hands possess, for they surely are not blamable.}}

Guarding private parts is denotative of abstaining from sexual activities. The Qur'an points out successful believers are those who are indulging in sexual activities only with their wives and sex-slaves.

====Verses 70:29-30====

This is confirmed again in Surah [[The Holy Qur'an: Al-Maarij (The Ascending Stairways)|al-Maarij]]:

{{Quote|{{Quran|70|29-30}}|And those who guard their private parts, except in the case of their wives or those whom their right hands possess-- for these surely are not to be blamed,}}

==Muhammad==

This practice of raping war captives was practiced by Islam’s very own prophet Muhammad, in his life. On two occasions, he married (for the sake of sexual gratification only) war captives and raped them. Those victims were namely [[Safiyah]] and [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Muhammads Wives and Concubines#Juwairiya|Juwairiyah]].

===Safiyah===

Safiyah the daughter of Huayy was the wife of a Jewish Rabbi named [[Kinana]]. When Muhammad conquered the Jewish village of Khaibar, he tortured and killed the Rabbi and took captive his wife. Sahih Hadith in Bukhari testify to this fact:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|8|367}}|Narrated 'Abdul 'Aziz: Anas said, 'When Allah's Apostle invaded Khaibar, we offered the Fajr prayer there yearly in the morning) when it was still dark. The Prophet rode and Abu Talha rode too and I was riding behind Abu Talha. The Prophet passed through the lane of Khaibar quickly and my knee was touching the thigh of the Prophet . He uncovered his thigh and I saw the whiteness of the thigh of the Prophet. When he entered the town, he said, 'Allahu Akbar! Khaibar is ruined. Whenever we approach near a (hostile) nation (to fight) then evil will be the morning of those who have been warned.' He repeated this thrice. The people came out for their jobs and some of them said, 'Muhammad (has come).' (Some of our companions added, "With his army.") We conquered Khaibar, took the captives, and the booty was collected. Dihya came and said, 'O Allah's Prophet! Give me a slave girl from the captives.' The Prophet said, 'Go and take any slave girl.' He took Safiya bint Huyai. A man came to the Prophet and said, 'O Allah's Apostles! You gave Safiya bint Huyai to Dihya and she is the chief mistress of the tribes of Quraiza and An-Nadir and she befits none but you.' So the Prophet said, 'Bring him along with her.' So Dihya came with her and when the Prophet saw her, he said to Dihya, 'Take any slave girl other than her from the captives.' Anas added: The Prophet then manumitted her and married her." Thabit asked Anas, "O Abu Hamza! What did the Prophet pay her (as Mahr)?" He said, "Her self was her Mahr for he manumitted her and then married her." Anas added, "While on the way, Um Sulaim dressed her for marriage (ceremony) and at night she sent her as a bride to the Prophet . So the Prophet was a bridegroom and he said, 'Whoever has anything (food) should bring it.' He spread out a leather sheet (for the food) and some brought dates and others cooking butter. (I think he (Anas) mentioned As-SawTq). So they prepared a dish of Hais (a kind of meal). And that was Walima (the marriage banquet) of Allah's Apostle ."}}

===Juwairiyah===

The following hadith from Sunan Abu Dawud bears out how Muhammad obtained Juwairiyah, a beautiful woman of a tribe called Banu Mustaliq. Muhammad was attacking the tribe without warning and conquering them:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=29&translator=3&start=0&number=3920#3920 Abu Dawud 29:3920]|2=Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith ibn al-Mustaliq, fell to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, or to her cousin. She entered into an agreement to purchase her freedom. She was a very beautiful woman, most attractive to the eye. Aisha said: She then came to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) asking him for the purchase of her freedom. When she was standing at the door, I looked at her with disapproval. I realised that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would look at her in the same way that I had looked. She said: Apostle of Allah, I am Juwayriyyah, daughter of al-Harith, and something has happened to me, which is not hidden from you. I have fallen to the lot of Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas, and I have entered into an agreement to purchase of my freedom. I have come to you to seek assistance for the purchase of my freedom. The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Are you inclined to that which is better? She asked: What is that, Apostle of Allah? He replied: I shall pay the price of your freedom on your behalf, and I shall marry you. She said: I shall do this. She (Aisha) said: The people then heard that the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) had married Juwayriyyah. They released the captives in their possession and set them free, and said: They are the relatives of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) by marriage. We did not see any woman greater than Juwayriyyah who brought blessings to her people. One hundred families of Banu al-Mustaliq were set free on account of her.}}

The following hadith from Sahih Bukhari is evidentiary to the above:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|46|717}}|Narrated Ibn Aun: I wrote a letter to Nafi and Nafi wrote in reply to my letter that the Prophet had suddenly attacked Bani Mustaliq without warning while they were heedless and their cattle were being watered at the places of water. Their fighting men were killed and their women and children were taken as captives; the Prophet got Juwairiya on that day. Nafi said that Ibn 'Umar had told him the above narration and that Ibn 'Umar was in that army.}}

==Muslim Apologetics==

===Claims about verse 24:33===

Muslims will frequently quote the following when confronted with the passages provided in this article and others like it:

{{Quote|1={{Quran|24|33}}|2=Let those who find not the wherewithal for marriage keep themselves chaste, until Allah gives them means out of His grace. And if any of your slaves ask for a deed in writing (to enable them to earn their freedom for a certain sum), give them such a deed if ye know any good in them: yea, give them something yourselves out of the means which Allah has given to you. But force not your maids to prostitution when they desire chastity, in order that ye may make a gain in the goods of this life. But if anyone compels them, yet, after such compulsion, is Allah, Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful (to them),}}

The first part of the verse is telling unmarried people to keep themselves chaste. Now, the important thing to remember is that the Islamic definition of ''chaste'' is different than the commonly agreed upon definitions of the word. According to {{Quran|23|6}}, {{Quran|33|50}}, {{Quran|33|52}}, and {{Quran|70|30}} a Muslim man is considered "chaste" so long as he only has sex with his wives (of whom he may have up to four) and his right-hand possessions (female captives/slaves). An unmarried Muslim man who has sex with his slave girl is still considered to be "chaste" by Islamic standards.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10382|2=2012-01-17}} Ruling on having intercourse with a slave woman when one has a wife] - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 10382, November 24, 2005</ref>

The second sentence speaks about slaves who ask for a way to pay for their freedom (like indentured servants) as long as the master knows of "any good in them". It would be interesting to discover how female slaves could earn any money at all if they had been kidnapped from their families and forced into slavery and did not have money-making skills. And if a female slave was to earn her freedom, where then could she go if her family had been massacred? How could she support herself and keep herself safe from rape, prostitution, etc.? Practicalities aside, this verse only tells Muslims to let their slaves purchase their freedom (but puts in a convenient disclaimer of "if ye know any good in them"). To give Muhammad credit, he did stipulate that the masters should give their slaves something (again conveniently leaving out what and how much).

The third sentence is what pertains to the Muslim claim that rape is forbidden. However, the word used is not simply sexual intercourse but is more specifically "prostitution" or "whoredom". Prostitution is not simply about sex, but sex for a price. This is why it is often referred to as one of the oldest professions. What this verse speaks of is a master forcing his maid to be a prostitute thereby making money by allowing other men to have sex with her. This verse says nothing about a master forcing himself upon his slave-girl who is considered "halal" for him according to [[Islamic law]]. The fourth sentence says that if a girl is indeed forced into prostitution, then Allah will forgive her for committing [[zina]]. What this verse does not say is what the punishment should be for a man who forces his maid into prostitution. All it says is that he should not do it. And what it definitely does not say is that a Muslim man cannot force himself on his own slave-girl.

===Claims about Muhammad's behavior===

==Conclusion==

From 4:24, it can be rightly assumed, that the Qur'an does not see any wrong-doing in Muslims having sex with captive women even if these women are married and their husbands are still alive. This clearly indicates that the Qur'an allows rape, as captive women, even in the unlikely case of agreeing to sexual intercourse, would still be having that intercourse under duress.

{{Core Women}}

==See Also==
{{Hub4|Rape|Rape}}
*[[Adultery is Permitted in Islam]]

==External Links==
*{{external link|url= http://womanstats.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/the-high-rape-scale-in-saudi-arabia/|title= The High Rape-Scale in Saudi Arabia|publisher= WomanStats Project (blog)|author= |date= January 16, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwomanstats.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2F16%2Fthe-high-rape-scale-in-saudi-arabia%2F&date=2013-07-13|deadurl=no}}
*[http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=259:sexual-slavery-and-concubinage-in-islam&catid=111:fakhour&Itemid=58 Sexual Slavery and Concubinage in Islam] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://answer-islam.org/Rape.html|2=2011-05-20}} What is the punishment for rape in Christianity and in Islam?] ''- Answers to Islam''
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=25949 Rape Law in Islam - THERE'S NONE] - ''[[Faith Freedom International|FFI Forum]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[ru:Изнасилование в Исламе]]

Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha

2015-10-07T23:47:32Z

Damaskin:

{{QuranHadithScholarsIndex}}
[[Aisha]] was Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] child bride. He married her when she was six years old and consummated the marriage when she was nine [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|lunar years]] old.

The section "[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha#Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage|Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage]]" lists the evidence for Aisha's young age.

==Aisha's Relation to Muhammad==

===Aisha was Muhammad's Foster Niece===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|18}}|Narrated 'Ursa: The Prophet asked Abu Bakr for 'Aisha's hand in marriage. '''Abu Bakr said "''But I am your brother."''''' The Prophet said, "You are my brother in Allah's religion and His Book, but she (Aisha) is lawful for me to marry."}}

===Muhammad Refused to Marry a Different Foster Niece===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|37}}|Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: It was said to the Prophet, "Won't you marry the daughter of Hamza?" '''He said, "She is my foster niece (brother's daughter). "'''}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|38}}|Narrated Um Habiba: (daughter of Abu Sufyan) I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Marry my sister. the daughter of Abu Sufyan." The Prophet said, "Do you like that?" I replied, "Yes, for even now I am not your only wife and I like that my sister should share the good with me." The Prophet said, "But that is not lawful for me." I said, We have heard that you want to marry the daughter of Abu Salama." He said, "(You mean) the daughter of Um Salama?" I said, "Yes." He said, "Even if she were not my step-daughter, she would be unlawful for me to marry as she is my foster niece. I and Abu Salama were suckled by Thuwaiba. So you should not present to me your daughters or your sisters (in marriage)." Narrated 'Ursa; Thuwaiba was the freed slave girl of Abu Lahb whom he had manumitted, and then she suckled the Prophet. When Abu Lahb died, one of his relatives saw him in a dream in a very bad state and asked him, "What have you encountered?" Abu Lahb said, "I have not found any rest since I left you, except that I have been given water to drink in this (the space between his thumb and other fingers) and that is because of my manumitting Thuwaiba."}}

==Reasons for the Marriage==

===Divine Orders===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|235}}|Narrated 'Aisha: That the Prophet said to her, "You have been shown to me twice in my dream. I saw you pictured on a piece of silk and some-one said (to me). 'This is your wife.' When I uncovered the picture, I saw that it was yours. I said, 'If this is from Allah, it will be done."|See Also {{Bukhari|9|87|140}}}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|87|140}}|Narrated 'Aisha: Allah's Apostle said to me, "You were shown to me twice (in my dream) before I married you. I saw an angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said to him, 'Uncover (her),' and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.' Then you were shown to me, the angel carrying you in a silken piece of cloth, and I said (to him), 'Uncover (her), and behold, it was you. I said (to myself), 'If this is from Allah, then it must happen.' "}}

===Muhammad Wanted to Sexually Fondle her===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|38|504}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: I was accompanying the Prophet on a journey and was riding a slow camel that was lagging behind the others. The Prophet passed by me and asked, "Who is this?" I replied, "Jabir bin 'Abdullah." He asked, "What is the matter, (why are you late)?" I replied, "I am riding a slow camel." He asked, "Do you have a stick?" I replied in the affirmative. He said, "Give it to me." When I gave it to him, he beat the camel and rebuked it. Then that camel surpassed the others thenceforth. The Prophet said, "Sell it to me." I replied, "It is (a gift) for you, O Allah's Apostle." He said, "Sell it to me. I have bought it for four Dinars (gold pieces) and you can keep on riding it till Medina." When we approached Medina, I started going (towards my house). The Prophet said, "Where are you going?" I Sad, "I have married a widow." '''He said, "Why have you not married a virgin to fondle with each other?"''' I said, "My father died and left daughters, so I decided to marry a widow (an experienced woman) (to look after them)." He said, "Well done." When we reached Medina, Allah's Apostle said, "O Bilal, pay him (the price of the camel) and give him extra money." Bilal gave me four Dinars and one Qirat extra. (A sub-narrator said): Jabir added, "The extra Qirat of Allah's Apostle never parted from me." The Qirat was always in Jabir bin 'Abdullah's purse.}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|16}}|Narrated Jabir bin Abdullah: While we were returning from a Ghazwa (Holy Battle) with the Prophet, I started driving my camel fast, as it was a lazy camel A rider came behind me and pricked my camel with a spear he had with him, and then my camel started running as fast as the best camel you may see. Behold! The rider was the Prophet himself. He said, 'What makes you in such a hurry?" I replied, I am newly married " He said, "Did you marry a virgin or a matron? I replied, "A matron." '''He said, "Why didn't you marry a young girl so that you may play with her and she with you?"''' When we were about to enter (Medina), the Prophet said, "Wait so that you may enter (Medina) at night so that the lady of unkempt hair may comb her hair and the one whose husband has been absent may shave her pubic region.}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|17}}|Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: When I got married, Allah's Apostle said to me, "What type of lady have you married?" I replied, "I have married a matron' '''He said, "Why, don't you have a liking for the virgins and for fondling them?" Jabir also said: Allah's Apostle said, "Why didn't you marry a young girl so that you might play with her and she with you?''''}}

==Abuse==

===Muhammad struck Aisha===

{{Quote|{{Muslim|4|2127}}|... He (Muhammad b. Qais) then reported that it was 'A'isha who had narrated this: Should I not narrate to you about myself and about the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him)? We said: Yes. She said: When it was my turn for Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) to spend the night with me, he turned his side, put on his mantle and took off his shoes and placed them near his feet, and spread the corner of his shawl on his bed and then lay down till he thought that I had gone to sleep. He took hold of his mantle slowly and put on the shoes slowly, and opened the door and went out and then closed it lightly. I covered my head, put on my veil and tightened my waist wrapper, and then went out following his steps till he reached Baqi'. He stood there and he stood for a long time. He then lifted his hands three times, and then returned and I also returned. He hastened his steps and I also hastened my steps. He ran and I too ran. He came (to the house) and I also came (to the house). I, however, preceded him and I entered (the house), and as I lay down in the bed, he (the Holy Prophet) entered the (house), and said: Why is it, O 'A'isha, that you are out of breath? I said: There is nothing. He said: Tell me or the Subtle and the Aware would inform me. I said: Messenger of Allah, may my father and mother be ransom for you, and then I told him (the whole story). He said: Was it the darkness (of your shadow) that I saw in front of me? I said: Yes. '''He struck me on the chest which caused me pain''', and then said: Did you think that Allah and His Apostle would deal unjustly with you?..."}}

===Abu Bakr struck Aisha===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|82|828}}|Narrated Aisha:Abu Bakr came to towards me and '''struck me violently with his fist''' and said, "You have detained the people because of your necklace." But I remained motionless as if I was dead lest I should awake Allah's Apostle although that hit was very painful.}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|7|330}}|Narrated 'Aisha: (the wife of the Prophet) We set out with Allahs Apostle on one of his journeys till we reached Al-Baida' or Dhatul-Jaish, a necklace of mine was broken (and lost). Allah's Apostle stayed there to search for it, and so did the people along with him. There was no water at that place, so the people went to Abu- Bakr As-Siddiq and said, "Don't you see what 'Aisha has done? She has made Allah's Apostle and the people stay where there is no water and they have no water with them." Abu Bakr came while Allah's Apostle was sleeping with his head on my thigh, He said, to me: "You have detained Allah's Apostle and the people where there is no water and they have no water with them. So he admonished me and said what Allah wished him to say '''and hit me on my flank with his hand'''. Nothing prevented me from moving (because of pain) but the position of Allah's Apostle on my thigh. Allah's Apostle got up when dawn broke and there was no water. So Allah revealed the Divine Verses of Tayammum. So they all performed Tayammum. Usaid bin Hudair said, "O the family of Abu Bakr! This is not the first blessing of yours." Then the camel on which I was riding was caused to move from its place and the necklace was found beneath it.}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|132}}|Narrated Aisha: A necklace of mine was lost at Al-Baida' and we were on our way to Medina. The Prophet made his camel kneel down and dismounted and laid his head on my lap and slept. '''Abu Bakr came to me and hit me violently on the chest''' and said, "You have detained the people because of a necklace." I kept as motionless as a dead person because of the position of Allah's Apostle ; (on my lap) although Abu Bakr had hurt me (with the slap). Then the Prophet woke up and it was the time for the morning (prayer). Water was sought, but in vain; so the following Verse was revealed:-- "O you who believe! When you intend to offer prayer.." (5.6) Usaid bin Hudair said, "Allah has blessed the people for your sake, O the family of Abu Bakr. You are but a blessing for them."}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|9|3506}}|Jabir b. 'Abdullah (Allah be pleased with them) reported: Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) came and sought permission to see Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him). He found people sitting at his door and none amongst them had been granted permission, but it was granted to Abu Bakr and he went in. Then came 'Umar and he sought permission and it was granted to him, and he found Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) sitting sad and silent with his wives around him. He (Hadrat 'Umar) said: I would say something which would make the Holy Prophet (may peace be upon him) laugh, so he said: Messenger of Allah, I wish you had seen (the treatment meted out to) the daughter ofKhadija when you asked me some money, and I got up and slapped her on her neck. Allah's Messenger (mav peace be upon him) laughed and said: They are around me as you see, asking for extra money. '''Abu Bakr (Allah be pleased with him) then got up went to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and slapped her on the neck, and 'Umar stood up before Hafsa and slapped her saying:''' You ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) which he does not possess. They said: By Allah, we do not ask Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) for anything he does not possess. Then he withdrew from them for a month or for twenty-nine days. Then this verse was revealed to him:" Prophet: Say to thy wives... for a mighty reward" (xxxiii. 28). He then went first to 'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) and said: I want to propound something to you, 'A'isha, but wish no hasty reply before you consult your parents. She said: Messenger of Allah, what is that? He (the Holy Prophet) recited to her the verse, whereupon she said: Is it about you that I should consult my parents, Messenger of Allah? Nay, I choose Allah, His Messenger, and the Last Abode; but I ask you not to tell any of your wives what I have said He replied: Not one of them will ask me without my informing her. God did not send me to be harsh, or cause harm, but He has sent me to teach and make things easy.}}

==Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage==
===Hadith===
====Sahih Bukhari====

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|48|805}}|Narrated Urwa bin Al-Musayyab, Alqama bin Waqqas and Ubaidullah bin Abdullah: About the story of 'Aisha and their narrations were similar attesting each other, when the liars said what they invented about 'Aisha, and the Divine Inspiration was delayed, Allah's Apostle sent for 'Ali and Usama to consult them in divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama said, "Keep your wife, as we know nothing about her except good." Buraira said, "I cannot accuse her of any defect '''except that she is still a young girl''' who sleeps, neglecting her family's dough which the domestic goats come to eat (i.e. she was too simpleminded to deceive her husband)." Allah's Apostle said, "Who can help me to take revenge over the man who has harmed me by defaming the reputation of my family? By Allah, I have not known about my family-anything except good, and they mentioned (i.e. accused) a man about whom I did not know anything except good."}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|48|829}}|Narrated Aisha:
.
.
.
That night I kept on weeping and could not sleep till morning. In the morning Allah's Apostle called Ali bin Abu Talib and Usama bin Zaid when he saw the Divine Inspiration delayed, to consul them about divorcing his wife (i.e. 'Aisha). Usama bin Zaid said what he knew of the good reputation of his wives and added, 'O Allah's Apostle! Keep you wife, for, by Allah, we know nothing about her but good.' 'Ali bin Abu Talib said, 'O Allah's Apostle! Allah has no imposed restrictions on you, and there are many women other than she, yet you may ask the woman-servant who will tell you the truth.' On that Allah's Apostle called Buraira and said, 'O Burair. Did you ever see anything which roused your suspicions about her?' Buraira said, 'No, by Allah Who has sent you with the Truth, I have never seen in her anything faulty '''except that she is a girl of immature age''', who sometimes sleeps and leaves the dough for the goats to eat.'
.
.
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'''I was a young girl''' and did not have much knowledge of the Quran. I said. 'I know, by Allah, that you have listened to what people are saying and that has been planted in your minds and you have taken it as a truth. Now, if I told you that I am innocent and Allah knows that I am innocent, you would not believe me and if I confessed to you falsely that I am guilty, and Allah knows that I am innocent you would believe me.}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|236}}|Narrated Hisham's father: Khadija died three years before the Prophet departed to Medina. He stayed there for two years or so and then '''he married 'Aisha when she was a girl of six years of age, and he consumed that marriage when she was nine years old.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|64}}|Narrated 'Aisha: that '''the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old,''' and then she remained with him for nine years (i.e., till his death).}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|65}}|Narrated 'Aisha: that '''the Prophet married her when she was six years old and he consummated his marriage when she was nine years old.''' Hisham said: I have been informed that 'Aisha remained with the Prophet for nine years (i.e. till his death)." what you know of the Quran (by heart)'}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|88}}|Narrated 'Ursa: '''The Prophet wrote the (marriage contract) with 'Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old''' and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|163}}|Narrated 'Aisha: '''The Prophet was screening me with his Rida' (garment covering the upper part of the body)''' while I was looking at the Ethiopians who were playing in the courtyard of the mosque. (I continued watching) till I was satisfied. So you may deduce from this event how '''a little girl (who has not reached the age of puberty) who is eager to enjoy amusement''' should be treated in this respect.}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}|Narrated 'Aisha: '''I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me.''' When Allah's Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me. '''(The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for 'Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, not yet reached the age of puberty.)''' (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13)}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|6|60|274}}|Narrated Aisha: ...That night I kept on weeping the whole night till the morning. My tears never stopped, nor did I sleep, and morning broke while I was still weeping, Allah's Apostle called 'Ali bin Abi Talib and Usama bin Zaid when the Divine Inspiration delayed, in order to consult them as to the idea of divorcing his wife. Usama bin Zaid told Allah's Apostle of what he knew about the innocence of his wife and of his affection he kept for her. He said, "O Allah's Apostle! She is your wife, and we do not know anything about her except good." But 'Ali bin Abi Talib said, "O Allah's Apostle! Allah does not impose restrictions on you; and there are plenty of women other than her. If you however, ask (her) slave girl, she will tell you the truth." 'Aisha added: So Allah's Apostle called for Barira and said, "O Barira! Did you ever see anything which might have aroused your suspicion? (as regards Aisha). Barira said, "By Allah Who has sent you with the truth, '''I have never seen anything regarding Aisha which I would blame her for except that '''she is a girl of ''immature'' age who sometimes sleeps''' and leaves the dough of her family unprotected so that the domestic goats come and eat it.'''"
.
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She said, "I do not know what to say to Allah's Apostle." '''Still a ''young girl'' as I was and though I had little knowledge of Quran''', I said, "By Allah, I know that you heard this story (of the Ifk) so much so that it has been planted in your minds and you have believed it. So now, if I tell you that I am innocent, and Allah knows that I am innocent, you will not believe me; and if I confess something, and Allah knows that I am innocent of it, you will believe me. By Allah, I cannot find of you an example except that of Joseph's father: "}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|245}}|Narrated 'Aisha: (the wife of the Prophet) '''I never remembered my parents believing in any religion other than the true religion (i.e. Islam)''', and (I don't remember) a single day passing without our being visited by Allah’s Apostle in the morning and in the evening."}}

Thus ‘Aisha was either not very old or not born yet when her parents became Muslims. This is consistent with her being a child when her marriage with Muhammad was consummated.

=====Why Muhammad Waited Three Years=====

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|58|234}}|Narrated Aisha: '''The Prophet engaged me when I was a girl of six (years).''' We went to Medina and stayed at the home of Bani-al-Harith bin Khazraj. '''Then I got ill and my hair fell down. Later on my hair grew (again)''' and my mother, Um Ruman, came to me while I was playing in a swing with some of my girl friends. She called me, and I went to her, not knowing what she wanted to do to me. She caught me by the hand and made me stand at the door of the house. I was breathless then, and when my breathing became Allright, she took some water and rubbed my face and head with it. Then she took me into the house. There in the house I saw some Ansari women who said, "Best wishes and Allah's Blessing and a good luck." Then she entrusted me to them and they prepared me (for the marriage). Unexpectedly Allah's Apostle came to me in the forenoon and my mother handed me over to him, and '''at that time I was a girl of nine years of age.'''}}

====Sahih Muslim====

{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3309}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house at the age of nine.''' She further said: We went to Medina and I had an attack of fever for a month, and my hair had come down to the earlobes. Umm Ruman (my mother) came to me and I was at that time on a swing along with my playmates. She called me loudly and I went to her and I did not know what she had wanted of me. She took hold of my hand and took me to the door, and I was saying: Ha, ha (as if I was gasping), until the agitation of my heart was over. She took me to a house, where had gathered the women of the Ansar. They all blessed me and wished me good luck and said: May you have share in good. She (my mother) entrusted me to them. They washed my head and embellished me and nothing frightened me. Allah's Messenger (, may peace be upon him) came there in the morning, and I was entrusted to him.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3310}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported: '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married me when I was six years old, and I was admitted to his house when I was nine years old.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|8|3311}}|'A'isha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that '''Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and he was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, ''and her dolls were with her;''''' and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|31|5981}}|''''A'isha reported that she used to play with dolls in the presence of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and when her playmates came to her they left (the house) because they felt shy of Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him),''' whereas Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent them to her.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|31|5982}}|This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Hisham with the same chain of transmitters with a slight variation of wording."}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|37|6673}}|Sa'id b. Musayyib, 'Urwa b. Zubair, 'Alqama b. Waqqas and 'Ubaidullah b. Abdullah b. 'Utba b. Mas'ud--all of them reported the story of the false allegation against 'A'isha, the wife of Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him).
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So, Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) called Bailra and said: Barira, did you see anything in 'A'isha which can cause doubt about her? Barira said: By Him Who sent thee with the truth, I have seen nothing objectionable in her but '''only this much that she is a young girl''' and she goes to sleep while kneading the flour and the lamb eats that.
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When Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) talked, my tears dried up and not even a single drop of tear was perceived by me (rolling out of my eyes). I said to my father: You give a reply to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) on my behalf. He said: By Allah, I do not know what I should say to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him). I then said to my mother: Give a reply to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) on my behalf, but she said: By Allah, I do not know what I should say to Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him). '''I was a small girl at that time and I had not read much of the Qur'an''' (but I said): By Allah, I perceive that you have heard about this and it has settled down in your mind and you have taken it to be true, so if I say to you that I am quite innocent, and Allah knows that I am innocent, you would never believe me to be true, and if I confess to (the alleged) lapse before you, whereas Allah knows that I am completely innocent (and I have not committed this sin at all), in that case You will take me to be true and, by Allah, I, therefore, find no other alternative for me and for you except that what the father of Yousuf said:, (My course is) comely patience.}}

====Abu Dawud====

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|2|2116}}|Aisha said, '''"The Apostle of Allah married me when I was seven years old." (The narrator Sulaiman said: "Or six years."). "He had intercourse with me when I was 9 years old.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|3|4913}}|A’ishah said : '''I used to play with dolls. Sometimes the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) entered upon me when the girls were with me.''' When he came in, they went out, and when he went out, they came in."}}

This is not saying Muhammad had intercourse with Aisha while her playmates were watching. Rather it says the playmates played with her, and they went out when Muhammad came by, and could come back after he left.

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4915}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: "'''The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) married me when I was seven or six.''' When we came to Medina, some women came. according to Bishr's version: Umm Ruman came to me when I was swinging. They took me, made me prepared and decorated me. I was then brought to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him), and '''he took up cohabitation with me when I was nine.''' She halted me at the door, and I burst into laughter."}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4916}}|The tradition mentioned above has also been transmitted by Abu Usamah in a similar manner through a different chain of narrators. This version has: ‘With good fortune.’ She (Umm Ruman) entrusted me to them. They washed my head and redressed me. No one came to me suddenly except the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) in the forenoon. So they entrusted me to him.}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4917}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: When we came to Medina, the women came to me when I was playing on the swing, and my hair was up to my ears. They brought me, prepared me, and decorated me. Then they brought me to the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) and '''he took up cohabitation with me, when I was nine.'''}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4918}}|The tradition mentioned above has also been transmitted by Hisham b. ‘Urwah through a different chain of narrators. This version adds: I was swinging and I had my friends. They brought me to a house ; there were some women of the Ansar (Helpers). They said : With good luck and blessing.}}
{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4919}}|‘A’ishah said : We came to Medina and stayed with Banu al-Harith b. al-Khazraj. She said : I swear by Allah, I was swinging between two date-palms. Then my mother came, and made me come down; and I had my hair up to the ears. The transmitter then mentioned the rest of the tradition."}}

====Al Nasa'i====

{{Quote|Al Nasa'i 1 #18|When Hadrat ‘A’isha passed nine years of married life, the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) fell in mortal sickness. On the 9th or the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal 11 A.H., he left this mortal world…Hadrat ‘A’isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) passed away and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven."<ref>Sunan Nasa'i: English translation with Arabic Text, compiled by Imam Abu Abd-ur-Rahman Ahmad Nasa'i, rendered into English by Muhammad Iqbal Siddiqui [Kazi Publication, 121-Zulqarnain Chambers, Gampat Road, Lahore, Pakistan; first edition, 1994], Volume 1, p. 108</ref>}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3238}}|Narrated 'Urwah:
It was narrated from 'Urwah, that 'Aishah said: "The Messenger of Allah married me in Shawwal and my marriage was consummated in Shawwal." --'Aishah liked for her women's marriages to be consummated in Shawwal --"and which of his wives was more beloved to him than me?" (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3257}}|It was narrated from 'Aishah that the Messenger of Allah married her when she was six years old, and consummated the marriage with her when she was nine. (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3258}}|It was narrated that 'Aishah said: "The Messenger of Allah married me when I was seven years old, and he consummated the marriage with me when I was nine." (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3259}}|It was narrated that Abu 'Ubaidah said:
"Aishah said: 'The Messenger of Allah married me when I was nine and I lived with him for nine years.'" (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3260}}|It was narrated from 'Aishah that the Messenger of Allah married her when she was nine and he died when she was eighteen years old. (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3379}}|It was narrated that 'Aishah said:
"The Prophet married me in Shawwal, and he consummated the marriage with me in Shawwal, and which of his wives find more favor with him than me?" (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3380}}|It was narrated that 'Aishah said:
"The Messenger of Allah married me when I was six, and consummated the marriage with me when I was nine, and I used to play with dolls." (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Al Nasai|26|4|26|3381}}|It was narrated that 'Aishah said:
"The Messenger of Allah married me when I was six, and consummated the marriage with me when I was nine." (Sahih)}}

====Ibn Majah====

{{Quote|Ibn-i-Majah vol.3:1876|‘A’isha (Allah be pleased with her) is reported to have said: Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) contracted marriage with me while I was (yet) a six years [sic] old girl. Then we arrived at Medina and stayed with Banu Harith b. Khazraj. I fell victim to fever; then my hair (of the head fell off (and became scattered). Then they became plenty and hanged down upto [sic] the earlobes. My mother ‘Umm Ruman came to me while I was (playing) in a swing alongwith [sic] my play-mates. She (the mother) called me loudly. I went to her and I did not know what he [sic] wanted. She seized my hand and stopped me at the door of the house and I was hearing [sic] violently until the agitation of my heart was over. Then she took some water and wiped it over my face and head. Then she admitted me to the house when some woman [sic] of Ansar were present in the house. They said, "You have entered with blessings and good fortune." Then she (the mother) entrusted me to them. So they embellished me and nothing frightened me but Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) (when he came there) in the morning and they (the women) entrusted me to him. '''On that day, I was a nine years old girl.'''"<ref>According to Al-Zawa‘id the verse is sahih but also munqata since Abu ‘Ubaida did not hear the Hadith from his father. Ref: Sunan Ibn-I-Majah, Imam Abdullah Muhammad B. Yazid Ibn-I-Maja Al-Qazwini, English version by Muhammad Tufail Ansari [Kazi Publications, 121-Zulqarnain Chambers, Gampat Road, Lahore Pakistan, first edition, 1995], volume III, pp. 133-134</ref>}}

{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1877}}|It was narrated that:

Abdullah said: “The Prophet married Aishah when she was seven years old, and '''consummated the marriage with her when she was nine''', and he passed away when she was eighteen.” (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1982}}|It was narrated that 'Aishah said:

"'''I used to play with dolls when I was with the Messenger of Allah, and he used to bring my friends to me to play with me'''." (Sahih)}}

====Mishkat al-Masabih====

{{Quote|Mishkat al-Masabih, Vol. 2, p 77|Aisha said she was nine years old when the act of consummation took place and she had her dolls with her.}}

===Other Islamic Sources===
====Al Tabari====

{{Quote|{{Tabari|7|pp. 6-7}}|According to Abd al-Hamid b. Bayan al-Sukkari - Muhammad b. Yazid - Ismai'il (that is Ibn Abi Khalid) - Abd al-Rahman b. Abi al- Dahhak - a man from Quraysh - Abd al-Rahman b. Muhammad: "Abd Allah b. Safwan together with another person came to Aishah and Aishah said (to the latter), "O so and so, have you heard what Hafsah has been saying?" He said, "Yes, o Mother of the Faithful." Abd Allah b. Safwan asked her, "What is that?" She replied, "There are nine special features in me that have not been in any woman, except for what God bestowed on Maryam bt. Imran. By God, I do not say this to exalt myself over any of my companions." "What are these?" he asked. She replied, "The angel brought down my likeness; '''the Messenger of God married me when I was seven; my marriage was consummated when I was nine; he married me when I was a virgin,'''no other man having shared me with him; inspiration came to him when he and I were in a single blanket; I was one of the dearest people to him, a verse of the Qur’an was revealed concerning me when the community was almost destroyed; I saw Gabriel when none of his other wives saw him; and he was taken (that is, died) in his house when there was nobody with him but the angel and myself." According to Abu Ja‘far (Al-Tabari): The Messenger of God married her, so it is said, in Shawwal, and consummated his marriage to her in a later year, also in Shawwal.}}

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 128}}|When the Prophet married Aisha she very young and not yet ready for consummation.}}

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|pp. 129-130}}|Sa‘id b. Yahya b. Sa‘id al-Umawi- his father- Muhammad b. ‘Amr- Yahya b. ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Hatib- ‘A’isha: When Khadijah died, Khawlah bt. Hakim b. Umayyah b. al-Awqas, wife of ‘Uthman b. Maz‘un, who was in Mecca, said [to the Messenger of God], "O Messenger of God, will you not marry?" He replied, "Whom?" "A maiden," she said, "if you like, or a non-maiden." He replied, "Who is the maiden?" "The daughter of the dearest creature of God to you," she answered, "‘A’ishah bt. Abi Bakr." He asked, "And who is the non-maiden?" "Sawdah bt. Zam‘ah b. Qays," she replied, "she has [long] believed in you and has followed you." [So the Prophet] asked her to go and propose to them on his behalf. She went to Abu Bakr’s house, where she found Umm Ruman, mother of ‘A’ishah, and said, "O Umm Ruman, what a good thing and a blessing has God brought to you!" She said, "What is that?" Khawlah replied, "The Messenger of God has sent me to ask for ‘A’ishah’s hand in marriage on his behalf." She answered, "I ask that you wait for Abu Bakr, for he should be on his way." When Abu Bakr came, Khawlah repeated what she had said. He replied, "She is [like] his brother’s daughter. Would she be appropriate for him?" When Khawlah returned to the Messenger of God and told him about it he said, "Go back to him and say that he is my brother in Islam and that I am his brother [in Islam], so his daughter is good for me." She came to Abu Bakr and told him what the Messenger of God had said. Then he asked her to wait until he returned. Umm Ruman said that al-Mut‘im b. ‘Adi had asked ‘A’ishah’s hand for his son, but Abu Bakr had not promised anything. Abu Bakr left and went to Mut‘im while his wife, mother of the son for whom he had asked ‘A’ishah’s hand, was with him. She said, "O son of Abu Quhafah, perhaps we could marry our son to your daughter if you could make him leave his religion and bring him in to the religion which you practice." He turned to her husband al-Mut‘im and said, "What is she saying?" He replied, "She says [what you have heard]." Abu Bakr left, [realizing that] God had [just] removed the problem he had in his mind. He said to Khawlah, "Call the Messenger of God." She called him and he came. '''Abu Bakr married [‘A’ishah] to him when she was [only] six years old.'''}}

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|pp. 130-131}}|‘A’ishah states: We came to Medina and Abu Bakr took up quarters in al-Sunh among the Banu al-Harith b. al-Khazraj. The Messenger of God came to our house and men and women of the Ansar gathered around him. My mother came to me '''while I was being swung on a swing between two branches and got me down.''' Jumaymah, my nurse, took over and wiped my face with some water and started leading me. When I was at the door, she stopped so I could catch my breath. I was then brought [in] while the Messenger of God was sitting on a bed in our house. '''[My mother] made me sit on his lap''' and said, "These are your relatives. May God bless you with them and bless them with you!" Then the men and women got up and left. '''The Messenger of God consummated his marriage with me in my house when I was nine years old.''' Neither a camel nor a sheep was slaughtered on behalf of me. Only Sa‘d b. ‘Ubaidah sent a bowl of food which he used to send to the Messenger of God. ‘Ali b. Nasr- ‘Abd al-Samad b. ‘Abd al-Warith- ‘Abd al-Warith b. ‘Abd al-Samad- his father- Aban al-‘Attar- Hisham b. ‘Urwah- ‘Urwah: He wrote to ‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwan stating that he had written to him about Khadijah bt. Khuwaylid, asking him about when she died. She died three years or close to that before the Messenger of God’s departure from Mecca, and he married ‘A’ishah after Khadijah’s death. The Messenger of God saw ‘A’ishah twice- [first when] it was said to him that she was his wife (she was six years old at that time), and later [when] he consummated she was nine years old. (The report goes back to Hisham b. Muhammad. See above, I, 1766). Then the Messenger of God married ‘A’ishah bt. Abi Bakr, whose name is ‘Atiq b. Abi Quhafah, who is ‘Uthman, and is called ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Uthman b. ‘Amir b. ‘Amir b. Ka‘b b. Sa‘d b. Taym b. Murrah: '''[The Prophet] married her three years before the Emigration, when she was seven years old, and consummated the marriage when she was nine years old, after he had emigrated to Medina in Shawwal. She was eighteen years old when he died.''' The Messenger of God did not marry any maiden except her.}}

{{Quote|{{Tabari|39|pp. 171-173}}, See also: {{Bukhari|5|58|234}}|‘A’ishah, daughter of Abu Bakr. Her mother was Umm Ruman bt. ‘Umayr b. ‘Amr, of the Banu Duhman b. al-Harith b. Ghanm b. Malik b. Kinanah. The Prophet married ‘A’ishah in Shawwal in the tenth year after the [beginning of his] prophethood, three years before Emigration. He consummated the marriage in Shawwal, eight months after Emigration. On the day he consummated the marriage with her she was nine years old. According to Ibn ‘Umayr [al-Waqidi]- Musa b. Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Rahman- Raytah- ‘Amrah [bt. ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Sa’d]: ‘A’ishah was asked when the Prophet consummated his marriage with her, and she said: The Prophet left us and his daughters behind when he emigrated to Medina. Having arrived at Medina, he sent Zayd b. Harithah and his client Abu Rafi’ for us. He gave them two camels and 500 dirhams he had taken from Abu Bakr to buy [other] beasts they needed. Abu Bakr sent with them ‘Abdallah b. Urayqit al-Dili, with two or three camels. He wrote to [his son] ‘Abdallah b. Abi Bakr to take his wife Umm Ruman, together with me and my sister Asma’, al-Zubayr’s wife, [and leave for Medina]. They all left [Medina] together, and when they arrived at Qudayd Zayd b. Harithah bought three camels with those 500 dirhams. All of them then entered Mecca, where they met Talhah b. ‘Ubaydallah on his way to leave town, together with Abu Bakr’s family. So we all left: Zayd b. Harithah, Abu Rafi’, Fatimah, Umm Kulthum, and Sawdah bt. Zam‘ah. Ayd mounted Umm Ayman and [his son] Usamah b. Zayd on a riding beast; ‘Abdallah b. Abi Bakr took Umm Ruman and his two sisters, and Talhah b. ‘Ubaydallah came [too]. We all went together, and when we reached Bayd in Tamanni my camel broke loose. I was sitting in the litter together with my mother, and she started exclaiming "Alas, my daughter, alas [you] bride"; then they caught up with our camel, after it had safely descended the Lift. We then arrived at Medina, and I stayed with Abu Bakr’s children, and [Abu Bakr] went to the Prophet. The latter was then busy building the mosque and our homes around it, where he [later] housed his wives. We stayed in Abu Bakr’s house for a few days; then Abu Bakr asked [the Prophet] '''"O Messenger of God, what prevents you from consummating the marriage with your wife?" The Prophet said "The bridal gift (sadaq)." Abu Bakr gave him the bridal gift, twelve and a half ounces [of gold], and the Prophet sent for us. He consummated our marriage in my house''', the one where I live now and where he passed away.}}

====Ibn Ishaq====

{{Quote||'''He married ‘A’isha in Mecca when she was a child of seven and lived with her in Medina when she was nine or ten.''' She was the only virgin that he married. Her father, Abu Bakr, married her to him and the apostle gave her four hundred dirhams.<ref>bn Ishaq, Sirat Rasulullah (The Life of Muhammad), translated by Alfred Guillaume [Oxford University Press, Karachi, tenth impression 1995], p. 792</ref>}}

{{Quote||Yahya b. Abbad b. Abdullah b. al-Zubayr from his father told me that he heard Aisha say: "The apostle died in my bosom during my turn: I had wronged none in regard to him. It was due to''' my ignorance and extreme youth''' that the apostle died in my arms.}}

====Ibn Kathir====

{{Quote||Yunus b. Bukayr stated, from Hisham b. ‘Urwa, from his father who said, "The Messenger of God (SAAS) married ‘A’isha three years after (the death of) Khadija. '''At that time (of the contract) ‘A’isha had been a girl of six. When he married her she was nine.''' The Messenger of God (SAAS) died when ‘A’isha was a girl of eighteen. "<ref name="Ibn Kathir Aisha">Ibn Kathir, The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya), Volume II, translated by professor Trevor Le Gassick, reviewed by Dr. Muneer Fareed [Garnet Publishing Limited, 8 Southern Court, south Street Reading RG1 4QS, UK; The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, first paper edition, 2000], pp. 93-94</ref>}}
{{Quote||Al-Bukhari had related, from ‘Ubayd b. Isma‘il, from Abu Usama, from Hisham b. ‘Urwa, from his father, who said, "Khadija died three years before the emigration of the Prophet (SAAS). He allowed a couple of years or so to pass after that, and then '''he contracted marriage with ‘A’isha when she was six, thereafter consummating marriage with her when she was nine years old."'''<ref name="Ibn Kathir Aisha">Ibn Kathir, The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya), Volume II, translated by professor Trevor Le Gassick, reviewed by Dr. Muneer Fareed [Garnet Publishing Limited, 8 Southern Court, south Street Reading RG1 4QS, UK; The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, first paper edition, 2000], pp. 93-94</ref>}}
{{Quote||"Al-Hajjaj related to us, that Hammad related to him, from Hisham b. ‘Urwa, from his father, from ‘A’isha, who said, ‘The Messenger of God (SAAS), contracted marriage with me (after) Khadija’s death and before his emigration from Mecca, when '''I was six years old.''' After we arrived in Medina some women came to me while I was playing on a swing; my hair was like that of a boy. They dressed me up and put make-up on me, then took me to the Messenger of God (SAAS), and he consummated our marriage. '''I was a girl of nine.’"'''<ref name="Ibn Kathir Aisha">Ibn Kathir, The Life of the Prophet Muhammad (Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya), Volume II, translated by professor Trevor Le Gassick, reviewed by Dr. Muneer Fareed [Garnet Publishing Limited, 8 Southern Court, south Street Reading RG1 4QS, UK; The Center for Muslim Contribution to Civilization, first paper edition, 2000], pp. 93-94</ref>}}

====Ibn Qayyim====

{{Quote|Ibn Qayyim Al-Juaziyyah|Next, the Prophet… married Um Abdallah, Aishah, as-Siddiqah (the truthful one), daughter of as-Siddiq (the truthful one) Abu Bakr ibn Abi Qu’hafah, whom Allah has exonerated from above the seven heavens. ‘Aishah bint Abu Bakr was the beloved wife of the Prophet… The angel showed Aishah… to the Prophet… while she was wrapped in a piece of silk cloth, before he married her, and said to him. "This is your wife." '''The Prophet… married Aishah… during the lunar month of Shawwal, when she was six, and consummated the marriage in the first year after the Hijrah, in the month of Shawwal, when she was nine.''' The Prophet… did not marry any virgin, except Aishah… and the revelation never came to him while he was under the blanket with any of his wives, except Aishah.<ref>Ibn Qayyim Al-Juaziyyah, Zad-ul Ma’ad fi Hadyi Khairi-l ‘Ibad (Provisions for the Hereafter, From the Guidance of Allah’s Best Worshipper), translated by Jalal Abualrub, edited by Alaa Mencke & Shaheed M. Ali [Madinah Publishers & Distributors, Orlando, Fl: First edition, December 2000], Volume I, pp. 157-158</ref>}}

===Modern Scholars===

====Martin Lings====

{{Quote||During the same year that followed Khadijah’s death, the Prophet dreamed that he saw a man who was carrying someone wrapped in a piece of silk. The man said to him: "This is thy wife, so uncover her." The Prophet lifted the silk and there was ‘A’ishah. But ‘A’ishah was only six years old, and he had passed his fiftieth year. Moreover Abu Bakr had promised her to Mut‘im for his son Jubayr. The Prophet simply said to himself: "If this be from God, He will bring it to pass."... Meantime Abu Bakr approached Mut‘im, who was persuaded without difficulty to forgo the marriage of ‘A’ishah to his son; and, some months after the marriage of Sawdah, ‘A’ishah also became the Prophet’s wife, through a marriage contracted by him and her father, at which she herself was not present. She said afterwards, that she had her first inkling of her new status when one day she was playing with her friends outside, not far from their house, and her mother came and too her by the hand and led her indoors, telling her that henceforth she must not go out to play, and that her friends must come to her instead. ‘A’ishah dimly guessed the reason, though her mother did not immediately tell her that she was married; and apart from having to play in their courtyard instead of in the roads, her life continued as before. <ref>Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources [Inner Traditions, International, Ltd.; Rochester Vermont, 1983], pp. 105-106</ref>}}
{{Quote||The Prophet and his daughters now went to live with Sawda in her new house; and after a month or two it was decided that ‘A’ishah’s wedding should take place. She was then only nine years old, a child of remarkable beauty, as might have been expected from her parentage… Small preparations were made for the wedding- not enough, at any rate for ‘A’ishah to have had a sense of a great and solemn occasion, and shortly before they were due to leave the house she had slipped out into the courtyard to play with her passing friend. In her own words: "I was playing on a see-saw and my long streaming hair was disheveled. They came and took me from my play and made me ready." Abu Bakr had bought some fine red-striped cloth from Bahrain and it had been made into a wedding-dress for her. In this they now clothed her. Then her mother took her to the newly built house where some women of the Helpers were waiting for her outside the door. They greeted her with the words "For good and for happiness- may all be well!" and led her into the presence of the Prophet. He stood their smiling and combed her hair and decked her with ornaments. Unlike his other marriages, at this there was no wedding feast… then they all went their ways, and the bridegroom and the bride were left together. For the last three years scarcely a day had passed by without one or more of ‘A’ishah’s friends coming to play with her in the courtyard adjoining her father’s house. Her removal to the Prophet’s house changed nothing in this respect. Friends now came every day to visit her in her own apartment – new friends made since her arrival in Medina and also some of the old ones whose parents, like hers, had emigrated. "I would be playing with my dolls," she said, "with the girls who were my friends, and the Prophet would come in and they would steal out of the house and he would go out after them and bring them back, for he was pleased for my sake to have them there." Sometimes he would say "Stay where ye are" before they had time to move. He would also join in their games sometimes, for he loved children and had often played with his own daughters. The dolls of puppets had many different roles. "One day," said ‘A’ishah, "the Prophet came in when I was playing with the dolls and he said: ‘O ‘A’ishah, whatever game is this?’ I said: ‘It is Solomon’s horses,’ and he laughed." But sometimes as he came in he would simply screen himself with his cloak so as not to disturb them. <ref>Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources [Inner Traditions, International, Ltd.; Rochester Vermont, 1983], pp. 132-134</ref>}}

====William Montgomery Watt====

{{Quote||Aisha was still a child when Muhammad married her, and she continued to play with her toys.<ref>W. Montgomery Watt - [http://www.amazon.com/Muhammad-at-Medina-Montgomery-Watt/dp/0195773071 Muhammad At Medina (P. 323)] - Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1977, ISBN 9780195773071</ref>}}

====Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri====

{{Quote||'Aishah bint Abu Bakr: He married her in the eleventh year of Prophethood, a year after his marriage to Sawdah, and two years and five months before Al-Hijra. She was six years old when he married her. However, he did not consummate the marriage with her till Shawwal seven months after Al-Hijra, and that was in Madinah. She was nine then. She was the only virgin he married, and the most beloved creature to him. As a woman she was the most learnèd woman in jurisprudence.<ref>Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) Biography of the Noble Prophet, [Maktaba Dar-us-Salam Publishers & Distributors, First Edition 1995], "The Prophetic Household", p. 485</ref>}}

==Sexuality==

===Muhammad Surprises Aisha===
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|62|90}}|Narrated Aisha: When the Prophet married me, my mother came to me and made me enter the house (of the Prophet) and nothing surprised me but the coming of Allah's Apostle to me in the forenoon. }}

===Washing Off Muhammad's Semen===
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|4|233}}|Narrated 'Aisha: I used to wash the semen off the clothes of the Prophet and even then I used to notice one or more spots on them.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|2|572}}|Abdullah b. Shihab al-Khaulani reported: I stayed in the house of 'A'isha and had a wet dream (and perceived its effect on my garment), so (in the morning) I dipped both (the clothes) in water. This (act of mine) was watched by a maid-servant of A'isha and she informed her. She (Hadrat A'isha) sent me a message: What prompted you to act like this with your clothes? He (the narrator) said: I told that I saw in a dream what a sleeper sees. She said: Did you find (any mark of the fluid) on your clothes? I said: No. She said: Had you found anything you should have washed it. '''In case I found that (semen) on the garment of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) dried up, I scraped it off with my nails.'''|See Also {{Muslim|2|566}}, {{Muslim|2|567}}, {{Muslim|2|568}}, {{Muslim|2|569}}, {{Muslim|2|570}}, {{Muslim|2|571}}}}

==="Thighing" Aisha===

Muhammad placed his penis between the thighs of Aisha and he massaged it to orgasm since he could not have sexual intercourse with her until she was nine.

====Fatwas====

{{Quote||Praise be to Allah and peace be upon the one after whom there is no [further] prophet.
After the permanent committee for the scientific research and fatwahs (religious decrees) reviewed the question presented to the grand Mufti Abu Abdullah Muhammad Al-Shemary, the question forwarded to the committee by the grand scholar of the committee with reference number 1809 issued on 3/8/1421 (Islamic calendar). The inquirer asked the following:

It has become wide spread these days, and especially during weddings, the habit of mufa’khathat of the children (mufa’khathat literally translated means "placing between the thighs" which means placing the male member between the thighs of a child). What is the opinion of scholars knowing full well that the prophet, the peace and prayer of Allah be upon him, also practiced the "thighing" of Aisha - the mother of believers - may Allah be please with her.

After the committee studied the issue, they gave the following reply:
It has not been the practice of the Muslims throughout the centuries to resort to this unlawful practice that has come to our countries from pornographic movies that the kufar (infidels) and enemies of Islam send. As for the prophet, peace and prayer of Allah be upon him, thighing his fiancée Aisha. She was six years of age and he could not have intercourse with her due to her small age. That is why [the prophet] peace and prayer of Allah be upon him placed '''his [male] member between her thighs and massaged it softly,''' as the apostle of Allah had control of his [male] member not like other believers.<ref>(Audio) http://www.sout-al-haqe.com/pal/musical/mofakhaza.ram</ref><ref>http://www.islamic-fatwa.net/viewtopic.php?TopicID=8330</ref>| See Also <ref>http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=23672&Option=FatwaId&x=40&y=13</ref> <ref>http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=3907&Option=FatwaId&x=46&y=11</ref> <ref>http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=23672&Option=FatwaId&x=48&y=16</ref> <ref>http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/Fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=13190&Option=FatwaId&x=54&y=11</ref>}}

{{Quote|{{cite web quotebox|url= http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=92051|title= Meaning of Mufaakhathah|publisher= Islamweb|series=Fatwa No: 92051|author= |date= April 5, 2006|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Femainpage%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshowfatwa%26Option%3DFatwaId%26Id%3D92051&date=2014-04-01|deadurl=no}}|All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. We ask Allaah to exalt his mention as well as that of his family and all his companions.

The term Mufaakhathah means to have foreplay with the wife in between her thighs. It is reported in one narration that when ''the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) wanted to enjoy one of his wives who was in menstruation, he would put a piece of cloth on her vagina (i.e. cover it).'' [Ibn Maajah].

The author of Faydh Al-Qadeer interpreted the expression '''if he wanted to enjoy to mean having all permissible foreplay but avoiding the vagina [or the anus], like in between her thighs (i.e. Mufaakhathah).''

Allaah Knows best.}}

===Muhammad fondles Aisha===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|6|298}}| Narrated 'Aisha:
The Prophet and I used to take a bath from a single pot while we were Junub. During the menses, '''he used to order me to put on an Izar (dress worn below the waist) and used to fondle me.'''}}

===Muhammad sucked Aisha's tongue===

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|13|2380}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to '''kiss her and suck her tongue''' when he was fasting.}}

===Two days for Aisha===

Due to her aging, Muhammad wanted to divorce his second wife, Sawda. To prevent this, Sawda gave up her turn to the young Aisha.

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|3|47|766}}| Narrated Aisha: 

Whenever Allah's Apostle wanted to go on a journey, he would draw lots as to which of his wives would accompany him. He would take her whose name came out. He used to fix for each of them a day and a night. But Sauda bint Zam'a gave up her (turn) day and night to 'Aisha, the wife of the Prophet in order to seek the pleasure of Allah's Apostle (by that action). | See also: {{Bukhari|3|48|853}}, {{Muslim|8|3451}} & {{Muslim|8|3452}} }}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=4&tid=12406 The Ruling Concerning Desertion on the Part of the Husband] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=Abu Dawud At-Tayalisi recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "Sawdah feared that the Messenger of Allah might divorce her and she said, `O Messenger of Allah! Do not divorce me; give my day to `A'ishah.' And he did, and later on Allah sent down,''And if a woman fears cruelty or desertion on her husband's part, there is no sin on them both''." Ibn `Abbas said, "Whatever (legal agreement) the spouses mutually agree to is allowed." At-Tirmidhi recorded it and said, "Hasan Gharib." In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that `A'ishah said that when Sawdah bint Zam`ah became old, she forfeited her day to `A'ishah, and the Prophet used to spend Sawdah's night with `A'ishah. There is a similar narration also collected by Al-Bukhari. Al-Bukhari also recorded that `A'ishah commented: ''And if a woman fears cruelty or desertion on her husband's part'', that it refers to, "A man who is married to an old woman, and he does not desire her and wants to divorce her. So she says, `I forfeit my right on you.' So this Ayah was revealed."}}

{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1972}}|'Urwah narrated from 'Aishah:

that '''when Saudah bint Zam'ah grew old, she gave her day to 'Aishah''', and the Messenger of Allah went to 'Aishah on Saudah's day. (Sahih)}}

==Miscellaneous==

===Aisha's dislike for Muhammad===

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|1|9|490}}|Narrated 'Aisha: The things which annul the prayers were mentioned before me. They said, "Prayer is annulled by a dog, a donkey and a woman (if they pass in front of the praying people)." I said, "You have made us (i.e. women) dogs. I saw the Prophet praying while I used to lie in my bed between him and the Qibla. Whenever I was in need of something, I would slip away for '''I disliked to face him'''."}}

{{Core Pedophilia}}

==See Also==

*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Pedophilia]]
{{Hub5|Muhammad - Primary Sources|Muhammad (Primary Sources)|Muhammad (Primary Sources)}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}



[[Category:QHS]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category: Muhammad and Aisha]]
[[Category:Pedophilia]]
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User talk:Damaskin

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Аллах - определение

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10-те най-спорни аяти в Корана

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Hubal

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'''Hubal''' (هبل) was the head moon-god of the polytheistic Arab pantheon at the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]].<ref>Karen Armstrong (2000,2002). Islam: A Short History. pp. 11. ISBN 0-8129-6618-x.</ref>

==Qur'an==

Interestingly enough, despite Hubal's importance to the pagan Arabs, the [[Quran]] does not mention the moon-god by name.

==Hadith==

{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|4|52|276}}|2=Narrated Al-Bara bin Azib: The Prophet appointed 'Abdullah bin Jubair as the commander of the infantry men (archers) who were fifty on the day (of the battle) of Uhud. He instructed them, "Stick to your place, and don't leave it even if you see birds snatching us, till I send for you; and if you see that we have defeated the infidels and made them flee, even then you should not leave your place till I send for you." Then the infidels were defeated. By Allah, I saw the women fleeing lifting up their clothes revealing their leg-bangles and their legs. So, the companions of 'Abdullah bin Jubair said, "The booty! O people, the booty ! Your companions have become victorious, what are you waiting for now?" 'Abdullah bin Jubair said, "Have you forgotten what Allah's Apostle said to you?" They replied, "By Allah! We will go to the people (i.e. the enemy) and collect our share from the war booty." But when they went to them, they were forced to turn back defeated. At that time Allah's Apostle in their rear was calling them back. Only twelve men remained with the Prophet and the infidels martyred seventy men from us.
On the day (of the battle) of Badr, the Prophet and his companions had caused the 'Pagans to lose 140 men, seventy of whom were captured and seventy were killed. Then Abu Sufyan asked thrice, "Is Muhammad present amongst these people?" The Prophet ordered his companions not to answer him. Then he asked thrice, "Is the son of Abu Quhafa present amongst these people?" He asked again thrice, "Is the son of Al-Khattab present amongst these people?" He then returned to his companions and said, "As for these (men), they have been killed." 'Umar could not control himself and said (to Abu Sufyan), "You told a lie, by Allah! O enemy of Allah! All those you have mentioned are alive, and the thing which will make you unhappy is still there." '''Abu Sufyan said, "Our victory today is a counterbalance to yours in the battle of Badr, and in war (the victory) is always undecided and is shared in turns by the belligerents, and you will find some of your (killed) men mutilated, but I did not urge my men to do so, yet I do not feel sorry for their deed" After that he started reciting cheerfully, "O Hubal, be high! (1) On that the Prophet said (to his companions), "Why don't you answer him back?" They said, "O Allah's Apostle What shall we say?" He said, "Say, Allah is Higher and more Sublime." '''(Then) Abu Sufyan said, "We have the (idol) Al Uzza, and you have no Uzza." The Prophet said (to his companions), "Why don't you answer him back?" They asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What shall we say?" He said, "Says Allah is our Helper and you have no helper."}}

{{Quote|1={{Bukhari|5|59|375}}|2=Narrated Al-Bara: We faced the pagans on that day (of the battle of Uhud) and the Prophet placed a batch of archers (at a special place) and appointed 'Abdullah (bin Jubair) as their commander and said, "Do not leave this place; and if you should see us conquering the enemy, do not leave this place, and if you should see them conquering us, do not (come to) help us," So, when we faced the enemy, they took to their heel till I saw their women running towards the mountain, lifting up their clothes from their legs, revealing their leg-bangles. The Muslims started saying, "The booty, the booty!" 'Abdullah bin Jubair said, "The Prophet had taken a firm promise from me not to leave this place." But his companions refused (to stay). So when they refused (to stay there), (Allah) confused them so that they could not know where to go, and they suffered seventy casualties. Abu Sufyan ascended a high place and said, "Is Muhammad present amongst the people?" The Prophet said, "Do not answer him." Abu Sufyan said, "Is the son of Abu Quhafa present among the people?" The Prophet said, "Do not answer him." Abd Sufyan said, "Is the son of Al-Khattab amongst the people?" He then added, "All these people have been killed, for, were they alive, they would have replied." On that, 'Umar could not help saying, "You are a liar, O enemy of Allah! Allah has kept what will make you unhappy." '''Abu Safyan said, "Superior may be Hubal!" On that the Prophet said (to his companions), "Reply to him." They asked, "What may we say?" He said, "Say: Allah is More Elevated and More Majestic!" ''' Abu Sufyan said, "We have (the idol) Al-'Uzza, whereas you have no 'Uzza!" The Prophet said (to his companions), "Reply to him." They said, "What may we say?" The Prophet said, "Say: Allah is our Helper and you have no helper." Abu Sufyan said, "(This) day compensates for our loss at Badr and (in) the battle (the victory) is always undecided and shared in turns by the belligerents. You will see some of your dead men mutilated, but neither did I urge this action, nor am I sorry for it." Narrated Jabir: Some people took wine in the morning of the day of Uhud and were then killed as martyrs.}}

==Scholars==

{{Quote|1=[http://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Peters, Francis E. (1994). ''Muhammad and the origins of Islam''. (p. 108). Albany: State University of New York Press.]|2=Amr ibn Luhayy brought with him (to Mecca) an idol called Hubal from the land of Hit in Mesopotamia.5 Hubal was one of the Quraysh's greatest idols. So he set it up at the well inside the Ka'ba and ordered the people to worship it. Thus a man coming back from a journey would visit it and circumambulate the House before going to his family, and he would shave his hair before it.
Hubal is the idol to which Abu Safyan6 said on the day of (the battle of) Uhud, "Tower up, O Hubal," that is, manifest you religious power," while the Prophet said, "Tower up, O Unique One." The name of the well inside the Ka'ba was al-Akhsaf; the Arabs used to call it al-Akhshaf...(al-Azraqi 1858, 73)

Muhammad ibn Ishaq said that Hubal was (made of) cornelian peal in the shape of a human. His right hand was broken off and the Quraysh made a gold hand for it. It had a vault for the sacrifice, and there were seven arrows cast (on issues relating to) a dead person, virginity and marriage. Its offering was a hundred camels. It had a custodian (''hajib'')...7 (''Ibid''., p.74)}}

{{Quote|1=[http://books.google.com/books?id=0OrCo4VyvGkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Peters, Francis E. (1994). ''Muhammad and the origins of Islam''. (p. 109). Albany: State University of New York Press.]|2=The Quraysh had several idols in and around the Ka'ba. The greatest of these was Hubal. It was made, as I was told, of red agate, in the form of a man with the right hand broken off. It came into the possession of the Quraysh in this condition, and they therefore made for it a hand of gold....It stood inside the Ka'ba, and in front of it were seven divinatory arrows. On one of these were written the word "pure," and on another "associated alien." Whenever the lineage of a newborn was doubted, they would offer a sacrifice to Hubal and then shuffle the arrows and throw them. If the arrows showed the word "pure," the child would be declared legitimate and the tribe would accept him. If, however, the arrows showed "associated alien," the child would be declared illegitimate and the tribe would reject him. The third arrow had to do with divination concerning the dead, while the fourth was for divination about marriage. The purpose of the three remaining arrows has not been explained. Whenever they disagreed concerning something, or proposed to embark upon a journey, or undertake some other project, they would proceed to Hubal and shuffle the divinatory arrows before it. Whatever result they obtained they would follow and do accordingly. (Ibn al-Kalbi, ''Book of Idols'', pp. 28-29 = Ibn al-Kalbi 1952, pp. 23-24)}}

===Additional reading===

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=KOzmNQTb7_EC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false The History of al-Tabarī, Volume VI: Muhammad at Mecca]
Translated and annotated by William Montgomery Watt and Michael V. McDonald

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany (1988)

See pages 3-4

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=coso-V3gCEAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false The Religion of the Nabataeans: ''A Conspectus'']
By John F. Healey

Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (2001)

See pages 127-132

==Is Allah really Hubal?==

There are theories that "[[Allah]]" was the title given to Hubal prior to the advent of [[Islam]], and there continue to be theories that Islam's Allah is indeed Hubal and may even be [[w:Baal|Ba'al]] as well. What is certain, however, is that aspects of polytheistic worship have been incorporated into the Muslims' worship of Allah.

For more information, refer to the external articles.

{{Core POTB}}
==See Also==

{{Hub4|Allah|Allah}}
{{Hub4|Paganism|Paganism}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Хубал|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://www.studytoanswer.net/islam/hubalallah.html Ba’al, Hubal, and Allah A Rebuttal to the ''Islamic Awareness'' Article Entitled “Is Hubal the Same as Allah?”, by MSM Saifullah and ‘Abdallah David] ''- Timothy W. Dunkin''
*[http://propheticnews.net/content/view/5629/67/ Yahweh or Hubal] ''- Dan Zaremba, Prophetic News, April 6, 2008''
*[http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-moon-god-hubal.htm Hubal, the moon god of the Kaba] & [http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-moon-god.htm Hubal and Allah the Moon God?] ''- Brother Andrew, Bible.ca''
*[http://answering-islam.org/Shamoun/ishmael-baal.htm Did the Meccans Worship Yahweh God? Revisiting the Issue of the Ishmaelites and the worship of the true God] & [http://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Menj/hubal.htm Hubal and Allah Revisited]'' - Sam Shamoun, Answering Islam''
*[http://www.letusreason.org/islam6.htm Is Allah the Name of God?]'' - Let Us Reason Ministries''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]
[[bg:Хубал]]

Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

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[[File:Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.jpg|right|thumb|Khadijah’s “medal” in ''Promptuarii iconum insigniorum'' (1553). Lyon: Rouillé. This illustration made no pretense of being an accurate portrait but it has become a widely accepted symbolic representation of Khadijah.|200px]]

'''Khadijah''' or '''Khadīja bint Khuwaylid''' (خديجة بنت خويلد‎) was Prophet [[Muhammad]]’s first wife and she was his only wife as long as she lived.<ref>Ibn Hisham note 127, note 918. {{Muslim|31|5975}}.</ref> She is known to Muslims as ''al-Kubra'' (“the Great”)<ref>E.g., [http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/ Razwy, S. A. A. (1990). ''Khadija tul Kubra: A Short Story of Her Life''. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an.]</ref> and ''al-Tahira'' (“the Pure”).<ref>E.g., [http://l.b5z.net/i/u/6103974/f/wives_of_the_prophet.pdf/ Mus’ad, M. F. (2001). ''Wives of the Prophet Muhammad: their Strives and Their Lives'', p. 7. Cairo: Islamic Inc.]</ref> Twelve of [[Muhammad's Wives|Muhammad’s wives]] are credited with the title ''Umm al-Muminun'' (“Mother of the Faithful”),<ref>{{Quran|33|6}}.</ref> but Khadijah occupies a unique position as the Mother of [[Islam]] itself.

==Background==

Khadijah was born in Mecca, a member of the dominant Quraysh tribe. Her grandfather Asad, chief of her clan, was a grandson of Qusayy ibn Kilab, Keeper of the [[Kaaba|Ka’aba]] and ruler of Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 24, 82.</ref> This Qusayy had also been a great-great-great-grandfather of Muhammad.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 3.</ref> Her mother, Fatima bint Za’ida, was from another Quraysh clan, the Amir ibn Luayy.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82.</ref> The name ''Khadijah'' means “premature”,<ref>“Khadija” in [http://www.almaany.com/home.php?language=english&lang_name=Arabic&word=Khadija/ Almaany Arabic-English Dictionary]. [http://www.behindthename.com/name/Khadija/ Behind the Name].</ref> suggesting the circumstances of her birth.

The traditions about Khadijah’s early life are scarce and often contradictory. It is generally accepted that she was born “fifteen years before the Elephant” and that she was 65 ([[lunar]]) years old when she died,<ref>E.g., {{Tabari|6|p. 47}}.</ref> indicating a birth date between July 556 and July 557. However, the source of this tradition is Khadijah’s nephew, Hakim ibn Hizam,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9, 11-12. {{Tabari|39|pp. 41, 106}}.</ref> who was one of the many early Muslims who claimed his own age to be 120.<ref>{{Muslim|10|3662}}. See also {{Tabari|39|pp. 40, 43}}, where Huwaytib ibn Abduluzza claims to be 120 years old, yet in the same breath betrays that he cannot count.</ref> By contrast, Abdullah ibn Abbas, the cousin who lived at Muhammad’s side through the final years in [[Medina]],<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 95}}.</ref> stated that “on the day Khadijah married Allah’s Messenger, she was 28 years old.”<ref>[http://qurango.com/images/b/5/293.jpg/ Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa’l-Nihaya'' vol. 5 p. 293]. Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar'' vol. 16 p. 12. Ibn Ishaq, cited in Al-Hakim al-Nishaburi, ''Mustadrak'' vol. 3 p. 182.</ref> If this is correct, she was born between March 568 and March 569. Variant traditions claim other years.<ref>See [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister, M. J. (1993). The Sons of Khadija. ''Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 16'', 59-95.]</ref> Whatever her precise date of birth, she was still of childbearing age as late as 605.

Khadijah’s personality is described as “determined and intelligent”.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82.</ref> Although it is not explicitly stated that her father was a merchant, “the Quraysh were a people given to commerce,”<ref>Guilaume/Ishaq, p. 82.</ref> so Khadijah may have spent her childhood sitting in the bazaars learning to negotiate bargains. Her known siblings were two brothers, Hizam<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 160.</ref> and Al-Awwam,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 115.</ref> two sisters, Ruqayqa<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:180.</ref> and Hala,<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|168}}</ref> and a paternal half-brother, Nawfal.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 177.</ref> At one stage, there was talk of [[Marriage|marrying]] Khadijah off to her [[Cousin Marriage in Islam|cousin]], Waraqa ibn Nawfal, but this never happened.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref>

==Husbands==

Khadijah’s first husband was Atiq ibn A’idh (or Abid), a junior member of the Makhzum clan.<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918. Bewley/Saad 8:151.</ref> The Makhzumites had grown wealthy on trade, and their generosity had won them the loyalty of their neighbours. They were now serious contenders for the leadership of the city.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 142-143. See also Bewley/Saad 8:61; {{Tabari|39|p. 196}}.</ref> This match was therefore a step up the social scale for Khadijah, though perhaps a small step if her family also had money. Atiq and Khadijah had two children, suggesting – since Khadijah produced her children within two-year intervals<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 36.2/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:36:2].</ref> – that the marriage lasted between two and four years. From their daughter, Hind, Khadijah derived her ''kunya'' Umm Hind.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9. {{Tabari|39|p. 161}}.</ref> Their son, Abdullah,<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref> died in infancy.<ref>[http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page1.html/ Tirmidhi 117].</ref> Most sources state that Atiq died,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 127}}.</ref> although there is a variant tradition that the marriage ended in divorce.<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)] summarises these sources, citing Ibn Ishaq, as transmitted by Yunus ibn Bukayr, ''Al-Siyar wa-l-Maghazi'' p. 82, and Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar'' vol. 16 p. 10, for Atiq’s death, and Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'' vol. 1 pp. 406-407, for divorce.</ref>

Khadijah then married a Bedouin nobleman, Malik ibn An-Nabbash, who was from the Tamim tribe. In the way of nomads who aspired to an urban lifestyle, Malik and his two brothers had immigrated to Mecca and formed an alliance with the Abduldar clan of the Quraysh.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9, 151. {{Tabari|9|p. 127}}. {{Tabari|39|p. 79}}.</ref> Given their highborn origins, the Tamim brothers would have interacted with their new allies as equals rather than as vassals. To complete their Meccan citizenship, they sought Quraysh wives, to whom they could offer rank, connections and probably also money. It is interesting that Malik chose Khadijah, for the Asad clan was the traditional rival of Abduldar.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 57.</ref> Their marriage produced three children, suggesting that it lasted between four and six years. From their first son, Hala, Malik took his ''kunya'' Abu Hala.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)] documents sources in which Malik was also known as Hind and his son Hala was also known as Al-Harith. It was not uncommon for Arabs to be known by alternative and apparently unrelated names.</ref> Their second son was, confusingly, also named Hind.<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918. Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref> Their daughter, Zaynab,<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref> probably died young, as no more is heard about her, and Khadijah later mentioned that she had borne each of her first two husbands a child who had died in infancy.<ref>[http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page1.html/ Tirmidhi 117].</ref>

In contradiction to all this, some sources state that Khadijah married Abu Hala first and Atiq second.<ref>E.g., Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref> However, a ''kunya'' was usually taken from a firstborn child, indicating that Umm Hind and Abu Hala did not share the same firstborn.

It is not known when or how Abu Hala died, but the Sacrilegious War against the Qays-Aylan tribe dominated the years 591–594.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 32.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:32:1]. Strangely, Ibn Hisham note 124 claims an outbreak date as early as 585. Although note 124 was designed to be read immediately after the statement of Ibn Ishaq that it contradicts, there is not a word of explanation for the inconsistency. However, the preliminary hostilities commenced several years before the first full-fledged battle ([http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap2.htm/ Muir (1861) vol. 2 pp. 2-5]). One possible explanation is that Ibn Hisham deliberately confused the first informal skirmish (when Muhammad was 14) with the first battle proper (when Muhammad was 20) so that his youth might excuse his lack of prowess in the fighting [http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap2.htm/ (Muir, 1861, pp. 6-7f)].</ref> Khadijah’s brother Hizam was killed in the second round of the conflict,<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 41}}</ref> and their father Khuwaylid, who must have been some sixty years old, was a commander on the field.<ref>Waqidi, ''Kitab al-Maghazi'', cited in [http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap2.htm/ Muir (1861) vol. 2 pp. 7f9, 22, 24f28].</ref> After Abu Hala’s death, several prominent citizens proposed marriage to the widowed Khadijah, some of them investing great sums of money into their courtship, but her father vetoed every match.<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 48-49}}. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 35.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:35:1].</ref>

==Business==

Khadijah was the richest woman in Mecca. This explains why she attracted so many suitors. By the time Abu Hala died, she had become “a merchant woman of dignity and wealth. She used to hire men to carry merchandise outside the country.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82.</ref> While the claims that “half the trade in Mecca” belonged to Khadijah<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> are doubtless exaggerated, she may well have been the wealthiest single trader. The traditions do not state in what commodity she dealt, but among the exports of Mecca are mentioned leather, wool, perfume, silver, cheese and dried raisins.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 424, 547, 716. See also Crone, P. (2007). Quraysh and the Roman army: Making sense of the Meccan leather trade. ''Bulletin of SOAS, 70'', 63–88.</ref> Nor is it known how she originally acquired her business. Perhaps her father helped to set her up, but this opens the question of why Khadijah became more prosperous than any of her siblings. If she had a backer not available to them, it was probably one or both of her husbands. Or perhaps the business flourished because of Khadijah’s personal talents and efforts.

Muslim apologists sometimes point to Khadijah’s independence and success as an example of the great opportunities that Islam grants to women. Typical claims cite her as an example of the "vibrant, liberating spirit of early Islam"<ref>"''Khadija, the first wife of the Prophet ... an outstanding female liberating figure in history ... can help us reclaim the vibrant, liberating spirit of early Islam. That alone could go a long way in removing the current image of Muslims among non Muslims.''" - Bandukwala, J. S. “Hazrat Khadija was an outstanding female liberating figure in history,” letter to the editor in ''New Age Islam'', 22 May 2010.</ref> or state that the modern-day justifications for "denying girls an equal chance at success lies in archaic interpretations of religion".<ref>"''For Muslim girls everywhere, Khadijah is one of the first female role models introduced by parents and teachers of religion. A self-made businesswoman … She had already created her own success … The justification for denying girls an equal chance at success lies in archaic interpretations of religion… There is nothing contradictory about being a powerful Muslim female.''" - Saraswati, R. E. (2012). “[http://www.aquila-style.com/focus-points/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid-one-of-the-four-perfect-women/ Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid: Perfect Woman]” in ''Aquila Style''.</ref> These claims are illogical, since Khadijah’s career was established before Islam existed. What it really demonstrates is the opportunities that pre-Islamic Arabs (sometimes) granted to women, who not only mingled freely with men in the market-place but were also respected for doing so. Most merchants were men, but among the women were the very pagan Hind bint Utba<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:165.</ref> and the perfumer Asma bint Mukharriba.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:209.</ref><ref>[http://www.encislam.brill.nl/public/makka/ “Makka” in Bearman, P., Bianquis, T., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E., & Heinrichs, W. P. (Eds.). (2006). '''Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Ed.'' Brill Online.]</ref> After Khadijah died, Muslim women were ordered to stay at home and wear veils,<ref>{{Quran|33|54}}</ref> and it became impossible for an adherent Muslim woman to conduct any such enterprise. Khadijah had no way of knowing that within a decade of her death, her lifestyle would be forbidden to the women of Arabia.

In the spring of 595, Khadijah required a new agent to accompany her camels to Syria. Her brother’s wife’s brother, Abu Talib ibn Abdulmuttalib,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 162, 585. Bewley/Saad 8:29.</ref> recommended the services of his ward, a nephew whom he could no longer afford to keep. Khadijah agreed to hire him for a higher commission than she usually paid.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 34.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:34:2.] Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> His name was Muhammad.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82.</ref>

Two months later Muhammad returned to Mecca with merchandise worth nearly double what Khadijah had expected.<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 48}}. Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> Goods commonly imported from Syria included grain, oil, wine, weapons, cotton and linen.<ref>Crone, P. (2007). [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/public/makka/ “Makka” in Bearman, P., et al. (Eds.) (2006).]</ref> As Khadijah worked on a profit-share basis,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82.</ref> she doubled Muhammad’s commission.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> It is said that Khadijah later dispatched him on a second trip, this time to Tihama<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 49}}</ref> in Yemen to import frankincense, myrrh and fine textiles.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 128, 158, 271.</ref> It is not clear whether Khadijah took the unusual step of sending her agent southwards in the heat of summer<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 58. [http://www.encislam.brill.nl/public/makka/ “Makka” in Bearman, P., et al. (Eds.) (2006).] See also {{Quran|106|2}}.</ref> in order to import a near-monopoly; or whether this second venture occurred during a subsequent winter, after Muhammad and Khadijah were already married, and the detail that she “employed” him is an error; or whether the whole timeline has been confused, and these events occurred over a longer timespan than is usually assumed. What is certain is that by the summer of 595, Khadijah had decided to marry her agent.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82; Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref>

==Why Muhammad Married Her==

Khadijah sent as her intermediary Nafisa bint Umayya, a freedwoman from Abu Hala’s tribe.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10, 172. She is sometimes known matrilinearly as Nafisa bint Munya, suggesting that she was illegitimate.</ref> Nafisa approached Muhammad at the bazaar and asked why he had never married. He replied that he could not afford to support a family. “But if money were no obstacle,” Nafisa persisted, “would you be willing to marry a lady of wealth, rank and beauty?” Muhammad asked which lady of that description would be willing to take him, and Nafisa named Khadijah. Muhammad instantly expressed his willingness.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 35.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:35:1].</ref> When Khadijah next sent for Muhammad, it was to make a formal proposal. She spoke of how his noble ancestry, good reputation and personal honesty rendered him eligible, and offered herself as his wife.<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 48}}.</ref>

When Muhammad told Nafisa that he had always wanted to marry but could not afford it, he was speaking directly from his personal experience. He had hoped to marry his cousin Fakhita, but Abu Talib had prevented it by giving her to a wealthy man and telling Muhammad that the family needed to marry money.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 196}}. Bewley/Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 8:109.</ref> So Muhammad was looking for a wife and was in a frame of mind to consider any reasonable offer. Khadijah’s offer, of course, was beyond reasonable. She was the Arab equivalent of a multi-millionaire, and her patronage was the most extraordinary luck for Muhammad.

Muslim commentators have stressed how Khadijah was a “much older” woman and therefore Muhammad must have been noble and high-minded to marry her for her character rather than her physical charms.<ref>"''The Beloved Holy prophet preferred to have his first marriage with a fifteen years older widow shows [''sic''] how the Beloved Holy Prophet had a value of nobility and character more than anything else.''" - Saleem, H. M. (2012). [http://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/eng%201%20Hafiz%20M.pdf/ Justification of the marriages of the Beloved Holy prophet.] ''Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research, 9'', 1-20.</ref> It would be difficult, however, to prove that Muhammad was attracted only to Khadijah’s character and not to her money. While she was to prove both loyal and sympathetic,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111</ref> it is not clear that Muhammad had had the opportunity to assess these character-qualities in advance. It is certain that he had had the opportunity to assess her wealth.

Nor is there any reason to assume that Khadijah was physically unattractive. If the report of Abdullah ibn Abbas is correct, she was a mere three years older than Muhammad, which hardly qualifies as an age-difference. While a modern hagiography that describes her as “beautiful, tall and light-skinned”<ref>[http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/fatima/fatima_the_gracious/03.htm/ Ordoni, Abu M. (1987). ''Fatima the Gracious'', p. 27. Qum: Ansariyan Publications.]</ref> does not cite early sources, the servant Nafisa had also mentioned that she was “beautiful”.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 35.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:35:1].</ref> Even if Nafisa was exaggerating (the word “beautiful” in this context usually means “normal-looking” as opposed to deformed or ugly), she achieved no purpose in telling an outright lie to a man who already knew what Khadijah looked like.

==Controversial Wedding==

Khadijah asked for a dower of 20 camels.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82; Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref> Twenty camels would have been worth about £8,000,<ref>Numerous ''ahadith'' such as {{Bukhari|2|24|528}} and {{Muslim|10|3893}} indicate that a camel cost about 80 ''dirhams'', although this varied with the age and health of the camel. Hence 20 camels would be worth 1,600 ''dirhams''. {{Bukhari|5|59|357}} indicates that an annual income of 5,000 ''dirhams'' was a comfortable living, so Khadijah’s dower was equivalent to four months’ (middle-class) income. However, it seems that a frugal person could survive on a ''dirham'' a day ([http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life4/chap25.htm/ Muir (1861) vol. 4 p. 156]), so the same sum came to over four years’ wages for a labourer. While it is almost impossible to calculate equivalent prices for such a different culture, the ''dirham'', a silver coin, was the price of a wooden bowl or a ground-sheet ({{Abudawud|9|1637}}) or a cheap necklace ({{Abudawud|14|2704}}), so we might, very roughly, think of a ''dirham'' as £5. A ''dinar'', a gold coin worth 10 ''dirhams'', was the price of a sheep.</ref> which was four times the dower that Muhammad gave to any of his subsequent wives.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 189}}. See also Ibn Hisham note 918. The same 400 ''dirhams'' (£2,000) was also the ransom for a war-captive ({{Abudawud|14|2685}}) or the starting price for a slave ({{Tabari|39|p. 6}}).</ref> This suggests that Khadijah was “worth four women” to him, i.e. that it was part of their marriage contract that he would not take another wife in her lifetime. A poor man like Muhammad would have had some trouble amassing such a hefty gift, even if he returned all the beasts that Khadijah had personally given him (she had paid his commissions in camels).<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 34.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:34:2.]</ref> His good fortune in attracting the wealthiest woman in Mecca must have delighted the investment-seeking Abu Talib, and we can only assume that the family combined resources to raise the dower.

Marriage required the consent of the bride’s guardian, and Khadijah’s father Khuwaylid had refused her previous suitors. She therefore plotted to secure his permission through trickery. She plied her father with wine until he was drunk. Then she slaughtered a cow, covered his shoulders with a new striped robe and sprinkled him with perfume, whereupon Muhammad and his uncles entered the house. Khadijah extracted the legally binding words from her father while he was too inebriated to know what he was saying. As the day wore on and the wedding party was in full swing, Khuwaylid recovered his sobriety enough to ask, “What is this meat, this robe and this perfume?” Khadijah replied, “You have given me in marriage to Muhammad ibn Abdullah.” Khuwaylid was as furious as his daughter had expected, protesting that he had never consented to any such thing and even unsheathing his sword. Muhammad’s kin also brandished weapons before everyone realised that the matter was not worth actual bloodshed. It was too late. Muhammad was Khadijah’s husband.<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 49}}. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 35.4/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:35:4, 5.] See also Guillaume/Ishaq 83 and Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>

Although the Muslim historian Waqidi denied this embarrassing story (even while reporting it), the British historian Muir points out that nobody had any reason to fabricate it. The tradition is from two independent sources, both of whom were biased in Muhammad’s favour and neither of whom had any reason to disparage Khadijah’s father or his clan. Two further independent sources, without mentioning the drunken party, state that it was Khuwaylid who married Khadijah to Muhammad. Although Waqidi claims that it was Khadijah’s uncle who gave her away because her father had died before the Sacrilegious War (591-594), his pupil Ibn Saad names Khuwaylid as a commander in that war. Muir therefore concludes that the tradition of Khuwaylid’s death “has been invented, to throw discredit on the story of his drunkenness.”<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap2.htm/ Muir (1861) vol. 2 p. 24f]. See also {{Tabari|6|pp. 48-50}}; Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>

This story highlights the Arab assumption that marriage was a contract between bridegroom and father-in-law in which they transferred the guardianship of a woman. It was somewhat similar to buying a camel: the purchase required the consent of the vendor. Muhammad never questioned this view of marriage. It would have been highly convenient for him to perceive some of his marriages, including the one to Khadijah, as purely a contract between husband and wife. Yet there is no evidence that this concept ever occurred to him, even after he declared himself the final prophet who was wise for all time and had authority to change all the rules. To the end of his life, he was particular about meeting the legal requirement to contract with a guardian;<ref>E.g., see Bewley/Saad 8:63, 65; {{Tabari|39|pp. 178-179}}; Bewley/Saad 8:105.</ref> he never questioned that every woman belonged to a man.

This story also reveals how Khadijah and Muhammad understood consent. It did not need to be “free” or “informed”; any type of consent was legally binding. This theme was to recur in Muhammad’s life. He was to extract consent at sword-point,<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 547.</ref> under duress,<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 314-315. Bewley/Saad 8:87-88.</ref> from an immature or unsound mind,<ref>E.g., Bewley/Saad 8:43.</ref> by withholding essential information,<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 463-464. {{Tabari|39|p. 165}}.</ref> by offering a false dichotomy between two bad alternatives,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:40. Guillaume/Ishaq 493.</ref> by exploiting spiritual beliefs,<ref>[http://altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=74&tSoraNo=33&tAyahNo=36&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0/ Jalalayn, ''Tafsir'' Q33:36]. See also {{Quran|33|36}}. {{Bukhari|3|43|648}}, {{Muslim|4|3511}}.</ref> through bribery<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 438; 594-597.</ref> or by making promises that he intended to break.<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 504, 509. Bewley/Saad 8:181-182.</ref> Yet he never suggested there was any kind of ethical problem in extracting consent in whatever manner might succeed; it was the one who consented to Muhammad, no matter how, who was morally obliged to stand by his word.

==Marriage to Muhammad==

Muhammad and Khadijah were married for 25 years. Modern biographies of Khadijah sometimes claim her duties during the first fifteen years of her marriage were "purely those of a housewife and a mother,"<ref>"''During the first fifteen years of her marriage, Khadija’s duties were purely those of a housewife and a mother.''" - Razwy, S. A. A. (1990). ''Khadija-Tul-Kubra: The Wife of the Prophet Muhammed'', p. 146. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an.</ref> or that she "decided to retire and enjoy a comfortable life with her husband who, on his part, preferred an ascetic life to that of money making."<ref>"''Khadija ... felt no need to keep trading and increasing her wealth; instead, she decided to retire and enjoy a comfortable life with her husband who, on his part, preferred an ascetic life to that of money making.''" - [http://www.al-islam.org/biographies/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). ''Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).'']</ref>

These creative interpretations do not accord with early records that Muhammad went into partnership with a Makhzumite, Qays ibn Saayib, and sold merchandise in his shop.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 4 p. 352.</ref> Since Muhammad was not producing anything by means of a craft, he could only have sold items in Mecca if he had imported them from elsewhere; and if he could pay for imports, he must have been exporting at a profit. In other words, Khadijah’s business continued after their marriage exactly as it had beforehand.

This circumstance explains a great deal about Muhammad’s relationship with Khadijah. His assertion that Khadijah “spent her wealth for me”<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118.</ref> indicates his keen awareness that the money was hers and not his. However important his managerial position in the family firm, and however generously Khadijah shared her wealth, she remained in control of her own money. Muhammad was effectively his wife’s employee. He was in no position to displease her, for he would have lost everything if he had dared to stray. Therefore he was not only faithful to Khadijah but he also allowed her to make all their major decisions.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 313.</ref> He was neither so faithful nor so obliging to any of his subsequent wives. In other words, Muhammad made the best husband to the only one of his wives who was able to dictate the terms of their relationship.

It should not be assumed that Muhammad’s fidelity to Khadijah caused him any particular hardship. She was equally faithful to him; and to judge by the regularity of her childbearing, his quickness to “draw close to her” for comfort,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106</ref> and her deliberate ploy of using sex to distract him from his troubles,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107; {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}.</ref> she made herself very sexually available to him. Muhammad’s compliance with this convenient arrangement therefore reveals more about his common sense than about his virtue.

==Children==

Khadijah brought three stepchildren into the marriage. It is striking how little is known about them. Later historians eagerly collected every possible scrap of information about Muhammad, down to how he cleaned his teeth<ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|245}}</ref> and his attitude to a broken sandal.<ref>{{Muslim|24|5235}}</ref> People who had lived under his roof should have been in high demand as eyewitnesses. Yet by the time the traditions were committed to writing, almost everything about his stepchildren had been forgotten. This implies that their lives did not intersect very much with those of the Muslim community.

[[File:KhadijaHouse.jpg|left|thumb|The ruins of Khadijah’s house in Mecca.|250px]]

Given that girls were often married off at puberty, it is possible that Muhammad never lived with his stepdaughter, Hind bint Atiq. She married a Makhzumite cousin, Sayfi ibn Umayya, to whom she bore at least one son, Muhammad ibn Sayfi. Though this Muhammad in his turn had descendants, it was said that none of the family survived; yet there is not a word about how they died.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9.</ref>

Khadijah’s two sons lived with Muhammad for several years,<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 127}}. Note that Tabari assumes that Hind was a girl (''Hind'' and ''Hala'' were both unisex names, though more common for females), which only adds to the general confusion.</ref> and it is known that he liked to play with children.<ref>{{Bukhari|8|73|151}}. See also {{Bukhari|8|73|150}}.</ref> Of Hala it is recalled that “the Prophet arose and saw Hala in his room. He pressed him to his breast and uttered joyously: ‘Hala, Hala, Hala!’”<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' 6:516:8919, cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> If this was all anyone could remember, then nobody remembered very much. Hala was later killed in a street-brawl after he challenged a man who had insulted Muhammad.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf''; Ibn Hajar, ''AI-Isaba'' 1:604:1501; both cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> This was probably before Islam,<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 79-80}}.</ref> as the Muslims never complained that their Prophet’s own stepson had been martyred for the cause.

The younger stepson, Hind, reminisced to his nephew, Hussayn ibn Ali, that Muhammad's "blessed face shone like the full moon… His modest habit was to look at something without staring... He greeted whomever he met ... He was not short-tempered, nor did he embarrass anyone…", and so on.<ref>"''[Muhammad’s] blessed face shone like the full moon… His modest habit was to look at something without staring... He greeted whomever he met ... He was not short-tempered, nor did he embarrass anyone… When he became angry with someone, he turned his face away from that person and either ignored him or forgave him. When he was happy due to humility it seemed as if he had closed his eyes. His laugh was mostly a smile, when his blessed front teeth glittered like white shining hailstones.''" - [http://www.hadithcollection.com/shama-iltirmidhi/269-shama-il-tirmidhi-chapter-01-the-noble-features-of-rasoolullah/191-shama-il-tirmidhi-chapter-001-hadith-number-007-007.html/ Tirmidhi, ''Shama’il'' 1:7]; [http://www.hadithcollection.com/shama-iltirmidhi/301-shama-il-tirmidhi-chapter-33-the-speech-of-rasoolullah/431-shama-il-tirmidhi-chapter-033-hadith-number-003-215.html/ Tirmidhi, ''Shama’il'' 33:3.]</ref> Perhaps Hind’s affection for his stepfather was real; there is no evidence of any conflict between them. However, he gave this memoir – and much more in similar vein – long after the Islamic empire was established, when only good things could be spoken of Muhammad; and he did not include any specific events from his childhood. It is clear that Hind was never in Muhammad’s inner circle. His name does not appear in Ibn Hisham’s recension of Ibn Ishaq’s ''Sirat'', which lists all the early converts and describes, name by name, the doings of the emigrants in Medina. Nor does he appear in the ''ahadith'' covering that period. This suggests that he did not become a Muslim until the conquest of Mecca in 630, when Muhammad appointed him a governor in Yemen.<ref>{{Tabari|3|pp. 228-230, 318-321, 328}}; Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isaba'' 3:515:3258; both cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref> The distant location of this post would have continued to keep him away from Muhammad’s intimate affairs. Hind died after 656 at Basra in Syria. “The market was cancelled that day, and there was no loading or unloading of ships.”<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 80}}.</ref> He had at least one son, also named Hind; but it is again reported that no descendants survived to the time of writing.<ref>Ibn al-Kalbi, ''Jamharat al-Nasabi'', cited in [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)].</ref>

Over the next ten years, Khadijah bore six more children to Muhammad, attended at each birth by a midwife named Salma.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10, 160.</ref> From their first son, Qasim, Muhammad took the ''kunya'' Abu Qasim. There followed Zaynab, Abdullah, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum and Fatima.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 36.2/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:36:2].</ref> Some historians name two additional sons, ''Al-Tahir'' (“the Pure”) or ''Al-Tayyib'' (“the Good”), but this is a misreading of Waqidi, who clearly states that these were both bynames given to Abdullah.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:10. [http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 36.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:36:1]. Also cited in Muir (1861) 2:27f.</ref> Qasim and Abdullah both died in infancy; the girls all grew up.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82; Ibn Hisham note 918; Bewley/Saad 8:10.</ref> Fatima, who looked like Muhammad<ref>{{Bukhari|4|56|819}}. {{Abudawud|41|5198}}.</ref> and was his favourite,<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:16. [http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}.</ref> is known to Muslims as ''az-Zahra'' (“the Dazzling”) and is regarded as a great saint.<ref>See [http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/women_around_the_messenger.pdf/ “Fatimah az-Zahra” in Qutb, M. A. (1995). ''Women around the Messenger''. Translated by A. A. Imam. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House] for a typical hagiography.</ref>

In addition to their biological children, Muhammad and Khadijah freed and adopted their slave-boy, Zayd ibn Haritha. Zayd was from the Udhra tribe. At a young age he was kidnapped by slave-traders and sold on the slave-market for 400 ''dirhams'' (about £2,000). He was purchased by Khadijah’s nephew, who made her a present of him. When it became clear that Muhammad and Khadijah would not have a son of their own, Muhammad took Zayd to the steps of the Ka’aba and declared before the assembled citizens that he took Zayd to be his heir.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 6-9}}.</ref> Although Muhammad kept Zayd close to him<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 115; 314-315. {{Tabari|7|p. 8}}. {{Bukhari|4|53|324}}. {{Abudawud|12|2271}}. {{Muslim|8|3441}}.</ref> and conferred many small favours on him,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 186; 308; 364; 660; 662; 664. {{Tabari|7|16}}. Bewley/Saad 8:72. {{Bukhari|5|59|562}}.</ref> when the two finally had a conflict of interest, Muhammad ignored Zayd’s rights and served only himself.<ref>See {{Tabari|8|pp. 1-4}}.</ref>

When a drought caused widespread hardship, Khadijah presented Muhammad’s former foster mother with 40 sheep and a camel loaded with supplies.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 27.20/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:27:20.]</ref> Muhammad volunteered to relieve his uncle Abu Talib by taking charge of one of the latter’s children. Thereafter Muhammad and Khadijah brought up Muhammad’s young cousin Ali but they did not adopt him legally.<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 83}}.</ref> Again, Muhammad always made a great show of affection towards Ali<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 234, 286, 293, 593, 650; {{Bukhari|4|52|219}}; {{Muslim|1|141}}; {{Muslim|31|5917}}.</ref> and even gave him Fatima as his wife.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 167}}.</ref> But the apparent success of this family arrangement has to be set against the reality that Ali grew up with a remarkable lack of empathy for other human beings.<ref>E.g., Guillaume/Ishaq 496; {{Bukhari|5|59|637}}; {{Bukhari|8|82|803}}; {{Bukhari|8|81|769}}; {{Bukhari|9|84|57}}.</ref>

==Polytheism==

Modern hagiographers sometimes claim that the virtuous Khadijah, "unlike her people, never believed in nor worshipped idols." <ref>"''One particular quality in Khadija was quite interesting, probably more so than any of her other qualities mentioned above: she, unlike her people, never believed in nor worshipped idols.''" - [http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). ''Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).]</ref> The early sources state otherwise. Khadijah kept in her house an idol of Al-Uzza, a virgin star-goddess who was the patroness of Mecca and was supposed to be powerful in war.<ref>[http://www.pantheon.org/areas/mythology/other/articles.html/ “Al-Uzza” in ''Encyclopaedia Mythica''].</ref><ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Al-Kalbi/uzza.htm/ Al-Kalbi, ''The Book of Idols'', pp. 16-29.]</ref><ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1691&Itemid=109/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir'' on Quran 53:19–26.]</ref> The family used to worship it just before bedtime.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 4 p. 222.</ref> Muhammad sometimes sacrificed a white sheep to the goddess,<ref>[http://answering-islam.org/Books/Al-Kalbi/uzza.htm/ Al-Kalbi, pp. 16-17.]</ref> and Khadijah sacrificed two kids at the birth of each son and one at the birth of each daughter.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 36.2/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:36:2].</ref> When Muhammad complained of the Evil Eye, Khadijah used to send for an elderly sorceress to charm it away.<ref>Yunus ibn Bakayr from Ibn Ishaq, cited in [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tNHnAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_vpt_buy#v=onepage&q&f=false/ Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 7. Manchester: Manchester University Press.]</ref> In 605 a severe flood damaged the Ka’aba, and the principal citizens of Mecca cooperated to rebuild it. Muhammad played a prominent part by arbitrating a dispute over who should have the honour of reinstalling the [[Black Stone]].<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 84-86.</ref> He gave no hint at that date that he had rejected any of the 360 gods whom he thus rehoused.

However, at an unspecified date and for an unknown reason, Muhammad and Khadijah became disillusioned with their traditional religion. Muhammad and his son Zayd came under the influence of the outspoken monotheist Zayd ibn Amr al-Adiyi, who told them that he never ate meat offered to idols. Muhammad then decided that he too would never again sacrifice to Al-Uzza.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 99. See also {{Bukhari|7|67|407}}; {{Bukhari|5|58|169}}. Variant forms of this ''hadith'' are cited in [http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/content/bag-meat-study-early-%E1%B8%A5ad%C4%ABth/ Kister, M. J. (1970). “A Bag of Meat.” A Study of an Early Hadith. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33'', 267-75.] Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume, pp. 102-103) describes how Zayd ibn Amr was eventually murdered. Although the culprit was never discovered, Ibn Ishaq apparently suspected Zayd’s half-brother, Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl, the father of Caliph Umar.</ref> Finally he confessed his unbelief to Khadijah. She replied by telling him to “Leave Al-Lat and leave Al-Uzza.”<ref>"''A neighbour of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid heard the Prophet say, “O Khadija! By Allah, I do not worship Al-Lat or Al-Uzza. By Allah, I do not worship [them] at all.” Khadijah replied, “Leave Al-Lat and leave Al-Uzza.” He [the neighbour] said this was their idol, which they all used to worship, after which they would lie down to sleep.''" - Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 4 p. 222.</ref> (Al-Lat was an earth-mother goddess who was revered in Ta’if.)<ref>[http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/allat.html/ “Allat” in ''Encyclopaedia Mythica''.]</ref><ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Al-Kalbi/allat.htm/ Al-Kalbi, ''The Book of Idols'', pp. 14-15.]</ref> Such a placid acceptance of her husband’s apostasy suggests that Khadijah in her turn had already lost faith.

It is not stated what Muhammad and Khadijah did with their idol; nor is it known which religious group, if any, they joined next. Monotheists who lived in or travelled through Mecca included Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians and Sabians;<ref>{{Quran|2|62}}. {{Quran|5|69}}. {{Quran|22|17}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 90, 106.</ref> but Zayd ibn Amr did not identify with any of these groups. However, there is little doubt that Muhammad and Khadijah learned monotheistic ideas – Heaven, Hell, holy books, prophets – from Khadijah’s cousins Waraqa ibn Nawfal and Uthman ibn Al-Huwayrith and from Muhammad’s cousin Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 99.</ref> Khadijah began to speak as if there was only one God.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106-107.</ref>

==Islam==

[[File:Mount Hira Cave.jpg|right|thumb|This cave in Mount Hira is widely believed to be the same cave where Muhammad first encountered Jibreel. It is now a popular tourist destination for Muslim pilgrims.|200px]]

Muhammad took to meditating in caves, often leaving his family for days at a time to focus on his devotions.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 105.</ref> In August 610, when he was 39 years old, these meditations were interrupted by an experience that terrified him.<ref>It could have been an epileptic fit, a psychotic episode or an ordinary nightmare. Since he was alone, there is no way to know.</ref> He staggered home to Khadijah under the conviction that he had seen the angel Jibreel (Gabriel) and that he was demon-possessed.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106.</ref> Khadijah wrapped him in a blanket and consoled him. She did not believe that Muhammad could be possessed. “Allah would not treat you thus since he knows your good character. So rejoice and be glad! I have hope that you will be the prophet of this community.” Then she put on her cloak and took Muhammad to consult her cousin Waraqa.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 106-107. {{Tabari|6|p. 72}}.</ref>

Waraqa was a blind old man who had converted to Christianity and had studied an Arabic translation of the Gospels.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 99; {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> According to Muhammad, Waraqa declared: “Holy, holy! This was the great ''Namus'' [law] that came to Moses. You are the prophet of these people. Should I live till you receive the Divine Message, I will support you strongly.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|4|55|605}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=55&number=597]. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}} [http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=87&translator=1&start=0&number=0]. {{Muslim|1|301}}.</ref> If Waraqa really said this, he did not keep his promise. Although he lived for at least another three years,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144,</ref> people afterwards had to ask whether he had even been a Muslim,<ref name="Tir4623">"''Aisha narrated. Someone asked Allah’s Messenger about Waraqa. So Khadijah told him, “He believed in you, but died before you appeared as a prophet.” Allah’s Messenger then said, “I was shown him in a dream, wearing white clothes, and if he had been one of the inhabitants of Hell he would have been wearing different clothing.''” - [http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page7.html/ Tirmidhi 4623.]</ref> meaning that Waraqa never made a public profession of Islam. Nobody except Muhammad and Khadijah ever heard him endorse Muhammad as a prophet. Muhammad even admitted to Aisha that he had required prompting from Khadijah before he could answer this straightforward question.<ref name="Tir4623"></ref>

It was not Waraqa whose confidence moved Muhammad to discard his terrors and believe in his own mission, but Khadijah herself.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112.</ref> Within hours of deducing that her husband was a prophet, she secured the conversion of her next-door neighbour.<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 201}}.</ref> When he next announced that Jibreel was in the room, Khadijah tested the visitor (whom she could not see) by standing in his supposed line of vision, stripping off her gown and enticing Muhammad to have sex with her. Muhammad then reported that Jibreel had departed, and Khadijah declared that Jibreel’s modesty was a certain sign that he was an angel and not a demon.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 107. {{Tabari|6|p. 73}}. The sanitised version of this story, in which Khadijah merely removes her veil, is unlikely to be the correct one, as Khadijah died long before the veil was mandated. The mere removal of a veil would not have shocked anyone at that early date – assuming that a lady sitting indoors was even wearing one.</ref>

Soon after this, Muhammad reported that Jibreel had stopped visiting him. Despite his initial terror of his strange experiences, he was now distraught by their absence.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111.</ref> Several times he became so depressed that he considered committing suicide by throwing himself off a cliff. Although he returned home from each attempt saying that Jibreel had reappeared in time to prevent him,<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 76}}. {{Bukhari|9|87|111}}.</ref> the angel did not remain long enough to give him any new prophecies. Eventually Khadijah taunted him: “I think that your Lord must have come to hate you!”<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 70}}.</ref> This goading, the only recorded incident in which her sympathy for her husband failed, suggests a profound disappointment with the possibility that Muhammad might not be a prophet after all. It was very soon afterwards that Muhammad reported a new prophecy: “Thy Lord hath not forsaken thee, nor doth He hate thee...”<ref>{{Quran|93|3}}.</ref>

Muhammad never again mentioned being afraid of the angel. Thenceforth he reported regular visits from Jibreel, who brought new revelations from Allah.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|1|3}}. {{Bukhari|6|60|478}}. Guillaume/Ishaq 111-112.</ref> One of the earliest messages concerned the correct ritual for the five daily prayers. After this Muhammad was often to be seen in full public view, first abluting then standing face to the Ka’aba to pray, with Ali at his side and Khadijah a pace behind them.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 112-114. Bewley/Saad 8:11.</ref> Khadijah accepted from the beginning that a woman’s place in Islam was behind the men. Their four daughters and Zayd were also among the earliest converts.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-115, 313-314.</ref> After the conversion of Abu Bakr, of course, there was no turning back.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 114-117.</ref>

==The Persecution==

After three years and some fifty converts,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 115-117.</ref> it was known throughout Mecca that Muhammad considered himself a prophet. He received little attention<ref>{{Tabari|6|p. 93}}.</ref> until the day when he gathered his relatives together for a dinner-party and invited them to forsake their idols and submit to Allah. But no mass-conversions followed;<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 117-119.</ref> the Meccans doubted, questioned and ignored him. Discouraged, Muhammad confided his troubles to Khadijah,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 191.</ref> who was quick to console him. The citizens of Mecca accused him of outright lying, and Khadijah continued to reassure him that he was a prophet.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' volume 6 p. 117-118.</ref> Debates led to angry arguments and mockery, and Khadijah disparaged their folly. Notwithstanding this concise summary of Khadijah’s attitude, surprisingly few specifics are recorded. The exact words of her counter-mockery do not survive, and nor is it precisely described how she “helped him in his work.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 117.</ref> There are very few ''ahadith'' about her everyday life with Muhammad or her involvement in community affairs, although there must have been multiple witnesses to both.

Muhammad kept preaching, and the public arguments led to fights in the streets. It was a Muslim who struck the first blow,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 118.</ref> but when Muhammad continued his “shameless” attacks,<ref>Francis Edwards Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 169, SUNY Press.</ref> mocking the idols in the Ka’aba, the pagans began a systematic campaign of punishing Muslim slaves and teenagers.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 143-145.</ref> One of the worst offenders was Khadijah’s brother Nawfal, whom the Muslims called “a satan of the Quraysh.” He once tied Abu Bakr to his kinsman Talha ibn Ubaydullah and left them helplessly roped together.<ref>Guillaume/Ibn Ishaq 127-128.</ref> His attitude raises interesting questions about Khadijah’s relationship with her brother – especially as Nawfal’s own son was an early convert to Islam.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 147.</ref> However, while his spiteful prank no doubt caused Abu Bakr and Talha some inconvenience, if this was deemed the action of a “satan”, then the general harassment of freeborn adults was far from life-threatening. The majority of these converts fled to Abyssinia, where the Christian King extended his unqualified protection. Muhammad and Khadijah, being under the protection of Muhammad’s uncle Abu Talib, remained in Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 146ff.</ref>

More questions about Khadijah’s family arise over Abu Bakr’s purchase and manumission of seven mistreated slaves,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144.</ref> among them Al-Nahdiya bint Habib and her (unnamed) daughter. The story is told of how Al-Nahdiya’s mistress swore never to free them, of how quickly she changed her mind when she heard Abu Bakr’s ransom-offer, and how they dutifully postponed accepting their freedom until they had finished grinding their ex-mistress’s flour.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144.</ref> But the usual retellings of this story omit one important detail: Al-Nahdiya was Khadijah’s own grand-niece. Khadijah’s sister Ruqayqa had a daughter named Umayma bint Abdullah.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:1, 180.</ref> There was something irregular about Umayma’s married life: “she went to a foreigner” (whatever this expression means) and married a man from Ta’if. The daughter of this union was the slave Al-Nahdiya bint Habib.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:180-181. Umayma appears not to have become a Muslim until the conquest of Mecca in 630, hence she was not persecuted.</ref> What is more, Al-Nahdiya’s owner belonged to the rival Abduldar clan.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 144.</ref> It is not clear whether Umayma herself had been for some reason reduced to slavery or whether it was only her daughter, perhaps deemed in some way illegitimate, who was in bondage. Either way, Khadijah could have easily afforded to ransom her nieces if she had wanted to; since she did not, there must have been some social disgrace or personal grudge associated with Al-Nahdiya’s situation that made Khadijah unwilling to help her. For that matter, no other family member helped either. Since the exact chronology of these events is unknown, it is difficult to discern whether there was any connection between Nawfal’s trick with the rope and Abu Bakr’s ransom of Nawfal’s embarrassing nieces. Indeed, it is difficult to calculate overall how much of the harassment of Muslims was due to Islam and how much might be attributed to old quarrels from pre-Islamic times.

Muhammad warned his opponents of Hellfire, graphically describing how sinners would be “thrown headlong”<ref>{{Quran|26|94}}.</ref> into “a fierce blast of fire and boiling water, shades of black smoke,”<ref>{{Quran-range|56|42|43}}.</ref> to drink “a boiling fluid, and a fluid dark, murky, intensely cold,”<ref>{{Quran-range|38|56|64}}</ref> allowing nothing to survive and nothing to escape, “darkening and changing the colour of man.”<ref>{{Quran-range|74|26|29}}. See also {{Quran|92|14}}. {{Quran-range|89|23|26}}. {{Quran|102|6}}. {{Quran-range|85|4|6}}. {{Quran|85|10}}. {{Quran-range|101|8|11}}. {{Quran-range|90|19|20}}. {{Quran|54|48}}. {{Quran-range|7|36|41}}. {{Quran|7|50}}. {{Quran|7|179}}. {{Quran|72|15}}. {{Quran|36|63}}. {{Quran-range|25|65|69}}. {{Quran-range|35|6|7}}. {{Quran-range|35|36|37}}. {{Quran|19|86}}. {{Quran|20|74}}. {{Quran-range|56|93|94}}. {{Quran-range|28|41|42}}.</ref> Khadijah had to take her share of the warning. When she asked about her children who had died in the days of ignorance, Muhammad replied, “They are in Hellfire. If you saw them, you would hate them.” When she asked about the child that she bore to him, he replied, “He is in Paradise... Verily, the believers and their children will be in Paradise, and the polytheists and their children in the Hellfire.”<ref>"''Khadijah asked Allah’s Apostle about her children who had died in the days of ignorance. Thereupon Allah’s Messenger said: “They are in Hellfire.” When he saw the sign of disgust on her face, he said: “If you were to see their station, you would hate them.” She said: “Allah’s Messenger, what about the child that I bore to you?” He said: “He is in Paradise.” Then Allah’s Messenger said: “Verily, the believers and their children will be in Paradise, and the polytheists and their children in the Hellfire.''” [http://www.oocities.org/tirmidhihadith/page1.html/ Tirmidhi 117.]</ref> Muhammad’s conclusion is interesting in the light of the fact that ''all'' the children in question had died before Islam. He did not explain why Khadijah’s subsequent conversion was retrospectively effective to save some of her children but not all of them.

After the conversions of two famously violent citizens, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 131-132.</ref> and Umar ibn Al-Khattab,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 155-159.</ref> the ruling clans of Mecca declared a boycott. This boycott was against Muhammad’s entire clan, including its non-Muslims. Thenceforth no Meccan might trade, socialise or intermarry with the Hashimites.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 159-160.</ref> The clan inferred that they had been condemned to outlaw status and would not be protected against theft or violence. Fearing worse hostility to follow, in September 616 Abu Talib evacuated the Hashimites from Mecca proper. They camped out in a mountain gorge “formed by one of the defiles, or indentations of the mountain, where the projecting rocks of [Mount] Abu Cobeis pressed upon the eastern outskirts of Mecca. It was entered on the city side by a low gateway, through which a camel passed with difficulty. On all other sides it was detached from the town by cliffs and buildings.”<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap5.htm/ Muir (1861) vol. 2 pp. 176-178.]</ref> Such a narrow entrance could be constantly guarded, leaving the Hashimites safe but effectively trapped.

“The Quraysh blocked food-grain and other necessaries.”<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:1].</ref> For supplies the Hashimites had to depend on smuggler-friends who were willing and able to bypass the Meccans.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 160.</ref> For example, Hisham ibn Amr “used to bring a camel laden with food by night, and then when he had got it to the mouth of the alley, he took off its halter, gave it a whack on the side, and sent it into the alley to them. He would do the same thing another time, bringing clothes for them.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 118.</ref> As the Hashimites had no way of earning money to pay for this food, they had to expend their savings. Over the next three years, Khadijah exhausted all her wealth to support the community.<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118.</ref> The severity of the blockade continued to grow more intense and the Hashimites remained in the mountain pass for three years.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.1/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:1].</ref>

==Co-Wives==

Muslims often speak with pride of how Muhammad was faithful to Khadijah. They comment on how it was the "prime time of his youth and constitutes two-thirds of his marriage life,"<ref>"''His first marriage was with Khadija. He lived with her alone for twenty-five years. It was the prime time of his youth and constitutes two-thirds of his marriage [''sic''] life.''" - Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). “[http://www.al-islam.org/muhammad-yasin-jibouri/8.htm/ Marriages of the Prophet]” in ''Muhammad: The Prophet and Messenger of Allah. Qum, Iran: Ansariyan Publications.</ref> and that it "should be noted by those who criticise him for his polygamy in later years."<ref>"''The Prophet did not marry another woman during his first marriage with Khadija, is a fact that should be noted by those who criticise him for his polygamy in later years.''" - [http://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/eng%201%20Hafiz%20M.pdf/ Saleem (2012)]</ref>

In one sense this is true. For example, when the Quraysh chiefs wanted to end the boycott, they offered Muhammad “as many wives as he wanted in marriage,” together with wealth, political power and a competent exorcist, if only he would stop reviling their gods. Muhammad scorned this bribe.<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 106-107}}. See also Guillaume/Ishaq 132-133.</ref> In this case, however, his loyalty to Khadijah can scarcely be disentangled from his loyalty to his own prophetic office. He responded to Khadijah’s support with a nepotistic revelation that the Virgin Mary had been the best woman of her generation while Khadijah was the best woman of the present generation.<ref>[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=91&number=633/ Bukhari|4|55|642]. {{Bukhari|5|58|163}}. {{Muslim|31|5965}}.</ref> He claimed that although there were many perfect men, there had only ever been only three perfect women: Asiya “wife of Pharaoh,” who had rescued the infant Moses; Mary the virgin mother of the Prophet Jesus; and Khadijah. He later allowed that their daughter Fatima was also one of the four “best among the women of Paradise.”<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}. See also {{Muslim|31|5966}}. He never called any of his other wives or daughters “perfect”, not even his fourth divine spouse, Kulthum the sister of Moses.</ref> How his three elder daughters reacted to such open favouritism is not recorded. When Khadijah once brought Muhammad a bowl of soup, she was granted a personal message from Jibreel (of which Aisha was later intensely jealous): “Give her Allah’s greeting and the good news that in Paradise she will have a palace built of a hollow pearl, where there will be no noise or fatigue.”<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 111. Ibn Hisham note 148. {{Bukhari|3|27|19}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|167}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|168}}. {{Bukhari|9|93|588}}. {{Muslim|31|5967}}. {{Muslim|31|5968}}. {{Muslim|31|5970}}.</ref>

Yet despite this outward loyalty to Khadijah, it was exactly at this period when Muhammad frankly admitted that he was thinking about other women. It was only after 614 that he introduced to his descriptions of Paradise the “modest ''houris''” (virgins) with “lustrous eyes” and “swelling breasts” who reclined “like pearls or rubies” on “green cushions”.<ref>{{Quran|38|52}}. {{Quran-range|56|22|23}}. {{Quran-range|37|48|49}}. {{Quran|44|54}}. {{Quran|52|20}}. {{Quran|78|33}}.</ref> According to Muir, all of the Qur’anic descriptions of ''houris'' date to the last few years of Khadijah’s life; after Muhammad moved to Medina, remarried to a younger woman, there were only two brief and tame references<ref>{{Quran|2|25}}. {{Quran|4|57}}.</ref> to “companions pure”.<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life2/chap4.htm/ Muir (1861) 2:141-144]. See also [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p024.htm/ Sell, E. (1923). ''The Historical Development of the Qur'an'', 4th Ed, pp. 25-26. London: People International.]</ref> Muir might have miscalculated, as the most detailed reference to the divine virgins<ref>{{Quran-range|55|56|58}} {{Quran-range|55|70|76}}.</ref> is sometimes dated to the Medina period,<ref>[http://www.wikiislam.net/wiki/Chronological_Order_of_the_Qur'an]</ref> although the German historian Nöldeke assigned even this one to Khadijah’s lifetime.<ref>[http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ Bell, R. (1953). Introduction to the Qur’an. Revised by Montgomery Watt (1970). Chapter 7: “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> Regardless of the exact date when Muhammad eventually shifted his focus, it is certain that the ageing Khadijah knew about the ''houris''.

The boycott against the Hashim clan was lifted “in the tenth year” (between August 619 and August 620), and Muhammad’s clan returned to their houses in Mecca.<ref>[http://www.soebratie.nl/religie/hadith/IbnSad.html#Book 53.3/ Ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' 1:53:3].</ref> By this time, Khadijah was dying.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:12.</ref> Muhammad comforted her in her final illness with the reminder that she was going to her jewelled palace in Paradise – so she must convey his best wishes to her co-wives. When Khadijah expressed surprise at the news that Muhammad already had deceased wives, he explained that Allah had wedded him in Paradise to Queen Asiya, to “Kulthum the sister of Moses” and to the Virgin Mary. The theme of having four wives appears to have been on his mind even in his last moments with Khadijah. She responded with the conventional congratulation to a newlywed: “May the union be blessed.”<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26.] Muhammad’s invention of the character “Kulthum” appears to be the aftermath of his embarrassing discovery that the sister of Moses was not identical with the Virgin Mary. (See {{Quran-range|19|27|28}}; {{Muslim|25|5326}}.) He must have over-corrected his error by deducing that Moses’ sister was not even named Maryam.</ref>

==Death==

Khadijah died on 10 Ramadan “in the tenth year of prophethood, three years before the ''Hijra'',” i.e., on 22 April 620, and was buried in Mount Hajun Cemetery near Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 191. {{Tabari|39|pp. 4, 161}}. Bewley/Saad 8:152. Yet another disputed fact about Khadijah’s life is the date of her death. Ibn Saad (Bewley 8:12) also cites 20 Ramadan (2 May) of the tenth year. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/khadija.pdf&embedded=true/ Kister (1993)] summarises several traditions that cite variant years: one, two, four, five or six years before the ''Hijra''. Assuming that Ibn Ishaq, Ibn Saad and Tabari are correct to prefer “three years before the ''Hijra''”, this suggests a miscalculation on the part of those modern biographers who state that Khadijah died in 619.</ref>

“The Messenger of Allah was so grieved about Khadijah that people feared for him.”<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:44.</ref> For the rest of his life, he spoke warmly and often of her<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|164}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|165}}. {{Bukhari|5|58|166}}. {{Bukhari|7|62|156}}. {{Bukhari|8|73|33}}. {{Muslim|31|5971}}. {{Muslim|31|5974}}.</ref> and sometimes seemed overwhelmed by sorrow at her absence.<ref>{{Bukhari|5|58|168}}</ref> He used to say: “Khadijah believed in me when they doubted me; she financed me when they tried to starve me out; and she is the mother of my children. Allah himself nurtured love for her in my heart.”<ref>Ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'' vol. 6 pp. 117-118. {{Muslim|31|5972}}.</ref>

Islam changed direction after Khadijah’s death. Within seven weeks Muhammad had become a bigamist.<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 170, 171}}. Bewley/Saad 8:39, 43, 152.</ref> At the same time he began negotiations for military alliances with foreign tribes,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 192-195, 197-199.</ref> although it was to be another two years before he succeeded in declaring war on Mecca.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 201-213, 324.</ref> Even the sections of the Qur’an that were composed at the end of Muhammad’s Meccan period, though narrative rather than legislative, read more like the flat prose of Medina than the poetry of Khadijah’s lifetime.<ref>[http://www.muhammadanism.org/Canon_Sell/Quran/p074.htm/ Sell (1923), p. 74.] [http://www.truthnet.org/islam/Watt/Chapter7.html/ “The Chronology of the Qur’an.” In Bell, R. (1970). ''Introduction to the Quran.'' Revised by Montgomery Watt. Edinburgh University Press.]</ref> It is frequently said that “Islam arose by Ali’s sword and Khadijah’s wealth.”<ref>E.g., [http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/khadija.htm/ Al-Jibouri, Y. T. (1994). Khadija Daughter of Khuwaylid Wife of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)].</ref> It is clear that what Khadijah contributed to the foundations of Islam was far more than money.

{{Core Women}}

==See Also==

*[[Muhammad's Wives]]'' - A hub page that leads to other articles related to Muhammad's wives and concubines''

{{Translation-links-english|[[Хадиджа_бинт_Хувайлид|Bulgarian]], [[Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid_-_Italiano|Italian]]}}

==External Links==

*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47335|2=2012-08-22}} How do you explain Khadija?]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Muhammad]] [[Category:Islam and Women]][[Category:Muslims]]
[[bg:Хадиджа бинт Хувайлид]]

Hajj

2015-06-29T22:54:08Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The '''Hajj''' (حج) is a Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. It is an obligatory duty (''[[fard]]'' الفرض), and constitutes one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]]. The pilgrimage takes place on the 12th month of the [[Islamic Lunar Calendar|Islamic calendar]], from the 7th to the 13th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.

The main rituals include walking seven times around the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]], touching the [[Black Stone]], traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina.<ref>Hoiberg (2000), p.237–238</ref> The Hajj, along with the Ka'aba, the black stone, and many other aspects of [[Islam]], are [[Pagan Origins of Islam|pagan in origin]].

==Incidents and Accidents==

The Ka'aba is believed to be the "House of Allah" and the [[Qur'an]] tells us it's an "asylum of security for men",<ref>"...''Allah made the Ka'ba, the Sacred House, an asylum of security for men, as also the Sacred Months, the animals for offerings, and the garlands that mark them''..." - {{Quran|5|97}}</ref> so it would seem reasonable for Allah to protect or prevent any catastrophes from occurring in his house during the Hajj. However, this is not the case.

Since 1987, officially there has been at least 3,315 deaths and another 1,500 injuries resulting from various accidents during the pilgrimage. These figures are extremely conservative, considering (for example) the 1994 stampede in Mecca. Officially only 250 people had died as a result of the stampede, and according to ''The Saudi Press Agency'' a total of 829 pilgrims had died during the pilgrimage for a variety of reasons, which included "old age, heart attacks" and "deaths that resulted because of the heavy throngs throwing pebbles on Monday." However witnesses, doctors and a senior Asian diplomat had said the death toll for the stampede alone could have been over 1,000.<ref name="The New York Times, May 25, 1994">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/25/world/at-least-250-muslims-die-in-mecca-stampede.html|2=2011-11-05}} At Least 250 Muslims Die in Mecca Stampede] - The New York Times, May 25, 1994</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width = "100%"
|-
! Death Toll
! Event
! Year
|-
| 200
| Fire in a Tent Colony<ref name="Time_Hajj">Michael Brunton - [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1149340,00.html Hazardous Hajj] - TIME, January 15, 2006</ref>
| 1975
|-
| 382
|Grand Mosque seizure<ref>Robin Wright - [http://www.amazon.com/Sacred-Rage-Wrath-Militant-Islam/dp/0743233425 Sacred rage: the wrath of militant Islam (p.148)] - Published by Touchstone; Upd Sub edition, December 4, 2001, ISBN: 978-0743233422</ref>
| 1979
|-
| 402
|Mecca Massacre<ref>Keith McLachlan - [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v65256l8v247t718/ Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf] - GeoJournal, Vol.28, Issue 3, November 1992, Pg.359</ref>
| 1987
|-
| 1,426
| Stampede inside Al-Ma'asim Tunnel (most deadly stampede in history)<ref>Nobert Bermosa - [http://www.listzblog.com/top_ten_deadly_accident_disaster_history_list.html Top 10 Deadly Accidents & Disasters] - The List Blog, October 7, 2009</ref>
| 1990
|-
| 250
| Stampede at the Stoning of the Devil Ritual<ref name="The New York Times, May 25, 1994"></ref>
| 1994
|-
| 343
| Tent Fire in Mina<ref name="Time_Hajj"/>
| 1997
|-
| 118
| Incident on Jamarat Bridge<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/76348.stm Saudis identifying nationalities of 118 dead pilgrims] - BBC News, April 9, 1998</ref>
| 1998
|-
| 35
| Stampede at the Stoning of the Devil ritual<ref>Amr Nabil - [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/35+die+in+pilgrimage+stampede+Tragedy+once+again+strikes+as+2+million...-a071328895 35 die in pilgrimage stampede Tragedy once again strikes as 2 million attend Muslim hajj] - The Free Library (originally from The Seattle Times), March 6, 2001</ref>
| 2001
|-
|14
|Stampede at the Hajj<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2749231.stm Fourteen killed in Hajj stampede] - BBC News, February 11, 2003</ref>
|2003
|-
| 251
| Stampede during the Stoning ritual in Mina<ref name="bbc_hajj">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3448779.stm Hundreds killed in Hajj stampede] - BBC News, February 1, 2004</ref>
| 2004
|-
|346
|Stampede during the ritual Al-Jamarat on the last day of the Hajj<ref name="bbc_hajj"/>
| 2006
|-
| 76
| Al Ghaza Hotel Collapse<ref>John Esterbrook - [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/06/world/main1182962.shtml Mecca Death Toll At 76: Deadly Building Collapse Mars Start Of Hajj] - CBS News, January 12, 2006</ref>
| 2006
|-
| 77
| Saudi floods<ref>Jason Ramsey - [http://topnews.us/content/28575-77-muslims-killed-while-performing-hajj-saudi-floods 77 Muslims killed while performing Hajj by Saudi floods] - Top News, November 27, 2009</ref>
| 2009
|-
| 5
| Swine Flu deaths at Hajj<ref>Edward Yeranian - [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Saudi-Health-Minister-Five-Swine-Flu-Deaths-During-Hajj-78091802.html Saudi Health Minister: Five Swine Flu Deaths During Hajj] - VOA News, November 29, 2009</ref>
| 2009
|}

;Other Muslim pilgrimage incidents:
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4199618.stm 2005: Iraq pilgrims stampede deaths near 1,000] (3rd most deadly stampede in history)

==Health and Hygiene==

One of the first hajj preperations for Muslim pilgrims include a vaccine against disease. The number of foreign pilgrims regularly number in the millions and the sheer number of people, as well as their close proximity to each other in crowded sites can spread quickly between the pilgrims. In 1987 an international outbreak of meningitis became a primary concern. Due to post-Hajj outbreaks globally of certain types of meningitis in previous years, it is now a visa requirement to be immunised with the ACW135Y vaccine before arrival. Other vaccines are also commonly issued with pilgrims often injected with several serums. If an outbreak were to occur on the road to Mecca, pilgrims could exacerbate the problem when they returned home and passed their infection on to others.<ref>Science correspondent, Ania Lichtarowicz - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2196598.stm Vaccine call for Hajj pilgrims] - BBC News, August 16, 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx More than 2.3 million pilgrims perform the Hajj this year] - Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia, December 30, 2006</ref>

Performing the Hajj is also a physically exerting exercise, and many of the weaker pilgrims have died from it. In 2011, twenty pregnant women suffered from miscarriages on the first day of the rituals because of exhaustion. Dr Walid Al Omari, director of the obstetrics and paediatrics hospital in Mecca said, "The miscarriages were caused mainly by fatigue as those women had to walk a long distance… another reason is they are surrounded by a large crowd and this makes them vulnerable to pushing and physical injury".<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/20-miscarriage-cases-in-haj-2011-11-05-1.426972|2=2011-11-05}} 20 miscarriage cases in Haj] - Emirates 24/7 News, November 5, 2011</ref>

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Paganism|Islam and Paganism}}
* [[Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World]]

==External links==
*[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices/hajj-pilgrimage.htm Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca] ''- For further information on the Hajj''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm Controversy in Egypt - Hajj and the kissing of the black stone are remnants of paganism]
*[http://undhimmi.com/2010/11/16/muslim-hajis-cry-death-to-america-and-death-to-israel-at-annual-pilgrimage/ Muslim Hajjis Cry ‘Death to America! and ‘Death to Israel!’ at Annual Pilgrimage]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]
[[bg:Хадж]]

List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad

2015-06-29T22:49:50Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The use of assassination to achieve political/religious goals has been important throughout the history of Arabia and [[Islam|Islamic]] expansion, and the very word "assassin"<ref>McCarthy, Kevin M., ''American Speech'', Volume 48, pp. 77–83</ref> has [[Arabic]] roots {{arabic|(حشّاشين). }}

This [[lists|list]] contains the results and reasons for the targeted killings and assassinations ordered or supported by Prophet [[Muhammad]], as well as the [[Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)|primary sources]] which mention these incidents.

==List of Killings==
 <center>{{legend|#EEEEEE|Ordered by Muhammad|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|#E3E3B6|Supported but not ordered by Muhammad|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#FFD4D4|Women and/or children|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#B6B6E3|Apostates|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#FFF3D4|Reasons including writing or reciting poetry|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#DEFFD4|Reasons including "causing offence"|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#D4F4FF|Reasons including monetary gain|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}</center> 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width ="330" | Reason(s) for Ordering or Supporting Killing
! width ="200" | Result
! width ="230" | Notable Primary Sources
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |'Asma' bint Marwan
| January 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
|style="background: #FFF3D4;" | Kill 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.}}</ref><ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref>
|
Asma' bint Marwan assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 130">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=130}}</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 210.</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 675-676.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 35"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
| Abu 'Afak
| February 624<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref>
|style="background: #FFF3D4;" | Kill the Jewish poet Abu Afak for opposing Muhammad through poetry<ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676"/><ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref>
|
Abu Afak assassinated<ref name="William Muir Elder and co 133">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YDwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=front|authors=William Muir |year=1861| publisher = Smith, Elder and co|page=133}}</ref><ref name="Muhammad pp. 675-676"/><ref name=Haddad>{{cite book|last=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Ellison Banks Findly|title=Women, religion, and social change|year=1985|publisher=SUNY Press|location=NewYork|isbn=0-88706-069-2|page=24}}</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 675.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>"''Then occurred the "sariyyah" of Salim Ibn Umayr al-Amri against Abu Afak, the Jew, in [the month of] Shawwal in the beginning of the twentieth month from the hijrah''" - Sa'd, Ibn (1967). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2.]'' Pakistan Historical Society. p. 31.</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
| Al Nadr ibn al-Harith
| After Battle of Badr March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274">Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Mubarakpuri, Al Nadir was captured during the Battle of Badr. A Qur'an verse was revealed ordering the execution of Nadr bin Harith, he was one of two prisoners who were executed and not allowed to be ransomed by their clans because he mocked and harassed Muhammad and wrote poems and stories criticizing him<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223">Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 223.</ref>
|
Nadr bin Harith beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
|
*{{Quran|83|13}}<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 162-163.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 162-163"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
| Uqba bin Abu Muayt
| After Battle of Badr March 624<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Uqba bin Abu Muayt was captured in the Battle of Badr and was killed instead of being ransomed, because he threw dead animal entrails on Muhammad, and wrapped his garmet around Muhammad's neck while he was praying<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
|
Uqba bin Abu Muayt beheaded by Asim ibn Thabbit or Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 274"/><ref name="Haykal 1976 Part 2 p 223"></ref>
|
*Sunan Abu Dawud no. 2680 (with commentary from Awnul Mabud 3/12)<ref>Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 274 (footnote 1).</ref>
*{{Bukhari|1|9|499}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 308.</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
| Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
| September 624<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=35|quote=SARIYYAH FOR SLAYING KA'B IBN AL-ASHRAF Then (occurred) the sariyyah for slaying Ka'b Ibn al-Ashraf, the Jew. It took place on 14 Rabi' al-Awwal (4. September AC 624))}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | author = Montgomery Watt, W. | editor = P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs | encyclopedia =Encyclopaedia of Islam Online| title = Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf| publisher = Brill Academic Publishers | id = ISSN 1573-3912}}</ref><ref name="stillman13">{{cite book | first=Norman | last=Stillman | title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book | publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America | location=Philadelphia | year=1979 |page=13}} ISBN 0827601166 p. 13.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".<ref>Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.</ref><ref name="online">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60tWdFK8C online])</ref>
|
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf assassinated<ref name="online"/>
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|369}}, {{muslim|19|4436}}
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
| Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq
| December 624<ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14">William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 14
</ref>

| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abu Rafi' ibn Abi Al-Huqaiq for mocking Muhammad with his poetry and for helping the troops of the Confederates by providing them with money and supplies<ref name="webcitation.org">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 204. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60uzg0jSV online])</ref><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
|
Abu Rafi assassinated<ref name="webcitation.org"/><ref name="Hegira Volume 4 p 14"></ref>
|
*{{Bukhari|4|52|264}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|370}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|371}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|372}} and more<ref>{{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|page=204}}</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 482. "THE KILLING OF SALLAM IBN ABU'L-HUQAYQ"</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA100|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=100}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
| Khalid ibn Sufyan
| 625<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 186-187. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref>

| Kill Khalid bin Sufyan, because there were reports he considered an attack on Medina and that he was inciting the people on Nakhla or Uranah to fight Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/><ref name="first great general 126">{{citation|title=Muhammad, Islam's first great general|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA126|first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
|isbn=9780806138602|page=126}}</ref>
|
Khalid ibn Sufyan assassinated<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/><ref name="first great general 126"></ref>
|
*Musnad Ahmad 3:496<ref>[http://www.sunnah.org/ibadaat/tawassul_3.htm Sunnah.org], says Ahmad 3:496, al-Waqidi 2:533, [http://archive.is/hqM8x archive]</ref>
*Abu Dawud, book 2 no.1244<ref>[http://www.hadithcollection.com/abudawud/234-Abu%20Dawud%20Book%2002.%20Prayer/15945-abu-dawud-book-002-hadith-number-1244.html Abu Dawud 2:1244], hadithcollection.com [http://www.webcitation.org/608IxocVe (archive)]</ref>
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 186-187"/>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=121}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klAKAQAAMAAJ&q|authors=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|year=2000|publisher=Garnet|isbn=978-1859640098|page=190}} </ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
| Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=34|quote=The expeditions to Hamra' al-Asad and Qatan (March and June 625)}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>

| Behead Abu 'Azzah 'Amr bin 'Abd Allah al-Jumahi because he was a prisoner of War captured during the Invasion of Hamra al-Asad, that Muhammad released once, but he took up arms against him again<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 183. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v0RdHwu online])</ref><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142">{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|pages=141–142}} pp. 141-142</ref>
|
Abu 'Azzah beheaded by Ali<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142"/>
|
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref name="Tabari 2008 141–142"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
| Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina"/>

| Kill Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah, because he was accused by Muhammad of being a spy. He went to Uthman (his cousin) for shelter, and Uthman arranged for his return to Mecca, but he stayed too long in Medina. After Muhammad heard he was still in Medina, he ordered his death<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 390.</ref>
|
Muawiyah bin Al Mugheerah captured and executed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 183"/><ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755-756 (footnotes).</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Al-Harith bin Suwayd al-Ansari
| March 625<ref name="Muhammad at Medina"/>
| Kill Al-Harith bin Suwayd<ref>De Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad, Darussalam, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC&pg=PA433 A Biography of the Prophet of Islam (Vol 1 & 2)], p. 433.</ref> because according to some Islamic traditions, Allah revealed Qur'an 3:86-8, which indicated that those who reject Islam after accepting it should be punished.<ref name="Ze'ev Maghen"/> Al-Harith bin Suwayd was a Muslim who fought in the Battle of Uhud and killed some Muslims, he then joined the Quraysh and left Islam. After being threatened with those verses, Al-Harith sent his brother to Muhammad to ask for his forgiveness.<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, pp. 25-26.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Asbab al-nuzul by al-Wahidi, Commentary of Quran 3:86, ([http://www.webcitation.org/61Bnjklqy online])</ref>
|
Conflicting reports
#Muhammad allowed his return but then decided to kill him. Al-Harith was beheaded by Uthman<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/><ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26"/>
#Allah revealed Qur'an 3:89 and Al-Harith repented and "became a good Muslim"<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.it/books?id=eZQH0xCYiaAC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=Al-Harith+bin+Suwayd+al-Ansari&source=bl&ots=7hmDxk25f0&sig=ghd1mLrN9L_R5o-6LNgdPyuZeEQ&hl=it&sa=X&ei=PLiyVOicH4jvaOCjgaAE&ved=0CCUQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= After Hardship Cometh Ease: The Jews as Backdrop for Muslim |publisher= Walter de Gruyter|author= Ze'ev Maghen|date= 2006|page=44|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>
|
*{{Quran-range|3|86|88}}<ref name="A. Rahman pp. 25-26"/><ref name="Ze'ev Maghen"/>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 755-756"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
| Abu Sufyan
| 627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242">{{cite book|last=Abū Khalīl|first=Shawqī |title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA242 Atlas of the Quran]|publisher= Dar-us-Salam|year=2003|isbn=978-9960897547|page=242}}</ref>

| Amr bin Umayyah al-Damri sent to assassinate Abu Sufyan (Quraysh leader)<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 211. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60v1IUE4A online])</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211"/>
|
3 polytheists killed by Muslims<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 211"/>
|
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref>{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=147}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Banu Qurayza tribe
| February–March 627<ref>{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| authors=William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2003|isbn=9780766177413|page=317}}</ref>

|
Attack Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wWxNMpU online])</ref><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21">{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA213| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}}([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 online])</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 461-464.</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Inamdar">{{citation|title=Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNDXAAAAMAAJ&q|authors=Subhash C. Inamdar|year=2001|publisher=Psychosocial Press|isbn=1887841288|page=166 (footnotes)}}</ref> One of Muhammad's companions decided that "the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children taken as captives". Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment,<ref name="Peters223"/><ref name="Stillman140"/><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah)|author= Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator)|isbn= 978-0-19-636033-1 |year=2005|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2002|pages=461–464}} pp. 461–464.</ref><ref name="Adil">Adil, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'', p. 395f.</ref><ref name="The life of Mahomet">{{citation|title= The life of Mahomet| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&printsec=frontcover| author= William Muir|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| year=2003| isbn=9780766177413|page=329}}</ref> after which all male members of the tribe who had reached puberty were beheaded<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref name="Kister 1990 p. 54">Kister (1990), Society and religion from Jāhiliyya to Islam, p. 54.</ref>
|
Muslims: 2 killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/> Non-Muslims:
#600-900 beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham) <ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 201-205"/><ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/><ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA201| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36</ref>
#All Males and 1 woman beheaded (Hadith)<ref>{{abudawud|14|2665}}</ref><ref>{{Bukhari|4|52|280}}</ref>
|
*{{quran|33|26}},<ref name="Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21"/> Qur'an 33:09 & 33:10<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jAHs9Wboz4gC&pg=PA194| authors=Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman |year=2009|publisher= MSA Publication Limited |pages=213|isbn= 9781861796110}} ([http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 online])</ref><ref>Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.</ref>
*{{abudawud|38|4390}}
*{{Bukhari|4|52|68}}, {{Bukhari|4|57|66}} and more
*Tabari, Volume 8, Victory of Islam<ref>{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504|pages=35–36}} pp. 35–36.</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
| Abdullah ibn Ubayy
| December 627<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/> (during Invasion of Banu Mustaliq<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 208-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> )
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Ubayy, who was accused by Muhammad of slandering his family by spreading false rumors about Aisha (his wife).<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 18 (Part 18): Al-Muminum 1 to Al-Furqan 20 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathīr, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXIMSE5E-soC&pg=PA77|year=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited
|isbn=9781861797223|pages=77}} </ref> His son offered to behead him<ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 209-210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
|isbn=978-8187746461|page=354}}</ref>
|
Muhammad calls off assassination and says to Umar "if I had had him (Abdullah bin Ubai) killed, a large number of dignitaries would have furiously hastened to fight for him"<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 210. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60wabZqtW online])</ref> Later he reveals a Quran verse forbidding Muslims from attending the funeral of disbelievers and "hypocrites"<ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bT8A7qQ-7ZoC&pg=PA490|page=490}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 10 (Part 10): Al-Anfal 41 To At-Tauba 92|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PL5jJ_ZOI0C&pg=PA221|first=Muhammad Saed | last=Rahman |year=2008 | publisher=MSA publication limited | isbn=9781861795786|page=221}}</ref>
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|462}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|462}}
*Ibn Hisham, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 210"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
| Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam
| February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/>

| Kill Al-Yusayr ibn Rizam because Muhammad heard that his group was preparing to attack him<ref name="William Muir p. 17">William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, p. 17</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 241. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>
|
30 killed by Muslims<ref name="William Muir p. 17"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 241"/>
|
*Tirmidhi no. 3923<ref>[http://www.box.net/shared/xvsxnaj7el Tirmidhi (Partial translation)], see no. 3923, p. 182.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>{{cite book|authors=Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=665|quote=Abdullah b. Rawaha's raid to kill al-Yusayr b. Rizam}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 15
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Eight men from 'Ukil
| February 628<ref name="Abū Khalīl 2003 242"/>

| Kill 8 men who came to him and converted to Islam, but then apostatized, killed one Muslim and drove off with Muhammad's camels<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19">William Muir, The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4, pp. 18-19.</ref>
|
Muslims: 1 killed Non-Muslims: 8 tortured to death<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19"/><ref>{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}</ref>
|
*{{Quran-range|5|33|39}}<ref name="William Muir pp. 18-19"/><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZmSQPIkTyN0C&pg=PA392 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Surai Madiah 5:39, "The Punishment of those who cause mischief in the Land"], and [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=5&tid=13751 Tafsir ibn Kathir, 5:39, Text version]</ref>
*{{Bukhari|1|4|234}}, {{Bukhari|5|59|505}}, {{Bukhari|7|71|623}} and more
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 16
| Rifa’ah bin Qays
| 629<ref>{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA123|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=123}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 242. ([http://www.webcitation.org/60y5XJmQz online])</ref>

| To kill Rifa’ah bin Qays, because Muhammad heard they were allegedly enticing the people of Qais to fight him<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 242"/>
|
1 beheaded,<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 671-672.</ref> 4 women captured by Muslims<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|page=151}}</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad pp. 671-672"/>
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Volume 8, Victory of Islam"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 17
| Abdullah bin Khatal
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333">{{citation|title=Muhammad: a prophet for all humanity|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC&pg=PT327
| first=Maulana |last=Wahid Khan|year=2002|publisher=Goodword |pages=327–333}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 254.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah bin Khatal for killing a slave and fleeing, as well and for reciting poems insulting Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
|
2 Muslims execute him, after finding him hiding under the curtains of the Ka'aba<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|582}}, {{Bukhari|3|29|72}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 551.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=174}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 18
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Fartana
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440">Hussain Haykal, The Life of Mohammed, p. 440.</ref>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Fartana (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to recite poems insulting Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/>
|
Fartana is killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="Hussain Haykal p. 440"/>
|
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 550.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 19
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Quraybah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Quraybah (a slave girl of Abdullah ibn Khatal), because she used to recite poems insulting Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Quraybah converts to Islam and is pardoned<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
|
*{{abudawud|14|2678}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 174"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 20
| Huwayrith ibn Nafidh
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |When Muhammad's daughters were fleeing Medina, he stabbed their camels, causing injuries. He was a poet who "disgraced and abused" Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68">S. A. Rahman, Punishment of Apostasy in Islam, p. 68.</ref>
|
Huwayrith ibn Nafidh killed<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/> by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 21
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Miqyas ibn Subabah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| Miqyas killed a Muslim who accidentally killed his brother, and escaped to Mecca and became an apostate by embracing polytheism<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/>
|
Miqyas killed<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 254"/><ref name="A. Rahman p. 68"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 22
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Sarah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Sarah, because Muhammad claimed that she used to molest him while he was in Mecca<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|
Conflicting reports:
#Ibn Ishaq reports that she embraced Islam but was killed later, during the time of Umar<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
#Tabari reports she was killed<ref name="books.google.com">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|page=79}}</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 23
| Harith ibn Hisham
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| Kill Harith ibn Hisham, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|
According to Ibn Sa'd, Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah and Harith ibn Hisham both sought refuge in a Muslim relatives house, the relative pleaded with Muhammad for mercy, so he pardoned them on the condition they embrace Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Sa'd 1967 179">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=179}}</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Sa'd 1967 179"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 24
| Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| Kill Zubayr ibn Abi Umayyah, reason unknown<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|
See above result<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 25
| Habbar Ibn al-Aswad bin Ka`b al-`Ansi
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Habbar ibn al-Aswad because he was a "liar",<ref name="The last years of the Prophet">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&pg=PA121|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=167}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}</ref> he claimed he was a Prophet<ref name="The last years of the Prophet"/>
|
Habbar ibn al-Aswad killed<ref name="The last years of the Prophet"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/>
|
*{{Bukhari|5|59|662}}, {{Bukhari|4|56|817}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="The last years of the Prophet">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|page=167}} ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&q|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=168}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 26
| Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Ikrimah ibn Abu Jahl, bcause he was hostile to Muhammad like his father Abu Jahl<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
|
Conflicting reports
#Ibn Ishaq says, his wife "became a Muslim and asked for immunity for him and the apostle gave it"<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
#Tabari says he was "eliminated"<ref name="http">{{citation|title= Volume 8, Victory of Islam|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sD8_ePcl1UoC&dq| authors=Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator)|year=1997|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791431504
|page=180}}</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 551"/>
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="http"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 27
| Wahshi ibn Harb
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| Kill Wahshi ibn Harb, for killing Muhammad's uncle during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Wahshi ibn Harb pardoned by Muhammad after he asks for forgiveness and offers to convert to Islam<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179">Ibn Sa'd, Syed Moinul Haq (translator), Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2, p. 179.</ref>
|
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref name="Ibn Sa'd p. 179"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 28
| Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Assassinate Ka'b ibn Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulama for writing satirical poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref>M. Th. Houtsma, E.J. Brill's first encyclopedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 584.</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 287.</ref><ref name="Muhammad p. 597">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 597.</ref>
|
Ibn Ishaq wrote that Muhammad said "Leave him alone, he has become a repentant Muslim after the disposal of his past.", so he was pardoned<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar p. 287"/><ref name="Muhammad p. 597"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 597"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 29
| Al-Harith bin al-Talatil
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |For mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Al-Harith bin al-Talatil is killed by Ali<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/><ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57">Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Trevor Le Gassick (translator), The life of the prophet Muḥammad: a translation of al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya, p. 57.</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Umar Ibn Kathīr p. 57"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 30
| Abdullah ibn Zib'ari
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Zib'ari, for writing insulting poems about Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Abdullah ibn Zib'ari repents and converts to Islam, so Muhammad pardoned him<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 31
| Hubayrah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| style="background: #FFF3D4;" |Kill Hubayrah, for mocking Muhammad through poetry<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Tabari Volume 39 states, Hubayrah "ran away when Mecca was conquered, and died in Najran as an infidel"<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
*Tabari, Volume 39, Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors<ref>{{citation|title=Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czSP046th6IC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Tabari, Ella Landau-Tasseron|year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=0791428192|page=196 (footnote 852)}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 32
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Hind bint Utbah
| During/after Conquest of Mecca (Jan 630)<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
| Kill Hind bint Utbah (wife of Abu Sufyan) for cutting out the heart of Muhammad's uncle Hamza after he died, during the Battle of Uhud<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
Tabari said, Hind "swore allegiance and became a Muslim.",<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181">Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, p. 181.</ref> she was pardoned by Muhammad<ref name="Wahid 327-333"/>
|
*{{abudawud|33|4153}}
*Tabari, Volume 8, History of Islam<ref name="Tabari, Michael Fishbein p. 181"/>
|-
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 33
| Amr ibn Jihash (convert to Islam)<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 44. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
| During the Invasion of Banu Nadir<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"/> (Aug 625)<ref>Tabari, The foundation of the community, p.161.</ref>
| According to Ibn Kathir and Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad said to Yamin bim Umayr, about Amr ibn Jash "Have you seen the way your cousin has treated me and what he proposed to do?"<ref name="Muhammad p. 438">Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 438.</ref><ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref> Muhammad accused him of trying to assassinate him<ref>Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 28 (Part 28): Al-Mujadila 1 to At-Tahrim 12 2nd Edition, p. 43. ([http://www.webcitation.org/61AAwJ3bW online])</ref>
|
Amr ibn Jihash is assassinated after a Muslim offers a reward for his killing<ref name="Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman p. 44"></ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 438"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 34
| King or Prince of Dumatul Jandal
| October 630<ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960897714|page=239}}</ref>
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" | Attack the chief of Duma for Jizyah and booty<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{citation|title=The last years of the Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XxG8BsHNw-MC&printsec=frontcover|authors=Al Tabari, Isma'il Qurban Husayn (translator)|year=25 Sep 1990|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0887066917|pages=58–59}} pp. 58–59. ([http://www.scribd.com/doc/44661705/Al-Tabari-The-Last-2-Years-of-the-Prophet-s-SAW-Life online])</ref><ref>Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 277.</ref>
|
1 killed, 2 taken captive<ref>{{cite book|last=Muir|first=William|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyIPouT4DqcC&pg=PA458|title=Life of Mahomet|date=10 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co|isbn=978-0766177413|pages=458–459}}</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|19|3031}}
*Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2<ref>{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title= Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|page=205}}</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 9, The last years of the Prophet<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 35
| Umaiya bin Khalaf Abi Safwan
| Unknown
| Kill Umaiya bin Khalaf, Muhammad's reason is unknown.<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=187}}. ISBN 9781568331126</ref> But Bilal wanted to kill him for torturing him<ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229">"''This Umayyah was Bilal's previous master who used to torture him by forcing him down to the ground''" - Muḥammad Ḥusayn Haykal, Ismaʼil R. Al-Faruqi, The life of Muḥammad: Volume 1976, Part 2, p. 229.</ref>
|
Umaiya bin Khalaf killed by Bilal<ref name="The life and times of Muhammad"/><ref name="Haykal, Ismaʼil R 1976, p. 229"/>
|
*{{Bukhari|4|56|826}}
|-
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 36
| style="background: #FFD4D4;" |Blind man's wife/concubine
| Unknown
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Muhammad supported this killing because the women insulted him<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348">{{Abudawud|38|4348}}</ref>
|
Blind Muslim kills his wife/concubine<ref name="617AvlDgL">[http://www.webcitation.org/617AvlDgL Ruling on one who insults the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)], Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 22809</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4348">{{abudawud|38|4348}}</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|38|4348}}
*Sunan al-Nasai no. 4081
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 37
| Ibn Sunayna
| Unknown
| Muhammad reportedly ordered his followers to "kill any Jew that falls into your power", Muhayissa heard this and went out to kill Ibn Sunayna (a Jew)<ref name="Jewish Publication Society">{{cite book|author=Norman A. Stillman|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA128|title=The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book|year=2003|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|page=128}} ISBN 9780827601987</ref><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|page=199}} ISBN 9781568331126</ref>
|
Ibn Sunayna killed by Muhayissa<ref name="Jewish Publication Society"/><ref name="Sir John Bagot Glubb">{{cite book|author=Sir John Bagot Glubb|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AMrXAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life and times of Muhammad|year=1998|publisher=Madison Books|9781568331126|page=199}}</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|19|2996}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 369.</ref>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 38
| style="background: #B6B6E3;" |Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad
| Unknown
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Kill Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad, because he became and apostate (left Islam) and fled to Mecca. He also claimed that he was the one who wrote the Qur'an and started to mock Muhammad, which made him angry<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131">{{citation|title=The life of Mahomet|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131 |first=Muir| last=Sir. William|year=1861 | publisher=Abe books|page=131}}</ref>
|
A misunderstanding leads to his pardoning. Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad was brought in front of Muhammad and offered his loyalty, Muhammad upheld his hand to indicate that his followers should kill him, but the Muslims thought he pardoned him.<ref name="Sir. William 1861 131"/> He said "Was not there a wise man among you who would stand up to him when he saw that I had withheld my hand from accepting his allegiance, and kill him?"<ref>{{abudawud|38|4346}}</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|38|4346}}
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref name="Muhammad p. 550"/>
|-
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 39
| Ibn an-Nawwahah
| Unknown
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |According to Ibn Kathir, Muhammad once said about Ibn an-Nawwahah "I would have cut off your head, if it was not that emissaries are not killed" because he claimed Musaylimah was a Prophet, so Abdullah ibn Masud killed Ibn an-Nawwahah when he was no longer an emissary<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379">Shaykh Safiur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr, Ṣafī al-Raḥmān Mubārakfūrī, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Volume 4), Volume 4, p. 379. ([http://www.webcitation.org/619xF7mgV online])</ref><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
|
Abdullah ibn Masud beheads Ibn an-Nawwahah<ref name="Mubarakpuri p. 379"/><ref name="abudawud 14 2756">{{abudawud|14|2756}}</ref>
|
*{{abudawud|14|2756}}
*Tabari, Volume 10, Conquest of Arabia<ref>{{citation|title=The conquest of Arabia|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VA5Uke7IpHkC&pg=PA16|first=Al|last=Tabari|year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press
|isbn=978-0791410714|page=107}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #E3E3B6;" | 40
| Blind Jew
| Unknown
| style="background: #DEFFD4;" |Muhammad's followers kill a blind Jew for throwing dust at his face<ref name="Sita Ram Goel p. 104">Sita Ram Goel, India. High Court (Calcutta, India), The Calcutta Quran petition, ISBN 8185990581, p. 104.</ref><ref name="Tabari 2008 112">{{citation|title=The foundation of the community|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ctvk-fdtklYC&pg=PA147|first=Al|last=Tabari |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0887063442|page=112}}</ref>
|
Blind Jew killed by Sa'd ibn Zayd<ref name="Sita Ram Goel p. 104"/><ref name="Tabari 2008 112"/>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, p. 372.</ref>
*Tabari, Volume 7, The foundation of the community<ref name="Tabari 2008 112"/>
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 41
| Nameless spy
| Unknown
| Kill a man Muhammad suspected of being a spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423">The Middle East: Abstracts and index, Part 1, p. 423.</ref><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
|
Salama bin Al-Akwa chases and kills the suspected spy<ref name="The Middle East p. 423"/><ref name="Bukhari 4 52 286">{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}</ref>
|
*{{Bukhari|4|52|286}}
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 42
| Man from Aslam tribe
| Unknown
| Kill a man from the Aslam tribe for Adultery<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9">Dr. Nabil A. Haroun, Islamic Books, ISBN 9773161277, Teach Yourself Islam, p. 9.</ref><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
|
Man from Aslam tribe stoned to death<ref name="Nabil A. Haroun p. 9"/><ref name="Abudawud 38 4414">{{Abudawud|38|4414}}</ref>
|
*{{Abudawud|38|4414}}
|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 43
| Kinana ibn al-Rabi
| July 628<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator), The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 755, 763.</ref>
| style="background: #D4F4FF;" |Torture Kinana ibn al-Rabi to find location of allegedly hidden treasure<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372">Mubarakpuri (1996), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, p. 372.</ref><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
|
Kinana ibn al-Rabi beheaded<ref name="Mubarakpuri 1996 p. 372"/><ref name="Watt W Montgomery 218">{{cite book|author=Watt, W. Montgomery|title=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ Muhammad at Medina]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=218}} ([http://www.archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
|
*Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah<ref>Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator). 1956. The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq’s Sīrat rasūl Allāh, pp. 145-146.</ref>
|} 

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Lists|Lists}}
{{Hub4|Muhammad|Muhammad}}

{{Template:Translation-links-english|[[Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад|Bulgarian]], [[Seznam vrazd narizenych nebo podporovanych Mohamedem|Czech]], [[Lista di Uccisioni Ordinati o Sotenuti da Maometto|Italian]], [[Lista de asesinatos ordenados o apoyados por Mahoma|Spanish]]}}

==External Links==

*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/alshifa/pt4ch1sec2.htm|2=2012-08-25}} The proof of the necessity of killing anyone who curses the Prophet or finds fault with him] ''- Muslim website''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.reddit.com/r/exmuslim/comments/tql65/full_rejoinder_to_balqis_rebuttal_of_wikiislam/|2=2012-09-10}} Full rejoinder to Balqis' rebuttal of WikiIslam Assassination List] ''- r/exmuslim user responds to objections raised by apologists''

==Main Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|title=When the Moon Split|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xJL6gxPUV4EC&pg=PA147| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri |year=2002|publisher=DarusSalam|isbn=978-9960-897-28-8}}
* {{citation|title=The Sealed Nectar|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&printsec=frontcover| first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications}}. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
* {{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA244 | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb|first=Imam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&printsec=frontcover|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960-897-71-4}}
* {{citation|title= The life of Mahomet and history of Islam to the era of the Hegira, Volume 4|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover| first=William|last=Muir|year=August 1878|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co|year=1861}}
*{{citation|title=The Life of Mohammed|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover| first=Hussain|last=Haykal|year=1994|publisher=Islamic Book Trust
|isbn=978-8187746461}}
*{{citation|title=Muhammad, Islams first general|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C&pg=PA198| first=Richard A. |last=Gabriel |year=2008|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press
|isbn=9780806138602}}
*{{cite book|last=Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb|first=Imam|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC&printsec=frontcover|title=Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād|year=2003|publisher=Darussalam publishers Ltd|isbn=978-9960897189}}
*{{cite book|last=Ibn Hisham, Ibn Ishaq|first=Alfred Guillaume (translator)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w7tuAAAAMAAJ&q|title=The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[bg:Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад]]

List of Muhammads Wives and Concubines

2015-06-29T22:47:22Z

Damaskin: /* References */

According to Anas ibn Malik, the Prophet [[Muhammad]] used to visit all eleven of his [[Muhammad's Wives|wives]] in one night; but he could manage this, as he had the [[Sex|sexual]] prowess of thirty men.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|5|268}}. See also {{Bukhari|7|62|142}}.</ref> The historian Al-[[Tabari]] calculated that Muhammad [[Marriage|married]] a total of fifteen [[Islam and Women|women]], though only ever eleven at one time; and two of these marriages were never consummated.<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 126-127}}.</ref> This tally of fifteen does not include at least four concubines. According to Merriam-Webster, a concubine is “a woman with whom a man cohabits without being married”, and has a “social status in a household below that of a wife.”<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concubine|2=2011-09-28}} Concubine] – Merriam-Webster, accessed September 28, 2011</ref> All of Muhammad’s concubines were his [[Slavery|slaves]]. Al-Tabari also excludes from the fifteen several other women with whom Muhammad had some kind of marriage contract but who, due to legal technicalities, never became full wives. It is fairly certain, however, that none of these unions was ever consummated. They were the cultural equivalent of a broken engagement. Finally, there were several other women whom Muhammad wished to marry, or whom he was invited to marry, but for various reasons he did not.

==Lists==

The following [[lists]] of women in Muhammad’s life are based on the Islamic sources. Because there were so many women, some of whom had only a very brief association with him, it is possible that this number still falls short of the real total.

===Wives and Concubines===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="65" | Status
! width ="65" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable Early Sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|[[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]
|Married
|July 595.
|She was a wealthy merchant from Mecca who employed the 24-year-old Muhammad and then proposed marriage. She was the mother of six of his children and a key character in the earliest development of Islam. She was Muhammad's only wife as long as she lived. She died in April 620.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 82-83, 106-107, 111, 113-114, 160-161, 191, 313-314.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 127-128}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 3-4}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:9-12, 39, 151-152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|Sawda bint Zam'a
|Married, though with limited rights.
|May 620.
|She was a tanner who had been an early convert to Islam. Muhammad married her at a time when he was unpopular and bankrupt. He considered divorcing her when, as the oldest and plainest of his wives (described as "fat and very slow"), she no longer attracted him, but she persuaded him to keep her in the house in exchange for never sleeping with her again (she gave up her turn to Aisha).
|
*Bukhari<ref>{{Bukhari|2|26|740}}.</ref>
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 148, 309, 530.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 128-130}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 169-170}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:39-42, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Aisha bint Abi Bakr
|Married
|Contracted May 620 but first consummated in April or May 623.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's best friend and head evangelist Abu Bakr. Muhammad selected the six-year-old Aisha in preference to her teenaged sister, and she remained his favourite wife. She contributed a major body of information to Islamic law and history. The paedophilic aspect of this relationship has institutionalised such marriages within Islam.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 116, 223, 279-280, 311, 457, 464-465, 468, 493-499, 522, 535-536, 544, 649-650, 667, 678-688.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 128-131}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 171-174}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:43-56, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|Hafsa bint Umar
|Married
|January or February 625.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's wealthy friend Umar. Hafsa was the custodian of the autograph-text of the Qur'an, which was actually somewhat different from the standard Qur'an of today.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 218, 301, 679.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 131-132}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 174-175}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:56-60, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Zaynab bint Khuzayma
|Married
|February or March 625.
|She was a middle-class widow known as "Mother of the Poor" because of her commitment to charity work. She died in October 625.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 63-64}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:82, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Hind (Umm Salama) bint Abi Umayya
|Married
|April 626.
|An attractive widow with four young children, Hind had been rejected by her aristocratic family in Mecca because they were so hostile to Islam. Her tact and practical wisdom sometimes mitigated Muhammad's cruelties. She was a notable teacher of Islamic law and a partisan of Ali.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 146, 147, 150-153, 167-169, 213-214, 462, 529, 536, 546, 589, 680.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 132}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 175-177}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:61-67, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Zaynab bint Jahsh
|Married
|March 627.
|An early convert to Islam, Zaynab was the wife of Muhammad's adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah. She was also the Prophet's biological cousin. When Muhammad became infatuated with Zaynab, Zayd was pressured into a divorce. To justify marrying her, Muhammad announced new revelations that (1) an adopted son did not count as a real son, so Zaynab was not his daughter-in-law, and (2) as a prophet, he was allowed more than the standard four wives. Zaynab excelled at leather-crafts.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 215, 495.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 134}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 180-182}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:72-81, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Rayhana bint Zayd ibn Amr
|Sexual slavery
|May 627.
|Her first husband was one of the 600-900 Qurayza men whom Muhammad beheaded in April 627. He enslaved all the women and selected Rayhana for himself because she was the most beautiful. When she refused to marry him, he kept her as a concubine instead. She died shortly before Muhammad in 632.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 137, 141}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 164-165}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:92-94, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith
|Married
|January 628.
|The daughter of an Arab chief, she was taken prisoner when Muhammad attacked her tribe. Muhammad did not make a habit of marrying his war-captives, but Aisha claimed that Juwayriyah was so beautiful that men always fell in love with her at first sight.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 490-493.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 133}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 182-184}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:83-85, 152.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Ramlah (Umm Habiba) bint Abi Sufyan
|Married
|July 628 (following a proxy wedding earlier in the year)
|She was a daughter of Abu Sufyan, the Meccan chief who led the resistance against Muhammad, but she had been a teenaged convert to Islam. This marriage offset some of Muhammad's political humiliation in the Treaty of Hudaybiya by demonstrating that he could command the loyalty of his adversary's own daughter. Ramlah was devoted to Muhammad and quick to pick quarrels with people who were not.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 146, 527-528, 529, 543.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 133-134}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 177-180}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:68-71, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
|[[Safiyah|Safiyah bint Huyayy]]
|Married
|July 628.
|She was the beautiful daughter of a Jewish chief, Huyayy ibn Akhtab. Muhammad married her on the day he defeated the last Jewish tribe in Arabia, only hours after he had supervised the slaying of Kinana her second husband. His earlier victims had included her father, brother, first husband, three uncles and several cousins. This marriage was of no benefit to Safiyah's defeated tribe, who were banished from Arabia a few years later; its real political significance was that Safiyah's presence in Muhammad's household was an open demonstration that he had defeated the Jews.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 241-242, 511, 514-515, 516-517, 520.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 134-135}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 184-185}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:85-92, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
|Maymunah bint Al-Harith
|Married
|February 629.
|She was a middle-class widow from Mecca who proposed marriage to Muhammad. A placid woman who kept a very tidy house, Maymunah was completely obsessed with rules and rituals.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 531, 679-680.</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 135}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 185-186}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:94-99, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
|[[Mariyah the Sex Slave of the Holy Prophet|Mariyah bint Shamoon al-Quptiya]]
|Sexual slavery
|c. June 629.
|She was one of several slaves whom the Governor of Egypt sent as a present to Muhammad. He kept her as a concubine despite the objections of his official wives, who feared her beauty. Mariyah bore Muhammad a son, Ibrahim.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 653.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 137, 141}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 193-195}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:148-151.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
|Mulayka bint Kaab
|Divorced
|January 630.
|Her family resisted the Muslim invasion of Mecca. Needing to appease the conqueror, they gave him the beautiful Mulayka as a bride. When she realised that Muhammad's army had killed her father, she demanded a divorce, which he granted her. She died a few weeks later.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|39|p. 165}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106, 154.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 15
|Fatima ''al-Aliya'' bint Zabyan ''al-Dahhak''
|Divorced
|February or March 630.
|She was the daughter of a minor chief who had converted to Islam. Muhammad divorced her after only a few weeks "because she peeked at men in the mosque courtyard." Fatima had to work for the rest of her life as a dung-collector, and she outlived all Muhammad's widows.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 186-188}}. Despite the confusion over the name, she is probably also the woman referred to in {{Tabari|9|pp. 136-137}} and the “Fatima bint Shurayh” of {{Tabari|9|p. 139}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 16
|Asma bint Al-Numan
|Divorced
|June or July 630.
|She was a princess from Yemen whose family hoped the marriage alliance would ward off a military invasion from Medina. But Muhammad divorced her before consummation after Aisha tricked her into reciting the divorce formula. Asma later married a brother of Umm Salama.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Amra bint Yazid).</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|39|pp. 188-191}}. She is mentioned in {{Tabari|9|pp. 128-130}} but has apparently been partly confused with Amra bint Yazid.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:101-105, 153.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 17
|''Al-Jariya''
|Sexual slavery
|After 627.
|She was a domestic slave belonging to Zaynab bint Jahsh, who made Muhammad a present of her. She seems to have been an "unofficial" concubine who did not have a regular turn on his roster.
|
*Ibn al-Qayyim<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim, ''Za’d al-Ma’ad'' 1:114.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 18
|Amra bint Yazid
|Divorced
|c. 631.
|She was a Bedouin of no political importance. Muhammad divorced her before consummation when he saw she had symptoms of leprosy.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref>
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 187-188}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 19
|Tukana al-Quraziya
|Sexual slavery
|Unknown, but probably in the last months of Muhammad's life.
|She was a member of the defeated Qurayza tribe whom Muhammad selected as one of his personal slaves. She appears to have been another "unofficial" concubine without a regular turn on the roster. After Muhammad's death, she married Abbas.
|
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/54.htm/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:52].</ref>
*Ibn al-Qayyim.<ref>Ibn al-Qayyim, ''Zaad al-Ma’ad'' 1:114.</ref>
|} 

===Engagements and Broken Contracts===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable early sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|Ghaziya (Umm Sharik) bint Jabir
|Early 627.
|She was a poor widow with dependent children. She sent Muhammad a proposal of marriage, and he agreed to the contract. However, when he met her in person, he saw that, although attractive, she was "old", and he divorced her immediately. She never remarried.
|
*Ibn Hisham<ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111-114.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|Khawla bint Hudhayl
|Probably mid- or late-627.
|She was a princess from the powerful Christian Taghlib tribe in northern Arabia. Her uncle arranged the marriage, which was expected to be politically advantageous on both sides. Muhammad signed the contract, but Khawla died on her journey to Medina, before they met in person.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 166}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:116.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Sharaf bint Khalifa
|Probably mid- or late-627.
|She was an aunt of Khawla bint Hudhayl (above). After Khawla's death, the family tried to substitute Sharaf. In one tradition, Sharaf also died before consummation. In another tradition, Muhammad changed his mind and broke off the contract.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 138}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:116-117.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|Layla bint al-Khutaym
|After 627.
|One of the first converts in Medina, Layla asked Muhammad to marry her so that her clan, the Zafar, would be the most closely allied to the Prophet. He agreed. However, Layla's family warned her that she was too "jealous and whip-tongued" to adapt well to polygamy, which would cause political problems for the whole community. Under this pressure, Layla broke off the engagement.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:7, 108-109, 231.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Umm Habib bint Al-Abbas
|After March 630.
|She was Muhammad's cousin. He saw her as a baby crawling around and remarked, "If I am alive when she grows up, I will marry her." He changed his mind when he found out that her father had been his foster-brother and died soon afterwards.
|
*Ibn Ishaq.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 311.</ref>
*Al-Tabari.<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd.<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:36.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Sana ''al-Nashat'' bint Rifaa (Asma) ibn As-Salt
|c. April 630.
|She was the daughter of a Muslim warrior who hoped to advance his career by becoming Muhammad's father-in-law. Muhammad signed the contract, but Sana died before the marriage could be consummated.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 135-136}}; {{Tabari|39|p. 166}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106-107.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Umra bint Rifaa
|c. May 630.
|She was the sister of Sana (above). After Sana died, their father tried to interest Muhammad in Umra. At first he agreed, but he later changed his mind, ostensibly because Rifaa boasted that Umra "has never known a day's illness in her life."
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:107.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Bint Jundub ibn Damra of Janda’a
|Unknown.
|Nothing is known about this woman except that Muhammad contracted marriage with her but divorced her before consummation.
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:106.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Jamra bint Al-Harith
|c. 631
|She proposed marriage to Muhammad, and he accepted. Her father informed him that she suffered from a serious disease, whereupon Muhammad broke off the engagement. According to the Muslim chroniclers, her father arrived home only to find that she really had been afflicted with leprosy.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 140-141}}</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Al-Shanba’ bint Amr
|January 632.
|She was from a Bedouin tribe who appeared friendly to Muhammad but who had also been friends of the [[Qurayza]] tribe. Al-Shanba’ insulted Muhammad on the first day by implying that he was not a true prophet, and he divorced her immediately.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 136}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 11
|Qutayla (Habla) bint Qays
|May 632.
|She was a cousin of Asma bint Al-Numan, and the Yemenites sent her to Muhammad as a substitute bride. He signed the marriage contract but he died before Qutayla arrived in Medina. As soon as she heard that he was dead, she apostated from Islam. Soon afterwards she married an Arab chief who was a leader in the Apostasy Wars.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|pp. 138-139}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:105.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 12
|Mary, mother of Jesus
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to the Virgin Mary, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an refers several times to Mary, praising her chastity and affirming the virgin birth of Jesus. Muhammad said she lived in a beautiful jewelled palace in Paradise next to Khadijah's.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|3|33|51}}; {{Quran-range|19|16|40}}; {{Quran|21|91}}; {{Quran|66|12}}.</ref>
*Bukhari<ref>[http://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=91&number=633/ Sahih Bukhari 4:55:642]. {{Bukhari|5|58|163}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|31|5965}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 13
|Queen Asiya of Egypt
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad said that Allah had wedded him in Heaven to Queen Asiya, who was one of the four perfect women. The Qur'an tells how Asiya rescued the infant Moses from the evil Pharaoh, and how Pharaoh later tortured his wife to death for her monotheism. Muhammad said that Asiya's palace in Heaven was on the other side of Khadijah's.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|28|4|13}}; {{Quran|66|11}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|31|5966}}.</ref>
*Ibn Kathir<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1298&Itemid=122/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|66|11}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 14
|Kulthum bint Amram
|The Afterlife.
|Muhammad originally believed that Maryam the sister of Moses and Maryam the mother of Jesus were one and the same. When he realised his mistake, he apparently over-corrected by deciding that Moses' sister was not even named Maryam. He renamed her Kulthum ("Chubby Cheeks") and said that Allah had wedded her to him in Heaven. He did not say that she was a perfect woman or that she lived next to Khadijah.
|
*Qur'an<ref>{{Quran-range|19|27|28}}.</ref>
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|5|326}}.</ref>
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:26].</ref>

|} 

===Refused Proposals===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! width ="10" | No.
! width ="280" | Name
! width ="130" | Date
! width ="330" | Details
! width ="130" | Notable early sources

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 1
|Fakhita (Umm Hani) bint Abi Talib
|before 595;
January 630;

c. 631
|Muhammad proposed to his cousin Fakhita, but her father married her off to a wealthy Makhzumite poet.

Nearly forty years later, after Muhammad conquered Mecca, Fakhita's husband fled rather than convert to Islam, causing an automatic divorce. Muhammad proposed to Fakhita again, but she refused, saying she could not be equally fair to a new husband and her young children.

Later still, Fakhita came to Muhammad, saying her children had grown up and she was finally ready to marry him; but he said she was too late.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 181, 184, 404-405, 551-552, 557, 689.</ref>
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}; {{Tabari|39|pp. 170-171}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:109-110.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 2
|“As Many Wives as You Want”
|c.618-619.
|The chiefs of Mecca offered Muhammad "as many wives as you want in marriage," together with wealth, political power and the services of a competent exorcist, if only he would stop insulting their gods. Muhammad refused this offer, which was made while Khadijah was still alive.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|6|pp. 106-107}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 3
|Habiba bint Sahl
|c. 623.
|Habiba was a prominent member of the Najjar clan in Medina. When the chief died with no obvious heir, Muhammad proposed to Habiba. His companions warned him that the women of Medina were not used to polygamy and that the men were very jealous for the happiness of their daughters; if this marriage turned out badly, key citizens might withdraw their support from Islam. Muhammad retracted his proposal, but the Najjar clan made him their chief anyway.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 235.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:288-289.</ref>
*Abu Dawud<ref>{{Abudawud|12|2219}}; {{Abudawud|12|2220}}; {{Abudawud|12|2221}}.</ref>
*Muwatta<ref>{{Muwatta|20|10|31}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 4
|''Al-Ansariya''
|After 625.
|This unnamed woman proposed to Muhammad in Hafsa's presence. Hafsa decried the shame of a woman who would throw herself at a man, but Muhammad retorted, "She is better than you because she wanted me while you only find fault." He refused the proposal, but promised the woman a reward in Paradise for asking.

In fact several ''ansar'' women are said to have proposed to Muhammad; while this example is anonymous, it clearly refers to a woman who is distinct from Layla bint Khutaym.
|
*Majlisi<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol2-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/54.htm/ Majlisi, ''Hayat al-Qulub'' 2:52].</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 5
|Khawla bint Hakim
|After 627.
|This is the same Khawla bint Hakim who arranged Muhammad's marriages to Aisha and Sawda. Her first husband was Hafsa's uncle, and their elder son fought at Badr. After being widowed, Khawla asked Muhammad to marry her, but he refused without giving a reason. However, he found her a new husband the same day.
|
*Ibn Ishaq<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 590</ref>
*Bukhari<ref>{{Bukhari|7|62|24}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|58}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|63}}; {{Bukhari|7|62|66}}.</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:114.</ref>
*Ibn Kathir<ref>[http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1839&Itemid=89/ Ibn Kathir, ''Tafsir''] on {{Quran|33|50}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 6
|Dubaa bint Amir
|After 627.
|Dubaa was a wealthy noblewoman to whom Muhammad sent a marriage proposal when he heard about her beautiful long hair that filled a whole room when she sat down. But by the time she accepted him, he had been advised that she was “elderly” (her grown-up son had been born from her third marriage) so he retracted his proposal before he had even met her.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:111.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 7
|Izza bint Abi Sufyan
|After July 628.
|She was the sister of Muhammad’s wife Ramlah. Ramlah proposed Izza as a bride, "since, as I cannot be your only wife, I would like to share my good fortune with my sister." But Muhammad said he could not marry two sisters concurrently.
|
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|8|3412}}; {{Muslim|8|3413}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 8
|Durrah bint Abi Salama
|After July 628.
|She was the daughter of Muhammad's wife Hind. Another wife, Ramlah, noticed that Muhammad admired Durrah and asked if he intended to marry her. He replied that he could not marry his stepdaughter; and besides, her father had been his foster-brother. On the day Muhammad died, Durrah was only six years old.
|
*Muslim<ref>{{Muslim|8|3412}}; {{Muslim|8|3413}}.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 9
|Umama bint Hamza
|After March 630.
|She was Muhammad's cousin and said to be the prettiest girl in the family. Ali proposed her as a bride while she was still a child, but Muhammad said that he could not marry her because her father had been his foster-brother. She later married his stepson, Salama ibn Abi Salama.
|
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:115-116.</ref>

|-
! style="background: #EEEEEE;" | 10
|Safiyah bint Bashshama
|September 630.
|She was a war-captive from Mesopotamia. Muhammad asked her to marry him, but when she said she wanted to return to her husband, he allowed her family to ransom her. It is said that her family cursed her for placing her personal happiness above the political needs of the tribe.
|
*Al-Tabari<ref>{{Tabari|9|p. 140}}</ref>
*Ibn Sa'd<ref>Bewley/Saad 8:109-111.</ref>

|} 

{{Core Women}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Lists|Lists}}
{{Hub4|Muhammad's Wives|Muhammad's wives and concubines}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Списък с жените и наложничките на Мухаммад|Bulgarian]], [[Lista delle Mogli e Concubine di Maometto|Italian]]}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
{{page_title|List of Muhammad's Wives and Concubines}}
[[bg:Списък с жените и наложничките на Мухаммад]]

Salaf al-Salih (Pious Predecessors)

2015-06-29T22:30:15Z

Damaskin: /* External Links */

'''Salaf''' is an [[Arabic]] noun which translates to "predecessor", or "forefather". In [[Islam]] it refers to the first three generations of Muslims, the so-called "Pious Predecessors".

According to Prophet [[Muhammad]], the [[Sahabah]] ("Companions"), [[Tabi'un]] ("Followers"), and [[Tabi' al-Tabi'un]] ("Those after the Followers") are among the [[Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Islamic_Theology#The_First_3_Generations_of_Muslims_are_the_Best_Muslims|best generation of Muslims]] on Earth, and are therefore seen by the vast majority of today's Muslims as a model for how Islam should be practiced.

Salafis (or "Wahhabis") are not a part of a deviant or [[Bid'ah|innovative]] Islamic sect, but strict [[Sunni|orthodox]] followers of the [[Qur'an]] and [[Sunnah]].

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Salaf|the Salaf}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Салаф_-_определение|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080304023423/http://al-ibaanah.com/articles.php?ArtID=97 Why the word Salafee?]

[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Muslims]]
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]
[[bg:Салаф (определение)]]
[[ru:Саляф (определение)]]

The Farewell Sermon

2015-06-29T22:20:04Z

Damaskin: /* External Links */

<metadesc>The authentic (sourced) version of Prophet Muhammad's Farewell Sermon, advocating wife beating and comparing women to animals.</metadesc>
'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death|his death]] in 632 CE. In this authentic sourced version of the sermon (unlike the popular yet [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon|fraudulent version]] which has no source) Muhammed's order to [[Wife Beating|beat women]] coincide with the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] order of wife-beating in 4:34. He also compares women to domestic [[animals]].

==Text of Farewell Sermon==

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|pp. 112-113}}|O people, listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you again in this place after this year. O people, your blood and your property are sacrosanct until you meet your Lord, just as this day and this month of yours are sacred. Surely you will meet your Lord and He will question you about your deeds. I have [already] made this known. Let he who has a pledge return it to the one who entrusted him with it; all usury is abolished, but your capital belongs to you. Wrong not and you shall not be wronged. Allah has decreed that there will be no usury, and the usury of Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib is abolished, all of it. All blood shed in the pre-Islamic days is to be left unavenged. The first such claim I revoke is that of Ibn Rabiah b. al-Harith b. Abd al-Muttalib, who was nursed among the Banu Layth and was slain by the Banu Hudhayl. His is the first blood shed in the pre-Islamic days with which I shall set an example. O people, indeed Satan despairs of ever being worshipped in this land of yours. He will be pleased, however, if he is obeyed in a thing other than that, in matters you minimize. So beware of him in your religion, O people, intercalculating a month is an increase in unbelief whereby the unbelievers go astray; one year they make it profane, and hallow it another [in order] to agree with the number that Allah has hallowed, and so profane what Allah has hallowed, and hallow what Allah has made profane. Time has completed its cycle [and is] as it was on the day that Allah created the heavens and the earth. The number of the months with Allah is twelve; [they were] in the Book of Allah on the day He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are sacred, the three consecutive [months] and the Rajab [which is the month of] Mudar, which is between Jumada and Sha’ban. Now then, O people, you have a right over your wives and they have a right over you. You have [the right] that they should not cause anyone of whom you dislike to tread on your beds; and that they should not commit any open indecency. '''If they do, then Allah permits you to shut them in separate rooms and to beat them''', but not severely. If they abstain from [evil], they have the right to their food and clothing in accordance with the custom. Treat women well, '''for they are [like] domestic animals with you and do not possess anything for themselves.''' You have taken them only as a trust from Allah, and you have made the enjoyment of their persons lawful by the word of Allah, so understand and listen to my words, O people. I have conveyed the Message, and have left you with something which, if you hold fast to it, you will never go astray; that is, the Book of Allah and the sunnah of his Prophet. Listen to my words, O people, for I have conveyed the Message and understand [it]. Know for certain that every Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, and that all Muslims are brethren. It is not lawful for a person [to take] from his brother except that which he has given him willingly, so do not wrong yourselves. O Allah, have I not conveyed the message?}}

==Related Text==

{{Quote|Al-Tirmidhi Hadith, Number 104|Narrated Amr ibn al-Ahwas al-Jushami: Amr heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) say in his farewell address on the eve of his Last Pilgrimage, after he had glorified and praised Allah, he cautioned his followers: "Listen! Treat women kindly; '''they are like prisoners in your hands.''' Beyond this you do not owe anything from them. Should they be guilty of flagrant misbehaviour, you may remove them from your beds, and '''beat them''' but do not inflict upon them any severe punishment. Then if they obey you, do not have recourse to anything else against them. Listen! You have your rights upon your wives and they have their rights upon you. Your right is that they shall not allow anyone you dislike, to trample your bed and do not permit those whom you dislike to enter your home. Their right is that you should treat them well in the matter of food and clothing."}}

{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1851}}|It was narrated that:

Sulaiman bin Amr bin Ahwas said: “My father told me that he was present on the Farewell pilgrimage with the Messenger of Allah. He praised and glorified Allah, and reminder and exhorted (the people). The he said: 'I enjoin good treatment of women, for '''they are prisoners with you''', and you have no right to treat them otherwise, unless they commit clear indecency. If they do that, then '''forsake them in their beds and hit them''', but without causing injury or leaving a mark if they obey you, then do not seek means of annoyance against them. You have rights over your women and you women have rights over you. Your rights over you women are that they are not to allow anyone whom you dislike on treat on your bedding (furniture), not allow anyone whom you dislike to enter your houses. And their right over you are that should treat them kindly with regard to their clothing and food.' ” (Sahih)}}

{{Quote|Sirat Rasul Allah, p. 651|You have rights over your wives and they have rights over you. You have the right that they should not defile your bed and that they should not behave with open unseemliness. '''If they do, God allows you to put them in separate rooms and beat them''' but not with severity. If they refrain from these things they have the right to their food and clothing with kindness. Lay injunctions on women kindly, '''for they are prisoners with you having no control of their persons.''' You have taken them as a trust from God, and you have the enjoyment of their persons by the words of God, so understand…}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|4|34}}|Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, '''and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them'''; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High, Great.}}

{{Core Women}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Farewell Sermon|the Farewell Sermon}}
{{Hub4|Violence Against Women|Violence Against Women}}

==External Links==

*{{external link| url = http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:fraudulent-translation-of-muhammad-last-sermon-egalitarian&catid=89:other-authors&Itemid=58| title = Fraudulent Translation of Muhammad's 'Last Sermon' to Make It Egalitarian| publisher = [[Islam Watch]]| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-watch.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D134%3Afraudulent-translation-of-muhammad-last-sermon-egalitarian%26catid%3D89%3Aother-authors%26Itemid%3D58&date=2013-08-05| deadurl = no}}
*{{external link| url = http://bjhollingum.blogspot.com/2010/05/farewell-sermon.html| title = The Farewell Sermon| publisher = Blog post discussing the "sources" provided for the alternative Farewell Sermon| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://bjhollingum.blogspot.com/2010/05/farewell-sermon.html&date=2011-03-01| deadurl = no}}
*{{external link| url = http://staringattheview.blogspot.com/2013/07/muhammads-last-sermon.html| title = Muhammad's Last Sermon| publisher = Staring At The View| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstaringattheview.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fmuhammads-last-sermon.html&date=2013-08-05| deadurl = no}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[bg:Прощалната проповед на Мухаммад]]
[[ru:Прощальная_проповедь_Мухаммеда]]

Islamic Attire and Health

2015-06-29T11:47:00Z

Damaskin: /* References */

<metadesc>Ill health effects of Islamic Dress in relation to Vitamin D levels.</metadesc>
[[File:Burqa9.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Burqa, an example of "full hijab", can contribute significantly to certain health problems (''[[Images:Hijab|more images]]'').]]
This article discusses the potential [[health]] effects for [[Islam and Women|women]] who observe [[Hijab]].
==Hijab==

The majority of female Muslims worldwide, following the [[Islam|Islamic]] requirement of observing Hijab, wear some form of Islamic dress. This ranges anywhere from wearing a simple head covering, to the burqa (a form of "full hijab"), which covers almost all exposed skin.

Full hijab can consist of the following elements:

*Jilbāb; this refers to any long and loose-fitting coat or garment worn by women.
*Khimar; a scarf or wrap, often referred to simply as 'hijab', used to cover the head and neck.
*Niqāb; a piece of cloth which veils the face.

Some Muslim jurists regard the wearing of a niqab as [[fard|wajib]] (mandatory), while others believe it is mustahab (favored by [[Allah]]).<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://islamic-world.net/sister/hijab_in_quran.htm|2=2011-07-03}} Hijab In The Al-Quran And Sunnah] - Khalifah Institute, accessed July 3, 2011</ref>

==Health Effects==

There is concern among the medical community about some of the health effects of the extreme styles of Islamic dress, with the main issues arising from Vitamin D deficiency due to lack skin exposed to UV light. It has been established by credible scientific evidence that almost all women who observe the full hijab are chronically deficient in Vitamin D.<ref>Mishal, A.A., Effects of Different Dress Styles on Vitamin D Levels in Healthy Young Jordanian Women. Osteoporosis International, 2001. 12(11): p. 931-935.</ref> Vitamin D is a vital nutrient and deficiency of this kind can lead to various diseases.

===Vitamin D Deficiency===

Vitamin D is fat soluble vitamin which is an essential nutrient for human health.<ref>Moan, J. and A. Juzeniene, Solar radiation and human health. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B:Biology, 2010: p. 109-110.</ref><ref>Bandgar, T.R., Vitamin d and hip fractures: Indian scenario. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2010. 58(9): p. 535-537.</ref> Vitamin D is synthesised when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the human skin triggering a series of reactions, it is by this method that a vast majority of a persons daily intake of Vitamin D is produced. It is naturally absent in significant quantities in almost all food items commonly consumed, with a very few select foods containing appreciable amounts and very few consumer products being fortified with it.<ref>Office of Dietary Supplements - National Institutes of Health. [http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind/ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D.] 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.</ref>

The main role of Vitamin D in the body is to regulate the correct amounts of calcium present in the blood. This vitamin aids in the absorption of calcium to create healthy, strong bones. Insufficient amounts of Vitamin D leads to weak, brittle and misshapen bones; a condition known as osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. Sufficient amounts of Vitamin D are also crucial in preventing fractures and osteoporosis in older adults.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/vitamin-d/NS_patient-vitamind Vitamin D] - Mayo Clinic. 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.</ref>

Low levels of Vitamin D have also been linked to a whole host of devastating disorders including cardiovascular diseases, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. There is also a strong association between deficiency in Vitamin D and an increased risk of developing several deadly cancers, including breast cancer.<ref>Holick, M.F., Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2004. 80(6 Suppl).</ref>

The concern is not only towards the woman who chooses to observe the more covering forms of Islamic dress but also towards any potential children she may carry. Infants born to vitamin D deficient mothers have been found to suffer from an increased prevalence of seizures.<ref>Bandgar, T.R., Vitamin d and hip fractures: Indian scenario. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2010. 58(9): p. 535-537.</ref> If these children observe the full hijab in childhood, they run the risk of not reaching the height they would of otherwise reached if they were not vitamin D deficient.<ref>Holick, M.F., Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2004. 80(6 Suppl)</ref>

====Islamic Dress and Health====

Since almost all the daily intake of Vitamin D is from sunlight, exposure there is significant concern for women who wear the burqa or "full hijab". This style of dress, leaving only a very small portion of skin around the eyes exposed, greatly reduces the surface area of the body which sunlight is exposed to and hence reduces the amount of Vitamin D synthesized. Such low rates of Vitamin D production will quickly exhaust the bodies excess emergency stores of Vitamin D contained in the fat and the person will likely go into a deficient state.

Due to this reason, serious vitamin D deficiency is wide-spread in many Muslim majority countries. A study performed by doctors at King Fahd University Hospital in [[Saudi Arabia]], showed that out of all 52 women tested, ''all'' had seriously deficient levels of Vitamin D and were at risk of many serious health problems, despite living in one of the sunniest places on the planet.<ref>Elsammak, M.Y., et al., Vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabs. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 2010. 42(5): p. 364-368.</ref> Furthermore, in a study undertaken in [[Jordan]], 83.3% of women wearing the most covering style of Islamic dresses were found to be deficient in summer time. This is rather striking when compared to the fact only 18.2% of Jordanian men studied were found to be deficient.<ref>Mishal, A.A., Effects of Different Dress Styles on Vitamin D Levels in Healthy Young Jordanian Women. Osteoporosis International, 2001. 12(11): p. 931-935.</ref> Jordan, like Saudi Arabia, holds the distinction of being one of the sunniest places on the planet, so the effect of wearing the burqa on Vitamin D levels and health is profound.

====Effect of Ethnicity and Migration====

There is also concern for the health of immigrants from Islamic majority countries, most of which are around the equator and receive the highest amount of sunlight of any place on earth. There concern arises when these women migrate to countries with lower amounts of sunlight throughout the year compared to their previous home country. Skin tone is darkest at the equator in response to the sunlight.<ref>Barsh, G.S., What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color? PLoS Biol, 2003. 1(1): p. e27.</ref><ref>Relethford, J.H., Hemispheric difference in human skin color. American journal of physical anthropology, 1997. 104(4): p. 449-457.</ref> Darker skin blocks out significantly more UV radiation and hence decreases Vitamin D production by an enormous amount (people with dark skin pigmentation may need 20 - 30 times as much exposure to sunlight).<ref>Mike Adams - [http://www.naturalnews.com/003069.html Vitamin D myths, facts and statistics] - NaturalNews, January 1, 2005</ref> All these factors combined with the heavily covering Islamic dress create serious potential health concerns for Islamic migrants in countries away from the equator such as [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Europe]] and [[Australia]].<ref>Hagenau, T., et al., Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: an ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporosis International, 2009. 20(1): p. 133-140.</ref><ref>Hanley, D.A. and K.S. Davison, Vitamin D Insufficiency in North America. The Journal of Nutrition, 2005. 135(2): p. 332-337</ref>

This is further evidenced by numerous scientific studies. A study was undertaken in ''Dearborn, Michigan'', the most-concentrated Arab-American settlement in the United States to assess the relationship between Vitamin D levels and Islamic dress choice in migrant Arab-American Muslim women. The average vitamin D level was found to be 4 ng/ml in veiled women who undertook ''no'' vitamin D supplementation and 7 ng/ml in women who wore the same style veil but chose to take supplements.<ref>Hobbs, R., et al., Severe Vitamin D Deficiency in Arab-American Women Living in Dearborn, Michigan. Endocrine Practice, 2009. 15(1): p. 35-40.</ref> The threshold for rickets and osteomalacia risk is 8 ng/ml and below; clinical deficiency is considered as anything below 16 ng/ml.<ref>Heaney, PR. Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramiﬁcations of vitamin D deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 80 : S1706 – S1709</ref> This illustrates a very serious health risk for migrant Muslim women who immigrate to such countries and wear the burqa.

In the [[United Kingdom]], cases of rickets have been rare until recently. Cases of the disease have increased dramatically due to the growing Muslim population.<ref>
{{Cite web|url= http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/rise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html|title= Rise in rickets linked to ethnic groups that shun the sun|publisher= The Independent|author=Jeremy Laurance |date= July 25, 2011|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fhealth-and-families%2Fhealth-news%2Frise-in-rickets-linked-to-ethnic-groups-that-shun-the-sun-2319920.html&date=2013-09-22|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://digitaljournal.com/article/316191|title= Rickets on the increase amongst British children|publisher= DigitalJournal|author= Katerina Nikolas|date= December 16, 2011|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitaljournal.com%2Farticle%2F316191&date=2013-09-22|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1154211.stm|title= Rickets upsurge among UK Asians|publisher= BBC News|author= |date= February 5, 2001|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F1154211.stm&date=2013-09-22|deadurl=no}}</ref>

===Obesity===

It has been noted that the observance of hijab, the garments and the traditions surrounding them, can discourage exercise both psychologically and practically.<ref name="TDCJul12010">Caroline May - [{{Reference archive|1=http://dailycaller.com/2010/07/01/the-burka-may-be-making-muslim-women-fatter-by-discouraging-exercise/|2=2012-03-05}} The burka may be making Muslim women fatter by discouraging exercise] - The Daily Caller, July 1, 2010</ref><ref name="ANSMar132012">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2012/03/13/visualizza_new.html_131156617.html|2=2012-03-15}} Qatar: surge in diabetes/obesity, unhealthy Arab habits] - ANSAmed, March 13, 2012</ref> The style of dress can make it easy to hide the bloat of a large meal, and it can be physically restrictive for those who wish to exercise, especially outdoors where one has to be aware of the weather (if it is too hot or humid). In the West, where most indoor gyms are mixed-sex, exercise without Islamic dress can be very difficult for observant Muslim women, and some forms of Islamic dress can make playing almost any sport nearly impossible.<ref name="TDCJul12010"></ref><ref name="ANSMar132012"></ref>

According to The Economist magazine’s world rankings, the countries with the highest obesity rates among women are Muslim countries<ref name="TDCJul12010"></ref> (data from 1999-2003 show 8 of the top 10 to be Muslim majorities; [[Qatar]], Saudi Arabia, [[Palestinian Authority area|Palestinian territories]], [[Lebanon]], Albania, [[Bahrain]], [[Egypt]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]]),<ref>[[:File:Economist rankings obesity women.JPG|Economist.com rankings for obesity among women]]</ref> and a 2006 study presented by Qatari expert Issam Abd Rabbu at the "Facts About Obesity" seminar, found that up to 70 percent of women living in the Gulf Arab states (Bahrain, [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) were overweight or obese.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=14663|2=2012-03-05}} Up to 70% of Gulf women are obese] - Middle East Online, September 29, 2005</ref> Dr. Abdul Rahman Musaiqir, head of the Arab Center for Nutrition at Bahrain University, has said the problem of obesity among women in the Gulf states is being disguised by their Islamic dress, and that obesity rates are much higher than in developed countries.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/gulf-women-hide-weight-under-gowns-2011-01-12-1.341366|2=2012-03-05}} Gulf women hide weight under gowns] - Emirates 24/7, January 12, 2011</ref>

A 2011 study issued by the National Commercial Bank (NCB), Saudi Arabia’s largest bank, found that the number of Saudis suffering from high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity is increasing at an alarming rate, and a survey released by the Saudi Diabetes and Endocrine Association (SDEA) in 2010 showed that over 70 percent of the Saudi population are "alarmingly obese".<ref>Nadim Kawach - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/blood-pressure-and-obesity-epidemic-in-saudi-2011-05-02-1.387705|2=2012-03-05}} Blood pressure and obesity epidemic in Saudi] - Emirates 24/7, May 2, 2011</ref> Figures released by the Qatar Diabetes Association (QDA) state that 20% of the population has been diagnosed as diabetic in Qatar, and the disorder is affecting more and more children.<ref name="ANSMar132012"></ref> Some of the health problems associated with obesity include; heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, painful wear and inflammation on weight-bearing joints, breathing problems and sleep apnea.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://nation-health.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/health-problems-associated-with-obesity.html|2=2012-03-22}} Health Problems Associated with Obesity] - The Nation's Health, March 2011</ref>

==Implications for the Islamic Faith==

The observance of hijab prevents women from getting enough vitamin D. This can lead to a whole host of disorders. For Islam as a religion, the implications are troublesome.

Islam is considered by its adherents to be the perfect way of life for mankind. If Islam was mandated by Allah, and if he wanted women to observe hijab, then logically he would not have created humans with the need to get Vitamin D from exposing their skin to the sun.

It could be argued that today this can be combated with vitamin D supplementation combined with daily exposure to the sun in the privacy of ones backyard or some other location safe from the eyes of non-mahram men. However, this is not a satisfactory solution.

Many are not fortunate enough to have their own private gardens where they can sit, and sitting in front of a window inside their homes will not help because window glass only lets through UV-A rays, not UV-B and UV-C. You need UV-B rays for the production of vitamin D.<ref>Shereen Jegtvig - [{{Reference archive|1=http://nutrition.about.com/od/askyournutritionist/f/sunlight.htm|2=2011-11-01}} How Much Sun Exposure Do I Need for Vitamin D?] - About.com, October 06, 2011</ref>

Furthermore, it was only in 1923 that it was established when 7-dehydrocholesterol is irradiated with light, a form of a fat-soluble vitamin is produced,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.txt.asp?a=414|2=2011-08-06}} Unraveling The Enigma Of Vitamin D] - United States National Academy of Sciences, accessed August 6, 2011</ref> and until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through food intake and (in the case of vitamin D) through exposure to the sun.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin&oldid=442774268 Vitamin] - Wikipedia, accessed August 6, 2011</ref>

So what of the Muslim women prior to the 1930s and their vitamin intake? If this were a satisfactory explanation to avoid Islam contradicting modern scientific knowledge, then it would have been mentioned in the [[Qur'an]] or [[hadith]] [[literature]], but it is not.

It could also be argued that long-term excessive exposure to UV radiation from sunlight can cause skin cancer and other ailments. However, according to epidemiologist Robyn Lucas at Australian National University,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20090410154214/http://nceph.anu.edu.au/Staff_Students/staff_pages/lucas.php|2=2011-08-20}} National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health] - Australian National University, October 17, 2008</ref> analysis of lifespan versus disease shows that far more lives are lost to diseases caused by lack of sunlight than by those caused by too much,<ref>Deborah Kotz - [{{Reference archive|1=http://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/heart/articles/2008/06/23/time-in-the-sun-how-much-is-needed-for-vitamin-d|2=2011-08-20}} Time in the Sun: How Much Is Needed for Vitamin D?] - U.S.News, June 23, 2008</ref> and of course, a women is always capable of avoiding what she feels to be too much or too little sunlight, but with the restrictive Islamic dress laws in force, this ability is taken away from her.
{{Core Science}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Hijab|Hijab}}
{{Hub4|Health|Health}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Последици за здравето от ислямското облекло|Bulgarian]], [[Efectos sobre la Salud de la Vestimenta Islámica|Spanish]]}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/272307 Women could endanger their health by wearing burqas] - ''Digital Journal''
*[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6088759/Addressing-vitamin-D-deficiency-among.html Addressing vitamin D deficiency among veiled pregnant women in Australia] - ''Excerpt from 'Nutrition & Dietetics: The Journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia ''
*[http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/25/us-middle-deficiency-idUSHAR56610220070625 Middle Eastern women may have vitamin D deficiency] - ''Reuters''
*[http://forum09.faithfreedom.org/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=6113 The consequences of Islamic dress]'' - [[Faith Freedom International|FFI Forum]]''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.rferl.org/content/synthetic-hijabs/24694264.html|2=2012-09-05}} Synthetic Hijabs Get Under Tajik Women's Skin] ''- Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty''
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Burqa-clad-women-prone-to-Vitamin-D-deficiency-Doctors/articleshow/20468505.cms Burqa-clad women prone to vitamin D deficiency: Doctors] - ''The Times of India''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[bg:Последици за здравето от ислямското облекло]]

Crescent Moon

2015-06-29T11:43:22Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The '''Crescent moon''' was originally the symbol of [[Hubal]], the moon god worshiped by [[Paganism|Pagans]] at the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]].<ref>Karen Armstrong (2000, 2002) - [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Islam-Short-History-Universal/dp/1842125834 Islam: A Short History] - p. 11. ISBN 0-8129-6618-x.</ref>

The crescent [[moon]] and star, as with the Cross for Christianity and the Star of David for Judaism, is today a universal symbol for [[Islam]].

It is used on countless mosques and minarets, by charities,<ref>[http://www.ifrc.org/en/ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]</ref> and as part of the flags for various Muslim nations, including, [[Algeria]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Comoros Islands]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Mauritania]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tunisia]], [[Turkey]], [[Turkmenistan]], Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, [[Uzbekistan]], and Western Sahara.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.fotw.net/flags/isl-ori.html|2=2011-05-09}} Islamic flags] - Flags Of The World, October 18, 2008</ref>

It has been claimed that it was not until the Ottoman Empire that the crescent moon and star became affiliated with the Muslim world. When the Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, they "adopted the city's existing flag and symbol".<ref>Christine Huda Dodge - [{{Reference archive|1=http://islam.about.com/od/history/a/crescent_moon.htm|2=2011-05-09}} Crescent Moon - Symbol of Islam?] - About.com, accessed May 9, 2011</ref>

However, in 1453 the crescent and star symbols were not a part of any known Byzantine flags,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gr_byz.html|2=2011-05-09}} Byzantine Empire] - Flags Of The World, April 24, 2010</ref> and they were already widely used in different parts of the Muslim world, long before the fall of Constantinople.

A few examples include; Islamic coins from as early as the 7th century,<ref>S. Album & T. Goodwin - [http://www.amazon.com/Sylloge-Islamic-Coins-Ashmolean-Pre-Reform/dp/1854441736 Syllogue Of Islamic Coins In The Ashmolean - The Pre-Reform Coinage Of The Early Islamic Period] - 2002, Volume I, Ashmolean Museum: Oxford (UK), pp. 6-7</ref> [[Egypt|Egyptian]] and [[Syria|Syrian]] jewellery from the 11th century,<ref>"[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/30.95.37 Pendant (Egypt) (30.95.37)]". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2006)</ref><ref>"[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1979.278.2ab Pair of earrings (Greater Syria) (1979.278.2ab)]". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2006)</ref> Persian armor of the 10th-12th century, and paintings and drawings depicting Islamic mosques from areas, which then were not covered by the Ottoman Empire and from the times before the fall of Constantinople.<ref>"[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1994.232.4 Possibly Mir Khalil and Ja'far: Laila and Majnun at School: Page from the Khamsa of Nizami (Quintet of Nizami) (1994.232.4)]". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2008)</ref>

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Moon|the Moon}}
{{Hub4|Paganism|Islam and Paganism}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Полумесецът|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*{{external link| url = http://www.australianislamistmonitor.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=16:yahweh-or-hubal&catid=177&Itemid=63| title = Yahweh or Hubal| publisher = Australian Islamist Monitor| author = | date = December 13, 2006| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianislamistmonitor.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D16%3Ayahweh-or-hubal%26catid%3D177%26Itemid%3D63&date=2011-05-09| deadurl = yes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]
[[Category:Stubs]]
[[bg:Полумесецът]]

Invitation to Islam Prior to Jihad

2015-06-29T11:41:27Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The practice of inviting non-Muslim nations to join [[Islam]] or pay the [[Jizyah]] prior to engaging in offensive [[Jihad]] was first initiated by the Prophet [[Muhammad]]. His [[Sunnah|example]] was then followed by the Rightly-Guided [[Caliph]]s and the leaders of Islamic empires, codified within the Islamic [[Shariah|Shari'ah]]<ref>Ahmad Ibn Lulu Ibn Al-Naqib, translated by Noah Ha Mim Keller - [http://www.amazon.com/Reliance-Traveller-Classic-Islamic-Al-Salik/dp/0915957728 Reliance of the Traveller: The Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law Umdat Al-Salik (o9.0-8)] - Published by Amana Corporation; Revised edition (July 1, 1997), ISBN-13: 978-0915957729</ref> and is continued today by various Islamic leaders and [[Terrorism|terrorist]] organizations.
[[File:Muhammad-Letter-To-Heraclius.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Letter sent by Prophet [[Muhammad]] to Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium.<ref>Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India). ISBN 81-85738-25-4</ref>]]
==Historical==

===Muhammad===

====Letter to the Christians of Aylah====

After hearing rumors that the Romans had gathered at the border of the Byzantine Empire and northern Arabia, Muhammad led his army to engage them in battle. However, upon reaching Tabuk the rumors proved themselves to be false. With nothing to do, he sent a detachment to the Christians and Jews east of Tabuk with a letter.

{{Quote||''To John ibn Rubah and the Chiefs of Aylah''. Peace be on you! I praise God for you, beside whom there is no Lord. I will not fight against you until I have written thus unto you. Believe, or else pay tribute. And be obedient unto the Lord and his Prophet, and unto the messengers of his Prophet. Honour them and clothe them with excellent vestments, not with inferior raiment. Specially clothe Zeid with excellent garments. As long as my messengers are pleased, so likewise am I. Ye know the tribute. If ye desire to have security by sea and by land, obey the Lord and his Apostle, and he will defend you from every demand, whether by Arab or foreigner, saving the demand of the Lord and his Apostle. But if ye oppose and displease them, I will not accept from you a single thing, until I have fought against you and taken captive your little ones and slain the elder; for I am the Apostle of the Lord in truth. Believe in the Lord and in his Prophets. And believe in the Messiah son of Mary; verily he is the Word of God: I believe in him that he was a messenger of God. Come then, before trouble reach you. I commend my messengers to you. Give to Harmala three measures of barley; and indeed Harmala hath interceded for you. As for me, if it were not for the Lord and for this (intercession of Harmala), I would not have sent any message at all unto you, until ye had seen the army. But now, if ye obey my messengers, God will be your protector, and Mahomet, and whosoever belongeth unto him. Now my messengers are Sharahbil, &c. Unto you is the guarantee of God and of Mahomet his Apostle, and peace be unto you if ye submit. And convey the people of Macna back to their land.<ref>Muir, Sir William. (1878). [http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''The life of Mahomet'']. (p. 456). London: Smith, Elder & Co</ref>}}

====Letter to Heraclius, the Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople====

{{Quote||In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful (This letter is) from Muhammad, the slave of Allah, and His Apostle, to Heraculius, the Ruler of the Byzantine. Peace be upon the followers of guidance. Now then, I invite you to Islam (i.e. surrender to Allah), embrace Islam and you will be safe; embrace Islam and Allah will bestow on you a double reward. But if you reject this invitation of Islam, you shall be responsible for misguiding the peasants (i.e. your nation). O people of the Scriptures! Come to a word common to you and us and you, that we worship. None but Allah, and that we associate nothing in worship with Him; and that none of us shall take others as Lords besides Allah. Then if they turn away, say: Bear witness that we are (they who have surrendered (unto Him)..(3.64)<ref>M. Muhsin Khan (Translator) - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php#004.052.191|2=2011-10-30}} Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad), Number 191] - USC-MSA, [[Compendium of Muslim Texts]]</ref>}}

====Letter to Negus, King of Abyssinia====

{{Quote||This letter is sent from Muhammad, the Prophet to Negus Al-Ashama, the king of Abyssinia (Ethiopia). Peace be upon him who follows true guidance and believes in Allâh and His Messenger. I bear witness that there is no god but Allâh Alone with no associate, He has taken neither a wife nor a son, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I call you unto the fold of Islam; if you embrace Islam, you will find safety,

"Say (O Muhammad ): ‘O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allâh, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allâh.’ Then, if they turn away, say: ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims.’ " [The Noble Qur'an 3:64]

Should you reject this invitation, then you will be held responsible for all the evils of the Christians of your people.<ref name="The sealed nectar">{{citation|title=The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA412&dq=The+letters+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+to+the+kings+beyond+arabia&hl=en&ei=CsrTTuLOH9Co8AOOsoHiDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20letters%20of%20the%20Prophet%20Muhammad%20to%20the%20kings%20beyond%20arabia&f=false | first=Saifur Rahman Al|last=Mubarakpuri|year=2005|publisher=Darussalam Publications|isbn=9960899551}}, pp. 412-426</ref>}}

====Letter to Muqawqas, the Vicegerent of Egypt====

{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad slave of Allâh and His Messenger to Muqawqas, vicegerent of Egypt.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Thereafter, I invite you to accept Islam. Therefore, if you want security, accept Islam. If you accept Islam, Allâh, the Sublime, shall reward you doubly. But if you refuse to do so, you will bear the burden of the transgression of all the Copts.

"Say (O Muhammad : ‘O people of the Scripture (Jews and Christians), come to a word that is just between us and you, that we worship none but Allâh, and that we associate no partners with Him, and that none of us shall take others as lords besides Allâh.’ Then, if they turn away, say: ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims.’ " [Al-Qur'an 3:64]<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}}

====Letter to Chosroes, Emperor of Persia====

{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allâh to Chosroes, king of Persia.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance, believes in Allâh and His Messenger and testifies that there is no god but Allâh Alone with no associate, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. I invite you to accept the religion of Allâh. I am the Messenger of Allâh sent to all people in order that I may infuse fear of Allâh in every living person, and that the charge may be proved against those who reject the Truth. Accept Islam as your religion so that you may live in security, otherwise, you will be responsible for all the sins of the Magians.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}}

====Letter to Haudha bin ‘Ali, Governor of Yamama====

{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad, Messenger of Allâh to Haudha bin ‘Ali.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Be informed that my religion shall prevail everywhere. You should accept Islam, and whatever under your command shall remain yours.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}}

====Letter to to Harith bin Abi Shamir Al-Ghassani, King of Damascus====

{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad, Messenger of Allâh to Al-Harith bin Abi Shamir.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance, believes in it and regards it as true. I invite you to believe in Allâh Alone with no associate, thenceafter your kingdom will remain yours.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}}

====Letter to the King of ‘Oman, Jaifer, and his brother ‘Abd Al-Jalandi====

{{Quote||In the Name of Allâh, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.

From Muhammad bin ‘Abdullah to Jaifer and ‘Abd Al-Jalandi.

Peace be upon him who follows true guidance; thereafter I invite both of you to the Call of Islam. Embrace Islam. Allâh has sent me as a Prophet to all His creatures in order that I may instil fear of Allâh in the hearts of His disobedient creatures so that there may be left no excuse for those who deny Allâh. If you two accept Islam, you will remain in command of your country; but if you refuse my Call, you’ve got to remember that all your possessions are perishable. My horsemen will appropriate your land, and my Prophethood will assume preponderance over your kingship.<ref name="The sealed nectar"></ref>}}

===Caliphs===

====Caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq to Khosru, the Persian Commander====

636 AD, at the Battle of Qadisiyya, the commander of the Muslim forces, Khalid ibn Al-Walid, sent an emissary with a message from Caliph Abu Bakr to the Persian commander, Khosru.

{{Quote||Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya, and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life.<ref>[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid Tabari and History of the World], Volume IV Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency, page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.</ref>}}

====Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khatab's letter to Yazdgird III, the King of Persia====

Copy of communications between ''Sassanian Yazdgird'' III (632 AD - 651 AD) and ''Umar Ibn Al Khatab Khalifat Al Muslemin'', after the battle of Ghadesiyeh. The original copy of this letter from Yazdgird III is kept in the British museum of London. The date in which this letter has been written is after the battle of Ghadesiyeh.

'''From: Umar Ibn Al Khatab Khalifat Al Muslemin''' '''To: Yazdgird III Shahanshah of Persian Empire'''

{{Quote||Yazdgird, I see not a fruitful future for you and your nation unless you accept my offer and commit Bei'at (Joining with Khalifat and bringing Islam). Once upon a time your land ruled half the known world but what has it come down to now? Your troops are defeated in all fronts and your nation is bound to collapse. I offer you a way to rescue yourself. Start praying to a mono God, a single union God, the only God who created everything in the universe.

We bring you and the world his message, he who is the true God. Stop your Fire Worship, command your nation to stop their Fire Worship which is false; join us by joining the truth. Worship Allah the only true God, The creator of universe. Worship to Allah and accept Islam as your salvation. End your Pagan ways and your false worships now and bring Islam so you can accept Allah as your savior. By doing so, you will find the only way to your survival and peace for Persians. If you know what is best for Ajam (Arabic term for Persians meaning Retarded & Weird), you will choose this path. Bei'at is the only way.

Allah O Akbar Sign, Khalifat Al Muslemin ''Omar Ibn Al Khatab''<ref name="Iran Heritage"></ref>}}

'''From: Shahanshah of Persian Empire, Yazdgird III Sassanid''' '''To: Umar Ibn Al Khatab, Khalifat of Tazi (Persian term for Arabs)'''

{{Quote||In the name of Ahura Mazda, creator of Life and Intelligence you in your letter wrote that you want to direct us towards your God, Allah, without having the true knowledge of who we are and what do we worship! It is amazing that you occupy the position of Khalifat (Ruler) of Arabs, yet your knowledge is the same as a lowly Arab rambler, roaming in deserts of Arabia and same as a desert tribal man (mardak) you offer me to worship a united and single God without knowing that it has been thousands of years that Persians worship the mono God and they pray to him Five Times a day! In this land of culture and art this has been the normal path of life for years. When we established the tradition of hospitality and good deeds in the world and we waved the flag of "Good Thoughts, Good Words, Good Deeds" in our hands, you and your ancestors were roaming the deserts, eating Lizards for you had nothing else to feed yourselves and burying your innocent daughters alive (an old Arab tradition because they preferred male children to female). Tazi people have no value for God's creatures! You behead God's children, even the POWs (Prisoners of War), Rape Women, bury your daughters alive, attack the Caravans, mass murder, kidnap people's wives and steal their property! Your hearts are made of stone; we condemn all these Evil which you do. How can you teach us Godly Ways when you commit these actions? You tell me to stop my Fire Worship! Us, Persians see the Love of Creator and power of inventor in the light of Sun and warmth of Fire. Lights and Warmth of the Sun and Fire makes us see the light of truth and warms our hearts to the creator and to one another. It helps us to be kind to one another; it enlightens us and makes us to keep Mazda's Flame, alive in our hearts. Our lord is Ahura Mazda and it is strange that you people also, just discovered him and named him Allah.

But we are not the same as you; we are not in the same level as you. We help other human being, we spread love among humanity, we spread Good throughout the Earth, we have been spreading our culture but in respect for other cultures throughout the whole world for thousands of years, yet you in the name of Allah invade other men's land! You mass murder the people, create famine, fear and poverty for others, you create Evil in the name of Allah. Who is responsible for this entire catastrophe? Is it Allah who commands you to murder, pillage and to destroy? Is it you the followers of Allah who do this in his name? Or is it both? You have risen from heat of the deserts and burnt out infertile lands with no resources, you want to teach people the love of God by your military campaigns and the power of your Swords! You are Desert Savages, yet you want to teach Urban people like us who lived in the cities for thousands of years, the love of God! We have thousands of years of culture behind us, a powerful tool indeed!

Tell us? With all your military campaigns, barbarianism, murder and pillage in the name of Allah, what have you taught to this Muslim Army? What knowledge have you taught the Muslim that you also insist on teaching it to non Muslim? What culture have you learned from our Allah, now that you want to force-teach it to others? Alas, ...... that today our Persian Armies of Ahura have been defeated from your recently Allah Worshiping Armies; Now, our people have to worship the same God, the same Five times a day, but forced by the sword to call him Allah and pray to him in Arabic because your Allah only understands Arabic I suggest, you and your gang of bandits pack up and move back to your deserts where they are used to live. Take them back where they used to the burning heat of the sun, tribal life, eating Lizards and drinking Camel Milk. I forbid you to let your band of thieves loose in our fertile lands, civilized cities and our glorious nation. Don't turn these "beasts with hearts of stone" loose, to mass murder our people, kidnap our women and children, rape our wives and send our daughters to Mecca as slaves! Don't let them do these crimes in the name of Allah put a stop to your criminal behavior. Aryans are forgiving, warm, hospitable, and decent people and everywhere they went, they have spread seeds of friendship, love, knowledge and truth; therefore, they shall not punish you and your people for your pirate ways and criminal acts. I beg you to remain with your Allah in your deserts and do not move close to our civilized cities, for your believers are "Much Fearful" and your behavior is "Most Barbaric."

 Sign,
''Yazdgird III Sassanid''<ref name="Iran Heritage">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/islam-article4.htm|2=2011-10-29}} Yazgird III and Omar Al Muslemin letters] - Iran Heritage, accessed October 29, 2011</ref>}}

====Caliph Umar Ibn Al-Khatab during the conquest of Al-Basrah====

{{Quote||Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency. Fear God with regard to what you have been entrusted.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk)'', vol. 12: ''The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine,'' trans. Yohanan Friedman (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), p. 167.</ref>}}

===Miscellaneous===

====Letter of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine replying to the Sultan of Turkey====

A Letter written in the 1660s in response to a letter from ''Sultan Mohammed IV'' of the Turkish Empire demanding the Cossacks of Ukraine to voluntarily accept Turkish rule.

{{Quote||Thou Turkish Devil!

Brother and companion to the accursed Devil, and Secretary to Lucifer himself, Greetings!

What the hell kind of noble knight art thou? Satan voids and thy army devours. Never wilt thou be fit to have the sons of Christ under thee. Thy army we fear not, and by land and by sea in our chaikas we will do battle against thee.

Thou scullion of Babylon, thou beer-brewer of Jerusalem, thou goat-thief of Alexandria, thou swineherd of Egypt (both the Greater and the Lesser), thou Armenian pig and Tartar goat. Thou hangman of Kamyanets, thou evildoer of Podolia, thou great silly oaf of all the world and of the netherworld and, before our God, a blockhead, a swine's snout, a mare's ass, and clown of Hades. May the devil take thee!

That is what the Cossacks have to say to thee, thou basest born of runts! Unfit art thou to lord it over true Christians!

The date we know not, for no calender have we got. The moon (month) is in the sky, the year is in a book, and the day is the same with us here as with ye over there - and thou can kiss us thou knowest where!

''Koshoviy Otaman Ivan Sirko''
''and all the Zaparozhian Cossack Brotherhood''<ref>Andrew Gregorovich - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.infoukes.com/history/cossack_letter/|2=2011-10-29}} The Cossack Letter "The Most Defiant Letter!"] - InfoUkes Inc, accessed October 29, 2011</ref>}}

==Modern==

===Muslim leaders===

====Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to the President of the United States====

On May 9, 2006, the Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sent an 18 page letter to George W. Bush, the President of the United States, via the Swiss embassy in Tehran.

{{Quote||All prophets, speak of peace and tranquility for man -- based on monotheism, justice and respect for human dignity.

Do you not think that if all of us come to believe in and abide by these principles, that is, monotheism, worship of God, justice, respect for the dignity of man, belief in the Last Day, we can overcome the present problems of the world -- that are the result of disobedience to the Almighty and the teachings of prophets – and improve our performance?
Do you not think that belief in these principles promotes and guarantees peace, friendship and justice?

Do you not think that the aforementioned written or unwritten principles are universally respected?

Will you not accept this invitation? That is, a genuine return to the teachings of prophets, to monotheism and justice, to preserve human dignity and obedience to the Almighty and His prophets?

Mr. President,
History tells us that repressive and cruel governments do not survive. God has entrusted the fate of men to them. The Almighty has not left the universe and humanity to their own devices. . . . 
The people of many countries are angry about the attacks on their cultural foundations and the disintegration of families. They are equally dismayed with the fading of care and compassion. The people of the world have no faith in international organizations, because their rights are not advocated by these organizations.

Liberalism and Western style democracy have not been able to help realize the ideals of humanity. Today these two concepts have failed. Those with insight can already hear the sounds of the shattering and fall of the ideology and thoughts of the Liberal democratic systems.

We increasingly see that people around the world are flocking towards a main focal point -- that is the Almighty God. Undoubtedly through faith in God and the teachings of the prophets, the people will conquer their problems. My question for you is: “Do you not want to join them?”

Mr. President,
Whether we like it or not, the world is gravitating towards faith in the
Almighty and justice and the will of God will prevail over all things.

'''Vasalam Ala Man Ataba’al hoda Mahmood Ahmadi-Nejad President of the Islamic Republic of Iran'''<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/Perspectives_1/Text_of_Iranian_President_Ahmadinejad_s_letter_to__2607.shtml|2=2013-05-08}} Text of Iranian President Ahmadinejad's letter to President George W. Bush] - IRNA, May 9, 2006</ref>}}

===Al-Qaeda===

====Adam Yahiye Gadahn shortly before the fifth anniversary of 9/11====

Adam Yahiye Gadahn, a senior operative, cultural interpreter, spokesman and media advisor for Al-Qaeda, released a video titled "Invitation to Islam" on September 2, 2006, shortly before the 5th anniversary of September 11.

{{Quote||Islam is the only religion acceptable to God and came with the revealed book, the Koran, which abrogates all previous revelations, like the Torah and Evangel… God recognizes no separation between religion and state . . . 
To Americans and the rest of Christendom we say, either repent (your) misguided ways and enter into the light of truth or keep your poison to yourself and suffer the consequences in this world and the next . . . 
If the Zionist crusader missionaries of hate and counter-Islam consultants like Daniel Pipes, Robert Spencer, Michael Scheuer, Steven Emerson, and yes, even the crusader-in-chief George W. Bush were to abandon their unbelief and repent and enter into the light of Islam and turn their swords against the enemies of God, it would be accepted of them and they would be our brothers in Islam. And we send a special invitation to all of you fighting Bush’s crusader pipe dream in Afghanistan, Iraq, and wherever else W. has sent you to die.<ref>Links to the full video appear to be dead, however, a partial transcript has been recorded in a blog post made by Michelle Malkin, named "[{{Reference archive|1=http://michellemalkin.com/2006/09/02/convert-or-die/|2=2013-05-08}} Convert or die]" (dated September 2, 2006).</ref>}}

====Osama Bin Laden's "letter to America"====

The [[Letter to America - Osama bin Laden|letter to America]] is a 4,000-word document written by Osama bin Laden in 2002. It first appeared on the internet in Arabic on a Saudi Arabian website, and has since been translated and posted on Islamic websites run from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/alqaida.terrorism| title = Osama issues new call to arms| publisher = The Observer| author = Jason Burke| date = November 24, 2002| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Falqaida.terrorism&date=2013-08-08| deadurl = no}}</ref>

{{Quote||What are we calling you to, and what do we want from you?

1) The first thing that we are calling you to is Islam.

a) The religion of the Unification of God; of freedom from associating partners with Him, and rejection of this; of complete love of Him, the Exalted; of complete submission to His Laws; and of the discarding of all the opinions, orders, theories and religions which contradict with the religion He sent down to His Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Islam is the religion of all the prophets, and makes no distinction between them - peace be upon them all.
It is to this religion that we call you; the seal of all the previous religions. It is the religion of Unification of God, sincerity, the best of manners, righteousness, mercy, honour, purity, and piety. It is the religion of showing kindness to others, establishing justice between them, granting them their rights, and defending the oppressed and the persecuted. It is the religion of enjoining the good and forbidding the evil with the hand, tongue and heart. It is the religion of Jihad in the way of Allah so that Allah's Word and religion reign Supreme. And it is the religion of unity and agreement on the obedience to Allah, and total equality between all people, without regarding their colour, sex, or language.

b) It is the religion whose book - the Quran - will remained preserved and unchanged, after the other Divine books and messages have been changed. The Quran is the miracle until the Day of Judgement. Allah has challenged anyone to bring a book like the Quran or even ten verses like it.

2) The second thing we call you to, is to stop your oppression, lies, immorality and debauchery that has spread among you.

a) We call you to be a people of manners, principles, honour, and purity; to reject the immoral acts of fornication, homosexuality, intoxicants, gamblings, and trading with interest.
We call you to all of this that you may be freed from that which you have become caught up in; that you may be freed from the deceptive lies that you are a great nation, that your leaders spread amongst you to conceal from you the despicable state to which you have reached.

b) It is saddening to tell you that you are the worst civilization witnessed by the history of mankind:

i) You are the nation who, rather than ruling by the Shariah of Allah in its Constitution and Laws, choose to invent your own laws as you will and desire. You separate religion from your policies, contradicting the pure nature which affirms Absolute Authority to the Lord and your Creator. You flee from the embarrassing question posed to you: How is it possible for Allah the Almighty to create His creation, grant them power over all the creatures and land, grant them all the amenities of life, and then deny them that which they are most in need of: knowledge of the laws which govern their lives? . . . 
If you fail to respond to all these conditions, then prepare for fight with the Islamic Nation. The Nation of Monotheism, that puts complete trust on Allah and fears none other than Him. The Nation which is addressed by its Quran with the words: Do you fear them? Allah has more right that you should fear Him if you are believers. Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands and disgrace them and give you victory over them and heal the breasts of believing people. And remove the anger of their hearts. Allah accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. Quran 9:13-1 . . . 
If the Americans refuse to listen to our advice and the goodness, guidance and righteousness that we call them to, then be aware that you will lose this Crusade Bush began, just like the other previous Crusades in which you were humiliated by the hands of the Mujahideen, fleeing to your home in great silence and disgrace. If the Americans do not respond, then their fate will be that of the Soviets who fled from Afghanistan to deal with their military defeat, political breakup, ideological downfall, and economic bankruptcy.
This is our message to the Americans, as an answer to theirs. Do they now know why we fight them and over which form of ignorance, by the permission of Allah, we shall be victorious?<ref name="letter to America">{{cite web|url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver?li=1|title= Full text: bin Laden's 'letter to America'|publisher= Observer Worldview Extra|author= |date= November 24, 2002|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fnov%2F24%2Ftheobserver%3Fli%3D1&date=2013-08-08|deadurl=no}}</ref>}}

===Boko Haram===

====Abubakar Shekau's address to the President of Nigeria====

Abubakar Shekau, the leader of the terrorist organization Boko Haram, released a video in August 2012 urging Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s Christian president, to convert to Islam.

{{Quote||You [Goodluck Jonathan] should abandon this ungodly power, you should repent and forsake Christianity... You [Barack Obama] said I'm a global terrorist, then you are a terrorist in the next world.<ref>Aminu Abubakar - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5huLV0A2MdfKlbsb8aGgxmOv-eOiQ?docId=CNG.d3ffcd8da382f4117ce248b079227866.51|2=2013-05-09}} Nigerian leader slams sect leader's call on him to resign] - AFP, August 6, 2012</ref>}}

==See Also==
{{Hub4|Terrorism|Terrorism}}
{{Hub4|Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)|Violence Under Muhammad (Primary Sources)}}

{{Template:Translation-links-english|[[Покани за приемане на исляма, които предхождат насилието|Bulgarian]], [[Pozvani k Islamu pred pouzitim nasili|Czech]]}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pureislam.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D17&date=2011-04-24 The letters of the Prophet Muhammad (PDF)]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[bg:Покани за приемане на исляма, които предхождат насилието]]
[[ru:Переписка_с_предводителями_исламского_джихада]]

Islamic Views on the Shape of the Earth

2015-06-29T11:39:47Z

Damaskin: /* References */

[[File:Flat Earth The Wonders of Creation.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Taken from Zekeriya Kazvinî's "Acaib-ül Mahlûkat" (The Wonders of Creation). Translated into Turkish from Arabic. Istanbul: ca. 1553. This map depicts "a traditional Islamic projection of the world as a flat disk surrounded by the sundering seas which are restrained by the encircling mountains of Qaf".<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/earth.html Views of the Earth] - World Treasures of the Library of Congress, July 29, 2010</ref> ]]
This article takes a closer look at some of the [[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] verses that imply its author assumed the earth is flat.
== Introduction ==

The fact that the earth is not flat has been known for thousands of years. The Ancient [[Greece|Greeks]] Pythagoras (570 - 495 BC), Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Hipparchus (190 - 120 BC) all knew this. The [[India|Indian]] astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata (476 - 550 AD) knew this. And so did the early Christian scholars Anicius Boëthius (480 - 524 AD), Bishop Isidore of Seville (560 - 636 AD), Bishop Rabanus Maurus (780 - 856 AD), the monk Bede (672 - 735 AD), Bishop Vergilius of Salzburg (700 - 784 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 AD). In fact, contrary to what we are often told, the sphericity of the earth was common knowledge among early medieval [[Europe|Europeans]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_the_Flat_Earth&oldid=556807448|title= Myth of the Flat Earth|publisher= Wikipedia|author= |date= accessed June 12, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMyth_of_the_Flat_Earth&date=2013-06-12|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the Holy Roman Empire from as early as 395 AD used an orb to represent the spherical Earth.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globus_cruciger&oldid=312872920 Globus cruciger] - Wikipedia, accessed September 9, 2009</ref>

If the [[Qur'an]] is a letter-by-letter dictation from [[Allah]], it should also concur with this fact that was known throughout the world ''before'' its [[revelation]], and it should contradict the flat earth model widely believed in by the 7th century Bedouins of Arabia.

== Analysis==
=== Qur'an 15:19 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|15|19}}|''' والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل شئ موزون'''

Waal-arda madadnahawaalqayna feeha rawasiya waanbatnafeeha min kulli shay-in mawzoonin

'''And the earth We have spread out''' (like a carpet); set thereon mountains firm and immovable; and produced therein all kinds of things in due balance. }}
مَدَدْ = madad = protract , reach , elongate , extend , draw out , lengthen, stretch out , spread out , sprawl , dilate , reach , range , unwind , outstretch , pervade.

=== Qur'an 20:53 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|20|53}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وسلك لكم فيها سبلا وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرجنا به ازواجا من نبات شتى

Allathee jaAAala lakumu al-ardamahdan wasalaka lakum feeha subulan waanzala mina alssama-imaan faakhrajna bihi azwajan min nabatinshatta

'''He Who has, made for you the earth like a carpet spread out'''; has enabled you to go about therein by roads (and channels); and has sent down water from the sky." With it have We produced diverse pairs of plants each separate from the others. }}
مَهْدًا = mahdan = (Noun) cradle or bed, (verb) flatten, smoothen, smooth, level, cement, grade, ram, plane, roll, flat, level off.

=== Qur'an 43:10 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|43|10}}| '''الذي جعل لكم الارض مهدا''' وجعل لكم فيها سبلا لعلكم تهتدون

Allathee jaAAala lakumu al-ardamahdan wajaAAala lakum feeha subulan laAAallakum tahtadoona

'''(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out''', and has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance (on the way);}}
مَهْدًا = mahdan = (Noun) cradle.or bed, (verb) flatten , smoothen , smooth , level , cement , grade , ram , plane , roll , flat , level off

=== Qur'an 50:7 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|50|7}}| '''والارض مددناها''' والقينا فيها رواسي وانبتنا فيها من كل زوج بهيج

Waal-arda madadnahawaalqayna feeha rawasiya waanbatnafeeha min kulli zawjin baheejin

'''And the earth- We have spread it out''', and set thereon mountains standing firm, and produced therein every kind of beautiful growth (in pairs)- }}
مَدَدْ = madad = protract , reach , elongate , extend , draw out , lengthen, stretch out , spread out , sprawl , dilate , reach , range , unwind , outstretch , pervade , lengthen

=== Qur'an 51:48 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}| والارض فرشناها فنعم الماهدون

Waal-arda farashnahafaniAAma almahidoona

And We have spread out the (spacious) earth: How excellently We do spread out! }}
فَرَشَْ = farasha = provide with furniture , flatten , outspread , pervade , circulate , cement , grade , unwind , stretch , expand , flat , range , reach , ram , spread out , lengthen , sprawl , unfold , level off , roll out , level

الْمَهِدُونَ from مَهِدُ = flatten , smoothen , smooth , level , cement , grade , ram , plane , roll , flat , level off

=== Qur'an 71:19 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|71|19}}| والله جعل لكم الارض بساطا

WaAllahu jaAAala lakumu al-ardabisatan

And Allah has made the earth for you as a carpet (spread out), }}
بِسَاطًا = bisaatan = drugget , carpet , rug
from the verb بسط = outspread , flatten , flat , even , ram , grade , level off , outstretch , pave , level , smoothen , roll , cement

=== Qur'an 78:6 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|78|6}}| الم نجعل الارض مهادا

Alam najAAali al-arda mihadan

Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse,}}
مهاد = flat land , flat , plain , ramming

=== Qur'an 79:30 ===
Many Islamist apologists attempt to deflect criticism that the Qur'an promotes the mistaken belief of a flat earth by the word dahaha used in Qur'an 79:30, commonly translated as ‘spread’ or ‘stretched’.
{{Quote|{{Quran|79|30}}| '''Arabic:''' والارض بعد ذلك دحاها

'''Transliteration:''' ''Waal-arda baAAda thalika dahaha''
'''Literal:''' And the earth/Planet Earth after that He blew and stretched/spread it. <ref name="ia-79-30">[http://islamawakened.org/Quran/3/default.htm#003_054 Islam Awakened - Quran 79:30]</ref> }}
==== Qur'an Translations ====
{{quote ||
'''Yusuf Ali:''' And the earth, moreover, hath He extended (to a wide expanse); <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Pickthal:''' And after that He spread the earth, <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Arberry:''' and the earth-after that He spread it out, <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Shakir:''' And the earth, He expanded it after that. <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Sarwar:''' After this, He spread out the earth, <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Hilali/Khan:''' And after that He spread the earth; <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Malik:''' After that He spread out the earth, <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Maulana Ali:''' And the earth, He cast it after that. <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''Free Minds:''' And the land after that He spread out. <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}

Some translations have attempted to translate the word dahaha to mean made egg-shaped or like an ‘ostrich egg’.
{{quote ||
'''Khalifa:''' He made the earth egg-shaped. <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
{{quote ||
'''QXP:''' And after that He made the earth shoot out from the Cosmic Nebula and made it spread out egg-shaped. ('Dahaha' entails all the meanings rendered (21:30), (41:11)). <ref name="ia-79-30"/> }}
====Apologetic Claims====
{{quote || Anyway, to answer your question about why did Allah Almighty use the word "dahaha" in Noble Verse 79:30, well it's because the word is the most precise out of all. It describes the roundness and the flatness of the earth at once. <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071227021224/http://www.answering-christianity.com/earth_in_islam.htm Answering Christianity on dahaha]</ref>}}
Some will also claim that the root word for dahaha is duhiya which means ostrich egg.
{{quote || 4. Earth is geo-spherical in shape

The Qur’an mentions the actual shape of the earth in the following verse:

“And we have made the earth egg shaped”. [Al-Qur’an 79:30]

The Arabic word Dahaha means egg shaped. It also means an expanse. Dahaha is derived from Duhiya which specifically refers to the egg of an ostrich which is geospherical in shape, exactly like the shape of the earth.

Thus the Qur’an and modern established science are in perfect harmony.<ref>[http://www.islamicvoice.com/February2006/QuestionHour-DrZakirNaik/?PHPSESSID=c30907389ab7486d8886b1a992e9ae1a Q & A - Zakir Naik - dahaha]</ref>}}

Nevertheless, many Muslims still cling to the belief that dahaha means an ostrich egg, despite the scientific difficulty this presents in that the earth is an oblate spheroid while the ostrich egg is a prolate spheroid. Thus the earth and the ostrich egg are dissimilar in three dimensions.

A further apologetic is to point to a game played by Meccans in their attempt to link dahaha with roundness.

{{quote || In 79:30, Allah says,

[Transliteration] Waal-arda baAAda thalika dahaha [79:30]

The key word in the above verse is “dahaha”. In Arabic, there is a phrase, “iza dahaha” which means “when he throws the stones over the ground to the hole”. The hole is called “Udhiyatun”. “Almadahi” signify round stones according to the size of which a hole is dug in the ground in which the stones are thrown in a game. “Almadahi” also signify a round thing made of lead by the throwing of which persons contend together. So there is a signification of ROUNDNESS in the root of the word “dahaha”. According to some etymologists, the word for the “egg of an ostrich” also has the same root as “dahaha”. They also take from this that the earth is of the shape of the egg of an ostrich. Latest science findings confirm that the earth is not exactly spherical but the earth is an ellipsoid, i.e. flattened by its poles,[ just like the shape of an egg of an ostrich].

The Arabic words for “flat” or “level” or “straight shaped” are “sawi” and “almustavi”. There is not a single place in Quran where there is any indication of the earth being “flat” or “straight shaped”. The word “faraash” in 2:22, 51:48; the word “wasia” in 4:97, 29:56, 30:10; the word “mahd” in 20:53, 43:10, 78:6; the word “basaat” in 71:19; the word “suttihat” in 88:20; and the word “tahaaha” in 91:6, all may mean, “to spread”, “to expand” or “to extend” with slight differences in their connotations but none signify the earth being straight-shaped or flat.<ref>[http://www.quranicteachings.co.uk/earth-shape.htm QuranTeachings.co.uk - 79:30]</ref>}}
The contention that almadahi and udhiyatun conveys the concept of roundness which they link to the root of dahaha is false for the reason that the 'roundness' of the almadahi and udhiyatun is only in two dimensions. The almadahi is round like a piece of Arab bread (i.e. shaped like a disc) and the udhiyatun is also round in two dimensions. Nevertheless, one of the meanings of dahaha is to 'throw' and that is the derivation of the words 'almadahi and udhiyatun'.

==== Daha and Duhiya ====
In Arabic, each word must be derived from its root. The root usually consists of three letters that can be manipulated, by adding vowels, prefixes and suffixes in order to produce different words with different meanings. For example, "ka-ta-ba" (to write) is the root for many words such as kitab (book), maktaba (library), katib (author), maktoob (written), kitabat (writings) et cetera.

Let's now take the word mentioned to mean egg of an ostrich, "Duhiya". This word is ''not'' a root. It is a noun and is derived from "da-ha-wa", the same root that the verb "dahaha" comes from. Furthermore, Duhiya does not even mean the egg of an ostrich. This is what the most respected dictionaries have to say on this subject:

===== Lisan Al Arab =====
{{quote || الأُدْحِيُّ و الإدْحِيُّ و الأُدْحِيَّة و الإدْحِيَّة و الأُدْحُوّة مَبِيض النعام في الرمل , وزنه أُفْعُول من ذلك , لأَن النعامة تَدْحُوه برِجْلها ثم تَبِيض فيه وليس للنعام عُشٌّ . و مَدْحَى النعام : موضع بيضها , و أُدْحِيُّها موضعها الذي تُفَرِّخ فيه .ِ}}
Translation: Al-udhy, Al-idhy, Al-udhiyya, Al-idhiyya, Al-udhuwwa:The place in sand where an ostrich lays its egg. That's because the ostrich spreads out the earth with its feet then lays its eggs there, an ostrich doesn't have a nest.

{{quote || الدَّحْوُ البَسْطُ . دَحَا الأَرضَ يَدْحُوها دَحْواً بَسَطَها . وقال الفراء في قوله والأَرض بعد ذلك دَحاها قال : بَسَطَها ; قال شمر : وأَنشدتني أَعرابية : الحمدُ لله الذي أَطاقَا

بَنَى السماءَ فَوْقَنا طِباقَا

ثم دَحا الأَرضَ فما أَضاقا

قال شمر : وفسرته فقالت دَحَا الأَرضَ أَوْسَعَها ; وأَنشد ابن بري لزيد بن عمرو بن نُفَيْل : دَحَاها , فلما رآها اسْتَوَتْ

على الماء , أَرْسَى عليها الجِبالا

و دَحَيْتُ الشيءَ أَدْحاهُ دَحْياً بَسَطْته , لغة في دَحَوْتُه ; حكاها اللحياني . وفي حديث عليّ وصلاتهِ , اللهم دَاحِيَ المَدْحُوَّاتِ يعني باسِطَ الأَرَضِينَ ومُوَسِّعَها , ويروى ; دَاحِيَ المَدْحِيَّاتِ . و الدَّحْوُ البَسْطُ . يقال : دَحَا يَدْحُو و يَدْحَى أَي بَسَطَ ووسع }}
Translation: To daha the earth: means to spread it out.
Then it mentions a couple of Arabic poems that confirm this meaning. Anyone who can read Arabic will find this to be the definitive proof that Daha means to spread out.

===== Al Qamoos Al Muheet =====
{{quote || (دَحَا): الله الأرضَ
(يَدْحُوهَا وَيَدْحَاهَا دَحْواً) بَسَطَها}}
Translation: Allah daha the Earth: He spread it out.

===== Al Waseet =====
{{quote || دَحَا الشيءَ: بسطه ووسعه. يقال: دحا اللهُ الأَرض }}
Translation: To daha something: means to spread it out. For example: Allah daha the Earth.

===== Lane's Lexicon =====
{{quote ||2= Dhaheelath see dahl, near the end of the paragraph. dhahhal One who hunts, or catches game, by making use of the dhahool so in the verse cited voce dhahool l. (TA.) Dhahil Very rancorous, malevolent, malicious, or spiteful; wont to hide enmity, and violent haired, in his heart, and to watch for opportunities to indulge it, or exercise it. (Az, TA.)

Dhahool (an arabicized word from the Pers. Dhakhool) A thing which the hunter of gazelles sets up (for the purpose of scaring them into his toil or into the neighbourhood of his place of concealment), consisting of pieces of wood: (S : ) or a thing which the hunter sets up for (the purpose of scaring) the (wild) asses, (K, TA,) and As adds, and the gazelles, (TA,) consisting of pieces of wood like short scars (K,* TA) stuck in the ground, with some pieces of ragged cloth upon their heads; and sometimes set up at night, for (the purpose of searing) the gazelle, with the addition of a lighted lamp; (TA; ) (whence) Dhu-r-Rummeh says,
Wa Yashrabna Ajnan Wannujoomu Ka’annaha
Masabeeh dahhalin Yuzakkee Zubalaha

(And they drink water that is altered for the worse in taste and colour, while the stars are like the lamps of the hunter by means of the Dahool when he make. their wicks to blaze brightly): (TA : ) the pl. is dawaheel (K.)

Dahw

1. Daha (., MM_b;,, 1,) first pers. Dahouth aor, yad'hoo inf. N. dahoo He spread; spread out, or forth; expanded; or extended; (S, Msb, K; ) a thing; (K; ) and, when said of God, the earth; (Fr, S, Mb, 1V; ) As also daha first pers. dahaithu (K in art. daha) aor. yaad’heae inf. n. dahae: (Msb, and K in art. dahae : ) or He (God) made the earth wide, or ample; as explained by an Arab woman of the desert to Sh: (TA : ) also, said of an ostrich, (S, TA,) he expanded, and made wide, (TA,) with his foot, or leg, the place where he was about to deposit his eggs: (S, TA : ) and, said of a man, he spread, &c., and made plain, even, or smooth. (TA in art. dhaha ) - Also, said of a man, (K,,) aor. yad’hoo, inf. n. dahwu(TA,) i.q. Jamie as also daja; on the authority of 1Abr. (TA.) (You say, dhahaha He compressed her; like as you say, dhajaha.) _ Also He threw, or cast, and impelled, propelled, oi removed from its place, a stone, with his hand (TA.) One says also, to him who is playing with walnuts, abidil maddha va adhhuhu, meaning (Make thou the distance far, and) throw it. (S,TA.: See also midh’hath, in two places. And of a torrent one says, dhaha bilbat’hai It cast along (the soft earth and pebbles in its course; or drove then along). (TA.) And of rain, one says, dhaha Al hissa an waj’hil Ardhi (S,Msb) It drove the pebbles from the surface of the earth; (Msb; ) or removed them. (TA.) (See also dhaha, in the next art.) And aldhahwu bilhijarathi also signifies The vying, one with another, in throwing stones, and striving to surpass (in doing so); as also al Midahath (inf. n- of dahee). (TA marra yad’hoo inf.n. dahow said of a horse, He went along throwing out his fore legs without raising his hoofs much from the ground. (S,TA.) = dhahal bathan The belly was, or became, large, and hanging down; (Kr, K; ) and Indhahee (the belly) was, or became, wide, or distended: (MF : ) or both signify it (the belly) became swollen, or inflated, or big,. and hung down, by reason of fatness or disease; as also Dhau and Indah (TA in art dooh.)
3. Dhahee inf.n. Mudahath: see 1.
5. Thud'hee He spread out, or extended, himself; syn. Thabassuth. (K: in art. Daha.) You say, nama fulan fathadhahha Such a one slept, and (extended himself so that he) lay upon a vide space of ground (TA in that art.) - And thadhahhathil ibilu fil ardhi The camels made hollows in the ground where they lay down, it being soft; leaving therein cavities like those of bellies: thus they do only when they are fat. (El-'Itreefee, TA in art. Daha. )
7. see 1, last sentence.
9. id'havi (of the measure if’alath for if’alle like Ar’awa) It (a thing, TA) was, or became, spread, spread out or forth, expanded, or extended. (K.)

Dhahin (act. part n. of 1). Allahumma dhahil Mad’huwwath in a prayer of ‘Alee, means O God, the Spreader and Expander of the (seven) earths: (TA : ) al Mdhuwwath (properly) signifies the things that are spread, &c.; as also Al Mudh’hiyyath. (TA in art. dhaha ) _ Al’Matharuddahee The rain that removes (or drives) the pebbles from the surface of the earth. (TA.)

Ud'hiyy (S.K) (Originally od'huwa of the measure Uf’ool from dhahaithu but said in the S to be of that measure from dhahouthu the dial. var. dhahaithu not being there mentioned,) and and id’hiyy and Ud’hiyyath and ud’huwwath (K) The place of the laying of eggs, (S, K,) and of the hatching thereof, (S,) , of the ostrich, (S. K. ) in the sand; (K; ) because that bird expands it, and makes it wide, with its foot, or leg; for the ostrich has no (nest such as is termed) Ush (S: ) pl. Adahin (TA in the present art.) and Adahee (i. e., if not a mistranscription, Adahiyyu agreeably with the sing.): (TA in art. dhaha and mudhhiyya (likewise) signifies the place of the eggs of the ostrich. (S.) (Hence,) binthu Adh’hiyyathun A female ostrich. (TA.)_(Hence also,) Al Udkhiyyu and Al Id’hiyyu A certain Mansion of the Moon, (K, TA,) (namely, the Twenty-first Mansion,) between the Na’aai’m sa’dha zabih (more commonly) called Al Baldath likened to the Adhahhee of the ostrich. (TA.)

Ud’huwwath and udh’hiyyath: see the next preceding paragraph, in three places: - and for the latter, see also mid’hath, below.

Mad’han see ud’hiyy

Mid’hath A wooden thing with which a child is driven along (yud’ha), and which, passing over the ground, sweeps away everything against which it comes (K, TA.) - Accord. to Sh, A certain thing with which the people of Mekkeh play: he says, I heard El-Asadee describe it thus: Almadahiyy and Almasadiyy signify stones like the (small round cake of bread called) qursath, according to the size which a hole is dug, and widened a little: then they throw those stones (yad’hoona biha) to that hole and if the stone fall therein, the person wins; but if not, he is overcome: you say of him yad’hoo and yasdoo when he throws the stones (Iza dhahaha) over the ground to the hole: and the hole is called ud'hiyyath. (TA.) (Accord. to Freytag, the authority of the Deewan El-Hudhaleeyeen, A round thing made of lead, by the throwing of which persons contend together.)

Almadhuwwath and almad’hiyyath see Dahin,

Dhaha

1. Dhaha first pers. Dhahaithu,aor. yad’ha inf.n. dhah’ya: see 1 in art. Dhahoo.__ dhahaithul ibil (K,) inf. n. as above, (TA,) I drove the camel,; (K; ) as also dhahaithuha (TA.)

(4 mentioned by Freytag as on the authority of the K is a mistake for 5.)

5 (mentioned in this art. in the V and TA): see art. Dhahoo

7 (mentioned in this art. by MF): see art. Dhahoo.

Dhah’yath A single act of dhahy, i. e. spreading, (Msb.) = A she-ape, or she-monkey. (K.)
dhihyath A mode, or manner, of dhahyu, i. e. spreading, &c. (Msb.) = A headman, or chief, (R, K, TA,) in an absolute sense, in the dial. of El-Yemen, (R, TA,) and particularly, of an army, or a military force. (K, TA.) AA says that it signifies "a lord," or "chief," in Pers.; but seems to be from dhahahu aor. yadh’hoohu, meaning "he spread it, and made it plain or even ;" because it is for the headman or chief to do this; the a. being changed into LS as it is in swibyath and fith’yath; and if so, it belongs to art. dahoo. (TA.) (Accord. to Golius, the pl. is dihau; but I think that it is more probably dhahan.) It is in a trad. that what is called Albaithul Ma’emoor (q.v. in art. Amr) is entered every day by seventy thousand companies of angels, every one of these having with it a dhih’yath and consisting seventy thousand angels. (TA.)

Ud’hiyyun and Id’hiyyun see art. dhaha.

Ud’hiyyath: see ud’hiyyu, in art. dahoo, in two places.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume3/00000023.pdf Lane's Lexicon - daha (PDF)] </ref>}}
Note above that Lane also translates dahaha to mean the place in the sand where the ostrich lays its eggs, and not the eggs themselves.

=== Qur'an 88:20 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|88|20}}| والى الارض كيف سطحت

Wa-ila al-ardi kayfa sutihat

And at the Earth, how it is spread out?}}
Notice the word سَطَّحَ . If you do a word search in an Arabic Qur'an text file you will find the word سطحت , feminine for سَطَّحَ

سَطَّحَ = outspread , unfold , unroll , roll , lengthen , level , range , pave , pervade , circulate , grade , reach , even , level off , spread out , prostrate , plane , outstretch, flat , flatten , even , smoothen.

=== Qur'an 91:6 ===
{{Quote|{{Quran|91|6}}| والارض وماطحاها

Waal-ardi wama tahaha

By the Earth and its (wide) expanse}}

== Further Proof ==

===Qur'an 2:22===

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|22}}| الذي جعل لكم الارض فراشا والسماء بناء وانزل من السماء ماء فاخرج به من الثمرات رزقا لكم فلا تجعلوا لله اندادا وانتم تعلمون

Allathee jaAAala lakumu al-arda firashan waalssamaa binaan waanzala mina alssama-i maan faakhraja bihi mina alththamarati rizqan lakum fala tajAAaloo lillahi andadan waantum taAAlamoona

Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and brought forth therewith Fruits for your sustenance; then set not up rivals unto Allah when ye know (the truth). }}

The word translated as canopy is binaa or binaan ( بِنَاء ). This word means "building". The heavens are as a multi-story building over the earth. There are seven layers or stories to this building called the heavens. The heavens are built on a "flat" foundation called "the earth". The tafsir of 'ibn Kathir confirms this:

{{quote || These Ayat indicate that Allah started creation by creating earth, then He made heaven into seven heavens. This is how building usually starts, with the lower floors first and then the top floors, <ref>[http://tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=2&tid=1494 Tafsir 'ibn Kathir]</ref> }}

===Qur'an 18:86===

{{Quote|{{Quran|18|86}}| حتى اذا بلغ مغرب الشمس وجدها تغرب في عين حمئة ووجد عندها قوما قلنا ياذا القرنين اما ان تعذب واما ان تتخذ فيهم حسنا

Hatta itha balagha maghriba alshshamsi wajadaha taghrubu fee AAaynin hami-atin wawajada AAindaha qawman qulna ya tha alqarnayni imma an tuAAaththiba wa-imma an tattakhitha feehim husnan

Until, when he reached the setting of the sun, he found it set in a spring of murky water: Near it he found a People: We said: "O Zul-qarnain! (thou hast authority,) either to punish them, or to treat them with kindness." }}

This verse on the [[Dhul-Qarnayn and the Sun Setting in a Muddy Spring|setting of the sun]] in murky water supports that the earth is flat in the Qur'an.

===Qur'an 18:47===

{{Quote|{{Quran|18|47}}| ويوم نسير الجبال وترى الارض بارزة وحشرناهم فلم نغادر منهم احدا

Wayawma nusayyiru aljibala watara al-arda barizatan wahasharnahum falam nughadir minhum ahadan

One Day We shall remove the mountains, and thou wilt see the earth as a level stretch, and We shall gather them, all together, nor shall We leave out any one of them. }}

In this verse we are told that it's only the mountains which keep the earth from being completely flat.

===Qur'an 2:144===
[[File:Praying towards the Ka'aba.JPG|right|thumb|250px|'''Top-left:''' Due to the sphericity of the earth, a prayer in any direction will point towards the sky/outer-space, not Mecca. '''Top-right:''' People who are located on the opposite 'side' of the earth would have to pray vertically down towards the center of the earth, and would also blaspheme against Allah, because they defecate toward the direction of the Ka'aba when they answer the call of nature. '''Bottom-left:''' If we use the traditional Muslim method of determining qiblah (i.e. a great circle) this would still be blasphemous because you would be simultaneously praying with your face and backside aimed towards the Ka'aba. '''Bottom-right:''' There is one point on the opposite 'side' of the earth where any direction for all 360 degrees would be facing 'towards' Mecca and consequently, there would be no one direction that would be the correct one.]]
{{Quote|{{Quran|2|144}}|We have seen the turning of thy face to heaven (for guidance, O Muhammad). And now verily We shall make thee turn (in prayer) toward a qiblah which is dear to thee. So turn thy face toward the Inviolable Place of Worship, and ye (O Muslims), wheresoever ye may be, turn your faces (when ye pray) toward it. Lo! Those who have received the Scripture know that (this revelation) is the Truth from their Lord. And Allah is not unaware of what they do.}}

This verse tells all Muslims to pray towards the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] (qiblah being the direction that one has to face in order to do this). This is only possible on a flat earth model. Due to the sphericity of the earth, a prayer in any direction will point towards the sky/outer-space, not Mecca.

For people who are praying a great distance from Mecca, their qiblah would be somewhere down towards the ground, and the people who are located on the opposite 'side' of the earth would have to pray vertically downward towards the center of the earth.

So, for example, Muslims in the Solomon Islands in fact blaspheme against Allah, because they defecate toward the direction of the Ka'aba when they answer the call of nature.

Even if we were to use the traditional Muslim method of determining qiblah (i.e. a [[W:Great circle|great circle]]) this would still be blasphemous because you would be simultaneously praying with your face and backside aimed towards the Ka'aba.

There is also one point on the opposite 'side' of the earth where any direction for all 360 degrees would be facing 'towards' Mecca and consequently, there would be no one direction that would be the correct one.

In addition to all of the direct evidence we have provided, this is just one of the problems which indirectly indicate that the narrator/writer of the Qur'an believed in a flat earth model.

===Qur'an 2:187===

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|187}}|It is made lawful for you to go in unto your wives on the night of the fast. They are raiment for you and ye are raiment for them. Allah is Aware that ye were deceiving yourselves in this respect and He hath turned in mercy toward you and relieved you. So hold intercourse with them and seek that which Allah hath ordained for you, and eat and drink until the white thread becometh distinct to you from the black thread of the dawn. Then strictly observe the fast till nightfall and touch them not, but be at your devotions in the mosques. These are the limits imposed by Allah, so approach them not. Thus Allah expoundeth His revelation to mankind that they may ward off (evil)}}

This verse tells Muslims, when fasting, to not eat, drink, or have [[Reproduction|sexual intercourse]] during sunlight hours. This can cause a [[The Ramadan Pole Paradox|huge problem]] for those who live close to the North or South poles.

The closer we get to the poles, the longer our days or nights become. They can eventually extend for up to several months each, making this verse, the fourth [[Five Pillars of Islam|Pillar of Islam]], impossible to practice without starving yourself to death. Again, this problem would not exist on a flat earth model.

== General Apologetics ==
===Qur'an 22:61, 31:29, & 39:5===
{{Quote|{{Quran|22|61}}| ذلك بان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وان الله سميع بصير

Thalika bi-anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli waanna Allaha sameeAAun baseerun

That is because Allah merges night into day, and He merges day into night, and verily it is Allah Who hears and sees (all things).}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|31|29}}| الم تر ان الله يولج الليل في النهار ويولج النهار في الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري الى اجل مسمى وان الله بما تعملون خبير

Alam tara anna Allaha yooliju allayla fee alnnahari wayooliju alnnahara fee allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree ila ajalin musamman waanna Allaha bima taAAmaloona khabeerun

Seest thou not that Allah merges Night into Day and he merges Day into Night; that He has subjected the sun, and the moon (to his Law), each running its course for a term appointed; and that Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do?}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|39|5}}| خلق السماوات والارض بالحق يكور الليل على النهار ويكور النهار على الليل وسخر الشمس والقمر كل يجري لاجل مسمى الا هو العزيز الغفار

Khalaqa alssamawati waal-arda bialhaqqi yukawwiru allayla AAala alnnahari wayukawwiru alnnahara AAala allayli wasakhkhara alshshamsa waalqamara kullun yajree li-ajalin musamman ala huwa alAAazeezu alghaffaru

He created the heavens and the earth in true (proportions): He makes the Night overlap the Day, and the Day overlap the Night: He has subjected the sun and the moon (to His law): Each one follows a course for a time appointed. Is not He the Exalted in Power - He Who forgives again and again?}}

Muslims sometimes claim "Merging here means that the night slowly and gradually changes to day and vice versa. This phenomenon can only take place if the earth is spherical. If the earth was flat, there would have been a sudden change from night to day and from day to night."

This claim is false. The gradual shift from day to night and vice versa would still happen on a flat earth model. The only difference is that the flat earth model would be lit up at the same time, there would be no timezones just the same night and day for everyone.

A simple experiment can be done to demonstrate the point. All that is needed is a dark room, table and flashlight. If the flashlight is slowed raised above the edge of the table (similar to a sunrise), a gradual shift from darkness to light will be observed. So verses 31:29, 39:5 and 22:61 give no information about the Earth's shape. They are merely observations that anyone can make.

In addition, these verses erroneously refer to lightness and darkness as two different things. They are in fact the same thing. The Night does not "overlap" the Day because there is only light, and darkness is nothing but the absence of light.

== Conclusion ==

Shaykh Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, the former supreme religious authority of [[Saudi Arabia]], believed the earth is flat,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/12/world/muslim-edicts-take-on-new-force.html|2=2011-11-30}} Muslim Edicts Take on New Force] - New York Times, February 12, 1995.</ref><ref>Sheikh Abdul Aziz Ben Baz (1395 AH [1974 AD]), ''"Evidence that the Earth is Standing Still"'', Islamic University of Medina, Saudi Arabia. First edition, p. 23.</ref> and so does Muslim Researcher on Astronomy Fadhel Al-Sa'd, who declared in a televised debate aired on [[Iraq|Iraqi]] Al-Fayhaa TV (October 31, 2007) that the Earth is flat as evidenced by Qur'anic verses and that the sun is much smaller than the Earth and revolves around it.<ref>[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1684.htm Iraqi Researcher Defies Scientific Axioms: The Earth Is Flat and Much Larger than the Sun (Which Is Also Flat)] - MEMRI TV, Video No. 1684</ref>

As devout Muslims, they have good reason to conclude the Earth is flat; the Qur'anic verses 15:19, 20:53, 43:10, 50:7, 51:48, 71:19, 78:6, 79:30, 88:20 and 91:6 all clearly state this and not a single verse in the Qur'an hint to a spherical earth.

{{Core Science}}

== See Also ==

{{Hub4|Cosmology|Cosmology}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Le Coran et la Terre plate|French]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Quran/Science/earth_egg.html Is the Earth Egg-Shaped?] ''- [[Answering Islam]]''
*[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fislammonitor.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1382%26Itemid%3D63&date=2011-03-26 The Earth is Flat] - ''Islam Monitor''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.islam-watch.org/SujitDas/MuslimGenius.htm|2=2011-03-26}} A Tribute to a Muslim Genius (Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz)] ''- [[Islam Watch]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:HRK]]
{{page_title|Flat Earth and the Qur'an}}
[[bg:Плоската земя и Корана]]

The Pact of Umar

2015-06-29T11:35:50Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The [[Pact of Umar]] (العهدة العمرية‎, Al-'Uhda Al-'Umariyya) (637 AD) is an agreement between a subdued Christian population and the Muslim invaders lead by ''Umar Ibn Al-Khattab'', the second Rightly-guided [[Caliph]].

==Text of Pact==

{{Quote|The Pact of Umar|In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This is a document to the servant of Allah `Umar, the Leader of the faithful, from the Christians of such and such city. When you (Muslims) came to us we requested safety for ourselves, children, property and followers of our religion. We made a condition on ourselves that: 
*we will neither erect in our areas a monastery,
*church,
*or a sanctuary for a monk,
*nor restore any place of worship that needs restoration
*nor use any of them for the purpose of enmity against Muslims.
*We will not prevent any Muslim from resting in our churches whether they come by day or night,
*and we will open the doors [of our houses of worship] for the wayfarer and passerby.
*Those Muslims who come as guests, will enjoy boarding and food for three days.
*We will not allow a spy against Muslims into our churches and homes or hide deceit [or betrayal] against Muslims.
*We will not teach our children the Qur'an,
*publicize practices of Shirk,
*invite anyone to Shirk
*or prevent any of our fellows from embracing Islam, if they choose to do so.
*We will respect Muslims,
*move from the places we sit in if they choose to sit in them.
*We will not imitate their clothing, caps, turbans, sandals, hairstyles, speech, nicknames and title names,
*or ride on saddles,
*hang swords on the shoulders, collect weapons of any kind or carry these weapons.
*We will not encrypt our stamps in Arabic,
*or sell liquor.
*We will have the front of our hair cut,
*wear our customary clothes wherever we are,
*wear belts around our waist,
*refrain from erecting crosses on the outside of our churches
*and demonstrating them and our books in public in Muslim fairways and markets.
*We will not sound the bells in our churches, except discretely,
*or raise our voices while reciting our holy books inside our churches in the presence of Muslims,
*nor raise our voices [with prayer] at our funerals,
*or light torches in funeral processions in the fairways of Muslims, or their markets.
*We will not bury our dead next to Muslim dead,
*or buy servants who were captured by Muslims.
*We will be guides for Muslims and refrain from breaching their privacy in their homes.'
*We will not beat any Muslim.
 These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.'<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>}}

==Authenticity==

Some secular scholars, and more recently, certain apologists, have doubted the authenticity of this document (as they also have with the [[hadith]] literature and the [[Qur'an]] itself), but what they do not doubt is that what is described within this document was actually practiced by the early Muslims. For example, the use of distinguishing marks is consistent with documentary and archaeological evidence from seventh and eighth century [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]].<ref>Robinson, Chase F. - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/sho/2005/00000048/00000003/art00003|2=2012-05-14}} Neck-Sealing in early Islam] - (BRILL) Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Volume 48, Number 3, 2005 , pp. 401-441(41)</ref>

Regardless of what secular scholars say, this document is universally accepted as genuine by mainstream Muslims. This view is echoed by some of Islam's greatest scholars and historians, including al-Khallal (d. 923 AD), Ibn Hazm (d. 1063 AD), al-Tartushi (d. 1126 AD), Ibn Qudama (d. 1123 AD), Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1138 AD), Ibn ‘Asakir (d. 1176 AD), Ibn al-Qayyim (d. 1350 AD), Ibn Kathir, al-Hindi and ‘Ali ‘Ajin. The eighth-century Hanafi jurist, Abu Yusuf, further noted that the terms in the Pact dealing with dhimmis are clearly in agreement with the Qur'an and hadith literature. Therefore, the Pact "stands till the day of resurrection."

==Wikipedia Article "Covenant of Umar I"==

The corresponding [[Wikipedia]] article "Covenant of Umar I" states "Some Palestinian Christians and Muslims see the document as having the force of law, even after more than thirteen centuries."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covenant_of_Umar_I&oldid=368686081 Covenant of Umar I] - Wikipedia, June 29, 2010</ref> While this may at first seem impressive, one must consider the fact that the Christians of [[Palestine]] (unless mentioned to dispel the so-called myth of “all Arabs being Muslim”) are a forgotten minority, who regularly face [[Persecution_of_Non-Muslims#Palestinian_Authority_area|persecution and even death]]. There is little surprise they would support a humiliating pact which officially labels them as second-class citizens, for it spares their lives and the lives of their loved ones. It is a given that African-Americans were relieved when slavery was outlawed by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States' Constitution in 1865. This hardly makes the [[Jim Crow Laws]] any more acceptable.

{{Core POTB}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Pact of Umar|the Pact of Umar}}
* [[Library]] ''- WikiIslam's online library of books''

{{Translation-links-english|[[Пакта на Омар|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/thomas/pact_of_umar.html|2=2011-10-22}} The Onerous Rules & Regulations Imposed on the People of the Book]
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1772-jewsinislam.html|2=2011-10-22}} Islam and the Jews: The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dhimmitude]]
[[Category:People of the Book]]
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[bg:Пакта на Омар]]
[[ru:Пакт Умара]]

Muhammad's Death

2015-06-29T11:31:30Z

Damaskin: /* External Links */

[[File:Muhammad on deathbed.jpg|thumb|330px|right|An illustration of Muhammad on his deathbed. Taken from the book Jami' al-Tawarikh (also known as The Universal History or History of the World), by Rashid al-Din, published in Tabriz, Persia, 1307 A.D. Now at the Edinburgh University Library, Scotland. (''[[Images:The Koran and the life of the prophet Mohammed|more pictures of Muhammad]]'')]]
This article discusses the [[Muhammad's Death|death]] of Prophet [[Muhammad]] in 632 AD and the circumstances surrounding it.

==Death==

===Poisoned by a Jewess===

Muhammad was poisoned by a Jewish woman, following the conquest of Khaibar, where he took [[Safiyah]] as a wife, and ordered the torture and beheading of her husband [[Kinana]], the chief of the Jews at Khaibar.

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|3|47|786}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik:

A Jewess brought a poisoned (cooked) sheep for the Prophet who ate from it. She was brought to the Prophet and he was asked, "Shall we kill her?" He said, "No." I continued to see the effect of the poison on the palate of the mouth of Allah's Apostle .}}

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|713}}|....Narrated 'Aisha: The Prophet in his ailment in which he died, used to say, "O 'Aisha! I still feel the pain caused by the food I ate at Khaibar, and at this time, I feel as if my aorta is being cut from that poison."}}

The reason behind her action was the killing of her people and family by Muhammad.

{{Quote|Ibn Sa'd p. 252|The apostle of Allah sent for Zaynab and said to her, "What induced you to do what you have done?" She replied, "You have done to my people what you have done. You have killed my father, my uncle and my husband, so I said to myself, "If you are a prophet, the foreleg will inform you; and others have said, "If you are a king we will get rid of you."}}

It was no secret among the wives, that [[Aisha]] was Muhammad's favorite, and he made this clear as death approached.

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|7|62|144}}|Narrated 'Aisha:

that during his fatal ailment, Allah's Apostle, used to ask his wives, "Where shall I stay tomorrow? Where shall I stay tomorrow?" He was looking forward to Aisha's turn. So all his wives allowed him to stay where he wished....}}

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|1|11|634}}|....He came out with the help of two men and his legs were dragging on the ground. He was between Al-Abbas and another man [Ali Ibn Abi Talib]."....}}

===Died in the Arms of Aisha===

Even from his death-bed, Muhammad was issuing orders and cursing [[Islam and the People of the Book|Christians and Jews]].

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|716}}|....Then he [Muhammad] ordered them to do three things. He said, "Turn the pagans out of the 'Arabian Peninsula; respect and give gifts to the foreign delegations as you have seen me dealing with them." (Said bin Jubair, the sub-narrator said that Ibn Abbas kept quiet as rewards the third order, or he said, "I forgot it.")}}

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|4|56|660}}|Narrated 'Aisha and Ibn 'Abbas:

On his death-bed Allah's Apostle put a sheet over his-face and when he felt hot, he would remove it from his face. When in that state (of putting and removing the sheet) he said, "May Allah's Curse be on the Jews and the Christians for they build places of worship at the graves of their prophets." (By that) he intended to warn (the Muslim) from what they (i.e. Jews and Christians) had done.}}

On the 8th of June, 632 AD Aisha watched Muhammad finally die, slumped on her bosom.

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|730}}|Narrated Aisha:....In front of him there was a jug or a tin, (The sub-narrator, 'Umar is in doubt as to which was right) containing water. He started dipping his hand in the water and rubbing his face with it, he said, "None has the right to be worshipped except Allah. Death has its agonies." He then lifted his hands (towards the sky) and started saying, "With the highest companion," till he expired and his hand dropped down.}}

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|7|62|144}}|....'Aisha added: He died on the day of my usual turn at my house. Allah took him unto Him while his head was between my chest and my neck and his saliva was mixed with my saliva.}}

==Funeral==

===Preparation===

[[w:Ali|Ali ibn Abi Ṭalib]], the fourth Rightly-guided [[Caliph]] of [[Islam]] (and also Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin) and some others took charge of washing Muhammad, but unlike others, he was washed with his cloths remaining on his body.

{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3135}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:

By Allah, we did not know whether we should take off the clothes of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) as we took off the clothes of our dead, or wash him while his clothes were on him. When they (the people) differed among themselves, Allah cast slumber over them until every one of them had put his chin on his chest.

Then a speaker spoke from a side of the house, and they did not know who he was: Wash the Prophet (peace be upon him) while his clothes are on him. So they stood round the Prophet (peace be upon him) and washed him while he had his shirt on him. They poured water on his shirt, and rubbed him with his shirt and not with their hands...}}

Ibn Hisham observed, “The apostle’s body did not present the appearance of an ordinary corpse.” (pg. 688) Aisha also noted that If she had known beforehand what she found out later, "none would have washed him except his wives".

{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3135}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin:

[...]Aisha used to say: If I had known beforehand about my affair what I found out later, none would have washed him except his wives.}}

[[w:Abu'l-Fida|Abu al-Fida]] (1273 – 1331 AD) was a Muslim geographer and historian. He relates that Muhammad suffered from a [[Priapism - Permanent Erection#Death Erection|death erection]]. From Edward Gibbon's "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire":

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20070417133412/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0214.09|2=2011-10-31}} Edward Gibbon's "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" Vol. 9 - Footnote 175]|2=Sibi robur ad generationem, quantum triginta viri habent, inesse jactaret; ita ut unicâ horâ posset undecim feminis satisfacere, ut ex Arabum libris refert Stus Petrus Paschasius, c. 2 (Maracci, Prodromus Alcoran, p. iv. p. 55. See likewise Observations de Belon, l. iii. c. 10, fol. 179, recto). Al Jannabi (Gagmer, tom. iii. p. 487) records his own testimony that he surpassed all men in conjugal vigour; and Abulfeda mentions the exclamation of Ali, who washed his body after his death, “O propheta, certe penis tuus cælum versus erectus est” (in Vit. Mohammed. p. 140).}}

In English, Ali had exclaimed, "''O prophet, thy penis is erect unto the sky!''"

Tabari does not mention Muhammad's erection, but does note that [[W:Umar|Umar ibn al-Khattab]], the second Rightly-guided Caliph of Islam, initially refused to believe Muhammad had died.

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|p. 184}}|When the Messenger of God died, 'Umar b. al-Khattab stood up saying, "Some of the hypocrites allege that the Messenger of God is dead. By God, he is not dead, ...}}

===The Burial===

Once cleaned, they covered him with triple shrouds.

{{Quote|{{Abudawud|20|3147}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas:

The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) was shrouded in three garments made in Najran: two garments and one shirt in which he died.}}

Finally, after a delay, he was buried quietly in the house in which he died, near the Mosque of the Prophet in [[Medina]].

==See Also==

*[[Muhammad's Death]] ''- A hub page that leads to other articles related to Muhammad's Death''

{{Translation-links-english|[[Обстоятелствата около смъртта на Мухаммад|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

* [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/mo-death.htm|2=2011-10-31}} The Death of Muhammad]'' - [[Answering Islam]]''
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HiMgW9yd7w Was Muhammad poisoned by his two wives Aisha and Hafza?] ''- Shi'ite viewpoint from Shaykh Yasser Al-Habib''

[[Category:Muhammad]][[Category:Muhammad and Aisha]]
[[bg:Обстоятелствата около смъртта на Мухаммад]]
[[ru:Обстоятельства окружающие смерть Мухаммеда]]

Women's Intelligence and the Islamic Tradition

2015-06-29T11:28:20Z

Damaskin: /* References */

This article discusses the [[Islam|Islamic]] belief that all [[Islam and Women|women]] are [[Creation|created]] less intelligent than their male counterparts.

==Introduction==

Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] declared that the majority of the inhabitants of [[Hell]] are women.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|6|301}}</ref> When asked why, he said it was because they are deficient in intelligence and religion, and because they are ungrateful to their husbands. Although [[apologists]] and female Muslims use a lot of creative arguments to explain away Muhammad's declarations about women, they do not stand up to scrutiny. Here we will present evidence showing Muhammad's belief that ''all'' women are less intelligent than their male counterparts; as well as examine and refute the common Muslim claims about the [[Hadith|ahadith]] in question.

== Evidence ==

=== Ahadith evidence ===

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|1|6|301}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri:

Once Allah's Apostle went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) o 'Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, "O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women)." They asked, "Why is it so, O Allah's Apostle ?" He replied, "You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. '''I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you.''' A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you." The women asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?" He said, '''"Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?"''' They replied in the affirmative. '''He said, "This is the deficiency in her intelligence.''' Isn't it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?" The women replied in the affirmative. He said, "This is the deficiency in her religion." }}

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|2|24|541}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri

On 'Id ul Fitr or 'Id ul Adha Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) went out to the Musalla. After finishing the prayer, he delivered the sermon and ordered the people to give alms. He said, "O people! Give alms." Then he went towards the women and said. "O women! Give alms, for I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-Fire were you (women)." The women asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What is the reason for it?" He replied, "O women! You curse frequently, and are ungrateful to your husbands. '''I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. O women,''' some of you can lead a cautious wise man astray." Then he left. And when he reached his house, Zainab, the wife of Ibn Masud, came and asked permission to enter It was said, "O Allah's Apostle! It is Zainab." He asked, 'Which Zainab?" The reply was that she was the wife of Ibn Mas'ub. He said, "Yes, allow her to enter." And she was admitted. Then she said, "O Prophet of Allah! Today you ordered people to give alms and I had an ornament and intended to give it as alms, but Ibn Masud said that he and his children deserved it more than anybody else." The Prophet replied, "Ibn Masud had spoken the truth. Your husband and your children had more right to it than anybody else." }}

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|3|48|826}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri

The Prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes." He said, "This is because of the deficiency of a woman's mind." }}

=== Qur'an evidence ===

{{ quote | {{Quran|2|282|}}|

'''Yusuf Ali:''' O ye who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties: let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah Has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fear His Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If they party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable Himself to dictate, Let his guardian dictate faithfully, and get two witnesses, out of your own men, '''and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her.''' The witnesses should not refuse when they are called on (For evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it be small or big: it is juster in the sight of Allah, More suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves but if it be a transaction which ye carry out on the spot among yourselves, there is no blame on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witness whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness suffer harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So fear Allah; For it is Good that teaches you. And Allah is well acquainted with all things. If ye are on a journey, and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, let the trustee (faithfully) discharge his trust, and let him Fear his Lord conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it, - his heart is tainted with sin. And Allah knoweth all that ye do.

'''Pickthal:''' O ye who believe! When ye contract a debt for a fixed term, record it in writing. Let a scribe record it in writing between you in (terms of) equity. No scribe should refuse to write as Allah hath taught him, so let him write, and let him who incurreth the debt dictate, and let him observe his duty to Allah his Lord, and diminish naught thereof. But if he who oweth the debt is of low understanding, or weak, or unable himself to dictate, then let the guardian of his interests dictate in (terms of) equity. And call to witness, from among your men, two witnesses. '''And if two men be not (at hand) then a man and two women, of such as ye approve as witnesses, so that if the one erreth (through forgetfulness) the other will remember.''' And the witnesses must not refuse when they are summoned. Be not averse to writing down (the contract) whether it be small or great, with (record of) the term thereof. That is more equitable in the sight of Allah and more sure for testimony, and the best way of avoiding doubt between you; save only in the case when it is actual merchandise which ye transfer among yourselves from hand to hand. In that case it is no sin for you if ye write it not. And have witnesses when ye sell one to another, and let no harm be done to scribe or witness. If ye do (harm to them) lo! it is a sin in you. Observe your duty to Allah. Allah is teaching you. And Allah is knower of all things.

'''Shakir:''' O you who believe! when you deal with each other in contracting a debt for a fixed time, then write it down; and let a scribe write it down between you with fairness; and the scribe should not refuse to write as Allah has taught him, so he should write; and let him who owes the debt dictate, and he should be careful of (his duty to) Allah, his Lord, and not diminish anything from it; but if he who owes the debt is unsound in understanding, or weak, or (if) he is not able to dictate himself, let his guardian dictate with fairness; and call in to witness from among your men two witnesses; '''but if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you choose to be witnesses, so that if one of the two errs, the second of the two may remind the other'''; and the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned; and be not averse to writing it (whether it is) small or large, with the time of its falling due; this is more equitable in the sight of Allah and assures greater accuracy in testimony, and the nearest (way) that you may not entertain doubts (afterwards), except when it is ready merchandise which you give and take among yourselves from hand to hand, then there is no blame on you in not writing it down; and have witnesses when you barter with one another, and let no harm be done to the scribe or to the witness; and if you do (it) then surely it will be a transgression in you, and be careful of (your duty) to Allah, Allah teaches you, and Allah knows all things}}

==Apologetic Claims==

=== Muhammad was referring to that specific group of women only ===

Here is a video from Rasha Al-Disuqi, a West Coast based professor, author, and activist.<ref>[http://www.sharaaz.com/index.php3?menu=describe&table=Book&cat=Books&id=4275&associate= Book review and Profile of Rasha al-Disuqi]</ref> Her topic was "Rights of Muslim women and their rights in society".

{|align=center
|<youtube>GYoNDgB-jDU</youtube>
|} 

In the above video she makes two claims:

==== "Not a blanket statement for all Women" ====

{{ quote || That hadith was said at a specific time, during a specific situation, addressing a specific group and it was not meant to be as a blanket statement.}}

There is absolutely no evidence that Muhammad's statements in the ahadith were directed at that specific group of women because:

1. Muhammad's sole piece of evidence for this statement is Allah's mandate in ''Qur'an 2:282'' which states that two women are required to give evidence in the absence of a man; this is to say that the testimony of one woman is equal to 1/2 of a man's testimony. Nowhere in that verse does it say "This is for the women of Muhammad's time" or "this is only for a specific group of women." If the Qur'an is a book for all time, then the testimony of a woman is ''always'' the equivalent of 1/2 a man's testimony in Islam. Therefore, for Muhammad to use this as evidence as to the deficiency of a woman's mind ''proves'' that it was a "blanket statement" over all women who have and will ever live.

2. In the same hadith (not the partial one) Muhammad tells the women that they are also ''deficient in religion''. Islam is very much a works-based religion; every day of fasting 'counts' for your reward in heaven, every prayer, every 'good deed' (as outlined in the Qur'an). Since women are not allowed to pray or fast during their menses, this means that a woman doing every 'good deed' she is able to do, and a man doing every 'good deed' they are able to, will result in the man receiving a higher reward from Allah because he was able to do more religious deeds than the female.

Do we also apply the "This was only for that specific group of Women" answer to Muhammad's claim that women are also deficient in religion? Are women suddenly allowed to fast and pray when they are menstruating? We know they aren't; so why should we apply one part of the hadith to that specific group of women when the second claim is clearly referring to all Muslim Women?

3. Muhammad said "The majority of the dwellers of Hellfire are Women." If these ahadith refer only to that group of women, then that group must have been extremely large. Think about how many women have and will exist on this earth throughout time. Now, the ''majority'' of the people in Hell are supposedly from this one group of Women that Muhammad was addressing? Where then are the pagans, the atheists, Christians, Jews and hypocritical Muslims? Where are the men? How ''big'' was this group of women?

Muhammad was clearly making a blanket statement about ''all'' women.

==== Scans of male and female brains prove it was only for that group ====

{{ quote ||Look at an X-RAY or MRI for that matter, you'll find that both [male and female] brains are the same; why should they be deficient in any way?

Women who are smarter, more intellectual in many fields. '''THAT argument''' [ that Muhammad was referring to all women ] '''is a failure.'''}}

This argument is illogical: ''because'' modern science has shown us that there is no 'deficiency' in a female brain, then Muhammad could not have been referring to every woman. This argument ignores the evidence in favor of a more palatable interpretation. The fact is, modern science and common sense prove Muhammad's statements to be incorrect. They do not prove that Muhammad was referring to a specific group of women only; merely that Muhammad was wrong in making a blanket statement.

Rasha then shoots herself in the foot by proving in one short sentence that Muhammad ''was'' wrong; she herself knows that women are not stupid; that they are equal to, or excel men in many fields. But, in order to remain under the influence of someone who called her 'deficient' , she must use current knowledge in order to 'spin' Muhammad's words. In essence, when she says "That argument is a failure" she is acknowledging that Muhammad was completely wrong to make such a claim.

=== Muhammad was using hyperbole to scare women into giving alms ===

{{ quote ||But the Prophet (peace be upon him) was also being playful in his use of strong terms to impress this teaching on the listeners. Ruqayyah Waris Maqsud writes, “After the Farewell Pilgrimage at the Eid prayer, the Prophet walked past the men leaning on Bilal's arm, and came to the rows of women behind them. Bilal spread out a cloth and the Prophet urged the women to be generous with their gifts of charity, for when he had been allowed a glimpse into the flames of Hell, he had noted that most of the people being tormented there were women.

The women were outraged, and one of them instantly stood up boldly and demanded to know why that was so.
'Because,' he replied, 'you women grumble so much, and show ingratitude to your husbands! Even if the poor fellows spent all their lives doing good things for you, you have only to be upset at the least thing and you will say, 'I have never received any good from you!' (Bukhari 1.28, recorded by Ibn Abbas - who was present on that occasion as a child).

At that the women began vigorously to pull off their rings and ear-rings, and throw them into Bilal's cloth.”}}

This is a very disingenuous presentation of evidence. This interpretation attempts to draw together two different sets of ahadith and present them as the same event. The first set is provided above. Here are the ones for this specific interpretation:

{{ quote | {{Muslim|4|1923}}|

Ibn 'Abbas reported: I participated in the Fitr prayer with the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) and Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman, and all of them observed this prayer before the Khutba, and then he (the Holy Prophet) delivered the sermon. Then the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) descended (from the pulpit) and I (perceive) as if I am seeing him as he is commanding people with his hand to sit down. He then made his way through their (assembly) till he came to the women. Bilal was with him. He then recited (this verse): O Prophet, when believing women come to thee giving thee a pledge that they will not associate aught with Allah" (lx. 12) till he finished (his address to) them and then said: Do you conform to it (what has been described in the verse)? Only one woman among them replied: Yes, Apostle of Allah, but none else replied. He (the narrator) said: It could not be ascertained who actually she was. He (the Holy Prophet) exhorted them to give alms. Bilal stretched his cloth and then said: Come forward with alms. Let my father and mother be taken as ransom for you. And they began to throw rings and ringlets in the cloth of Bilal.}}

{{ quote | {{Muslim|4|1924}}|

Ibn 'Abbas reported: I bear testimony to the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) offering prayer before Kutba. He (after saying prayer) delivered the Kutba, and he found that the women could not hear it, so he came to them and exhorted them and preached them and commanded them to give alms, and Bilal had stretched his cloth and the women were throwing rings, earrings and other things. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Ayyub with the same chain of transmitters.}}

{{quote | {{Muslim|4|1926}}|

Jabir b. 'Abdullah reported: I observed prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) on the 'Id day. He commenced with prayer before the sermon without Adhan and Iqama. He then stood up leaning on Bilal, and he commanded (them) to be on guard (against evil for the sake of) Allah, and he exhorted (them) on obedience to Him, and he preached to the people and admonished them. He then walked on till he came to the women and preached to them and admonished them, and asked them to give alms, for most of them are the fuel for Hell. A woman having a dark spot on the cheek stood up and said: Why is it so, Messenger of Allah? He said: For you grumble often and show ingratitude to your spouse. And then they began to give alms out of their ornaments such as their earrings and rings which they threw on to the cloth of Bilal.}}

It is true that Muhammad approached the women after prayer in both sets of ahadith; and that he asked them to give alms. However we note in the second set, not even once, does Muhammad make the same claims about Women's intelligence or religion. He merely states that women are ''ungrateful'' in an effort to goad them into giving more charity. If these ahadith were narrations of the same event, you would expect a mention of intelligence or religion.

Even if this explanation was right, it still doesn't explain why Muhammad called women deficient in intelligence, and then directed them to the mandate in Qur'an 2:282 as evidence for this deficiency. If his aim was simply to get them to donate more money, surely a threat of hellfire and calling them ungrateful would have sufficed for his purpose; and evidently it did.

Muhammad also knew that Hellfire was a great motivator to his followers; once he found a threat that worked, he milked it for all it was worth. Because of the discrepancies between the two sets of narrations, we can conclude that the two sets of narrations are from separate events; and that Muhammad simply re-used a scare tactic in order to get what he wanted.

=== Deficiency is only about giving financial testimony ===

{{ quote ||Muhammad did say women are deficient in Intelligence. However, since his evidence was Quran 2:282, Muhammad was only referring to the deficiency of women when giving testimony for financial transactions.}}

Qur'an 2:282 states that the second female witness is required (in lieu of a man) because the first woman may forget; therefore the second can remind her. This implies that women have bad memories and are prone, more so then men, to forget details. On first look, this explanation looks quite reasonable; however in the ahadith, Muhammad did not specify that the testimony of women, ''in financial cases only'' was the cause of their intelligence defects. If this were truly only about testimony for financial cases, then Muhammad would have specified this. His statement "Isn't it true that ''the'' testimony of two women is equal to that of a man" strongly implies that two female witnesses are required for any type of testimony; and in no way implies that it is for financial testimony only.

After all, if ''this'' is the deficiency in her intelligence; then Muhammad is clearly referring to the fact that Allah believes that women have bad memories; and ''this'' is the reason a woman is deficient.

=== Muhammad was joking ===

{{quote ||Muhammad knew that group of women very well, and as he would pass by them he would joke around with them. When he said that they were deficient in Intelligence and Religion he was joking around. They understood this.}}

This is one of the most bizarre claims we've come across regarding these ahadith. When asked for evidence, the claimant is unable to do so. In any case, there is absolutely no evidence in the ahadith or elsewhere that this was an 'in joke' between Muhammad and these women.

Muhammad also backs up these "jokes" with reference to the Qur'an, which he'd obviously take very seriously as the alleged prophet.

==Further Evidence==

===Al-Tabari's Tarikh===

In the discussion thus far we have presented [[Sahih]] ahadith attributed to Muhammad and have demonstrated each hadith was intended to be applied to all women for all time. We have seen Muslims attempt to explain away this assertion and argue that the ahadith applied only to certain women or particular situations, and did not apply to all women for all time. Which is the truth? What is the original source of Muhammad's view of women; where did it originate from?

Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari is recognized as one of the greatest of all Islamic scholars. He not only wrote one of the most authoritative Tafsir (commentary of the Qur'an) but also wrote a history of the world (tarikh) from the Islamic worldview. Published in English as ''The History of al-Tabari'' (SUNY Press, NY) in 39 volumes, this work presents world history from the creation account up until al-Tabari's death. When we consult al-Tabari's tarikh we find the source of Muhammad's view of women.

When God created Adam and Eve and placed them in the garden, they were told to not eat of a certain tree. Eve was tempted by Iblis (Satan) to eat of the tree, and she then gave some to Adam to eat also. Adam and Eve try to flee from God because of shame after their private parts were exposed. From this act of disobedience of Eve came God's curse on women.

{{Quote|{{Tabari|1|pp. 280-281}}|His Lord called out to him: Adam, is it from Me that you are fleeing? Adam replied: No, my Lord, but I feel shame before You. When God asked what had caused his trouble, he replied: Eve, My Lord. Whereupon God said: Now it is My obligation to make her bleed once every month, as she made this tree bleed. '''I also must make her stupid, although I created her intelligent''' ''(halimah),'' and must make her suffer pregnancy. Ibn Zayd continued: '''Were it not for the affliction that affected Eve, the women of this world wound not menstruate, and they would be intelligent''' and, when pregnant, give birth easily.}}

In a lecture delivered by Saudi cleric Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, which aired on Al-Majd TV (June 11, 2007), he responds to the criticism made by 'enemies' of Islam against Muhammad's "women are deficient" statement by confirming the account found in Tabari:

{{Quote|[http://www.memri.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/350/1483.htm Husbands Should Put Up with Their Wives' Slips and Errors, Because the Twisted Nature of Women Stems from Their Very Creation] MEMRI TV, Clip No. 1483, Broadcast: June 11, 2007|The Prophet '''Muhammad said about women: "I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you'''. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you," and so on. This hadith and others like it were misunderstood by the ignorant. Corrupt people interpreted it in a way that differs from its original intent. Because of their ignorance, their insolence, their stupidity, and because of their enmity towards Islam and Muslims, they turned this hadith into evidence that Islam disgraces women, diminishing her value, and describes her in inadequate terms. . . . 
These hadiths provide some of the most decisive evidence that Islam protects women and guarantees their rights. Islam has surrounded the woman with a fence of compassion and mercy. '''It has shown that the twisted nature of women stems from their very creation. This is how Allah wanted woman to be.''' Therefore, the husband must adapt himself to her and be patient with her. He should not giver her too many things to do, or things that she is incapable of doing. '''He should not make her do anything that is contrary to her nature, and to the way she was created by Allah'''. In addition, '''he should turn a blind eye to her mistakes, he should tolerate her slips and errors, and put up with all the silly ignorant things she might say, because this constitutes part of the nature of her creation'''. In addition, women have surging emotions, which in some cases, might overpower their minds. The weakness with which women were created is the secret behind their attractiveness and appeal to their husbands. It is the source of women's seduction of men, and one of the elements strengthening the bond between husband and wife. This is one of the wondrous miracles of Allah: The strength of a woman lies in her weakness. Her power of seduction and appeal lie in her emotions, which might overpower her mind at times. . . . 
Both husband and wife should satisfy their spouse's natural urges, and should try to gratify their desires, as long as nothing prevents this. This is why the Prophet said: "When a man calls his wife to fulfill his needs, she must go to him, even if she is busy with the oven." Imagine this: There is fire in the oven, and she wants to bake bread. But even if she's busy with this work that cannot be neglected, when he calls her, she must leave the oven and go to her husband. Another hadith says: "She must go to him, even if she is on the back of a camel." She must go to him, even if she is riding.}}

===Qur'an 43:18===

{{ quote | {{Quran|43|18|}}|

'''Yusuf Ali:''' What! has He taken daughters out of what He himself creates, and granted to you sons for choice? When news is brought to one of them of (the birth of) what he sets up as a likeness to (Allah) Most Gracious, his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief! '''Is then one brought up among trinkets, and unable to give a clear account in a dispute (to be associated with Allah)?''' And they make into females angels who themselves serve Allah. Did they witness their creation? Their evidence will be recorded, and they will be called to account!

'''Pickthal:''' Or chooseth He daughters of all that He hath created, and honoureth He you with sons? And if one of them hath tidings of that which he likeneth to the Beneficent One, his countenance becometh black and he is full of inward rage. '''(Liken they then to Allah) that which is bred up in outward show, and in dispute cannot make itself plain?''' And they make the angels, who are the slaves of the Beneficent, females. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded and they will be questioned.

'''Shakir:''' What! has He taken daughters to Himself of what He Himself creates and chosen you to have sons? And when one of them is given news of that of which he sets up as a likeness for the Beneficent Allah, his face becomes black and he is full of rage. '''What! that which is made in ornaments and which in contention is unable to make plain speech!''' And they make the angels-- them who are the servants of the Beneficent Allah-- female (divinities). What! did they witness their creation? Their evidence shall be written down and they shall be questioned.}}

It should be noted that some modern Muslim scholars interpret 43:18 as a reference to female pagan idols or that Allah is still referring to the attitude of the pagans towards women.<ref>[http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=10&ID=12885&CATE=88 Tafseer Quran 43:18: does this verse view women negatively?]</ref> However, the next verse (43:19) uses the same pattern - a statement of what the pagans believed followed by an interrogative alif (translated "What!") and then Allah's rebuttal ("did they witness their creation?"). Thus it seems more likely that in 43:18 Allah is making what he thinks is a factual counter-argument rather than using what he believes is another false notion of the pagans to contradict their belief in daughters of Allah.

== Conclusion ==

The meaning of these ahadith is very clear. Prophet Muhammad "blanketed" a statement over every single woman who has ever and will ever live. Despite many creative ways to explain away the meaning and implications of these ahadith, the actual evidence cannot be denied. Muhammad clearly said that women are deficient in intelligence because, in Islam, the value of their testimony is equal to that of half a man. If the Qur'an is a book for all people for all time, then that mandate stands; thus Muhammad was referring to all women in general; and not just a specific group of women.

=== Further thoughts on these ahadith ===

This set of ahadith clearly show Muhammad's hatred for women. He implemented every rule he could think of to keep them under the control of men and in a state of humiliation. Look at the three reasons that Muhammad lists for women being in Allah's Hell:

1. Deficient in Intelligence: The Qur'an was 'revealed' by Muhammad on behalf of his imaginary deity, Allah; thus Muhammad himself made the requirement that the testimony of two women is equal to a man. He then goes on to tell women that they will most likely end up in hell; because their intellectual deficiency, which he defined and imposed 'safeguards' against. No evidence; just "I said so!" What better way to belittle women than to continually remind them that they are 'stupid'.

2. Deficient in Religion: Again, Muhammad himself 'revealed' the entirety of Islam; its rules, regulations and requirements, rewards etc.. What better way to keep women down? Tell them your works-based religion, that they cannot perform any of these good works (praying, fasting etc..) when they are menstruating. This keeps them in a state of fear, because they have to make up for the days they were unable to be 'pious'; making them more submissive to Islam then men. Then you get Muhammad who comes along, after making this silly rule about menstruation; and tells women that most of them will end up in hell because of it. In essence, he's saying that in ''his'' religion, women will end up in hell simply for being born female.

3. Ungrateful to their Husbands: Again, Muhammad wanted his wives; and all Muslim women within his reach (in case he wanted to marry them) to be as submissive to their husbands as possible. He scares them with threats of hellfire to make them more submissive, and fearful of Allah; thereby keeping women under the thumb of their husbands.
As a result, to this day, Muslim women, and women in general, are thought of by Muslims as intellectually inferior to themselves. Perhaps this is why Muslim women especially are trying to twist the meaning of these ahadith and narrow down the testimony requirement in Quran 2:282; its either that or admit Muhammad was wrong.

{{Core Women}}
== See Also ==

* [[Egypt: Female Parliament Candidate says "Women Are Deficient in Intelligence and Religion, and It Is Not Permissible for Them to Be in Authority"|Female Parliament Candidate says "Women Are Deficient in Intelligence"]]
{{Hub4|Creation|Creation}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Недостиг на интелигентност при жените|Bulgarian]], [[ La deficienza dintelligenza delle donne|Italian]]}}

== External Links ==

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8AxTVsqhdw Islam: Women are "deficient in intelligence" (video)]
*[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1930.htm Muslim Cleric Presents "Scientific" Proof that Women Cannot Talk and Remember Simultaneously (video)]
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35888 Quran 2:282, Why does Allah mandate this Requirement?] - ''FFI Forum discussion with a Muslim regarding why two women are required to give testimony in the absence of one Man. "Just a Woman" (the Muslim) continually tries to separate the ahadith from the Qur'an verse in order to 'explain' them separately''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Sani]]
[[bg:Недостиг на интелигентност при жените]]
[[ru:Недостаток_ума_у_женщин]]

Women's Intelligence and the Islamic Tradition

2015-06-29T11:27:08Z

Damaskin: /* References */

This article discusses the [[Islam|Islamic]] belief that all [[Islam and Women|women]] are [[Creation|created]] less intelligent than their male counterparts.

==Introduction==

Prophet [[Muhammad|Muhammad's]] declared that the majority of the inhabitants of [[Hell]] are women.<ref>{{Bukhari|1|6|301}}</ref> When asked why, he said it was because they are deficient in intelligence and religion, and because they are ungrateful to their husbands. Although [[apologists]] and female Muslims use a lot of creative arguments to explain away Muhammad's declarations about women, they do not stand up to scrutiny. Here we will present evidence showing Muhammad's belief that ''all'' women are less intelligent than their male counterparts; as well as examine and refute the common Muslim claims about the [[Hadith|ahadith]] in question.

== Evidence ==

=== Ahadith evidence ===

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|1|6|301}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri:

Once Allah's Apostle went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) o 'Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, "O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women)." They asked, "Why is it so, O Allah's Apostle ?" He replied, "You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. '''I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you.''' A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you." The women asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?" He said, '''"Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?"''' They replied in the affirmative. '''He said, "This is the deficiency in her intelligence.''' Isn't it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?" The women replied in the affirmative. He said, "This is the deficiency in her religion." }}

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|2|24|541}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri

On 'Id ul Fitr or 'Id ul Adha Allah's Apostle (p.b.u.h) went out to the Musalla. After finishing the prayer, he delivered the sermon and ordered the people to give alms. He said, "O people! Give alms." Then he went towards the women and said. "O women! Give alms, for I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-Fire were you (women)." The women asked, "O Allah's Apostle! What is the reason for it?" He replied, "O women! You curse frequently, and are ungrateful to your husbands. '''I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. O women,''' some of you can lead a cautious wise man astray." Then he left. And when he reached his house, Zainab, the wife of Ibn Masud, came and asked permission to enter It was said, "O Allah's Apostle! It is Zainab." He asked, 'Which Zainab?" The reply was that she was the wife of Ibn Mas'ub. He said, "Yes, allow her to enter." And she was admitted. Then she said, "O Prophet of Allah! Today you ordered people to give alms and I had an ornament and intended to give it as alms, but Ibn Masud said that he and his children deserved it more than anybody else." The Prophet replied, "Ibn Masud had spoken the truth. Your husband and your children had more right to it than anybody else." }}

{{ quote | {{Bukhari|3|48|826}}|

Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri

The Prophet said, "Isn't the witness of a woman equal to half of that of a man?" The women said, "Yes." He said, "This is because of the deficiency of a woman's mind." }}

=== Qur'an evidence ===

{{ quote | {{Quran|2|282|}}|

'''Yusuf Ali:''' O ye who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing Let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties: let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah Has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fear His Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If they party liable is mentally deficient, or weak, or unable Himself to dictate, Let his guardian dictate faithfully, and get two witnesses, out of your own men, '''and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her.''' The witnesses should not refuse when they are called on (For evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it be small or big: it is juster in the sight of Allah, More suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves but if it be a transaction which ye carry out on the spot among yourselves, there is no blame on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witness whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness suffer harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So fear Allah; For it is Good that teaches you. And Allah is well acquainted with all things. If ye are on a journey, and cannot find a scribe, a pledge with possession (may serve the purpose). And if one of you deposits a thing on trust with another, let the trustee (faithfully) discharge his trust, and let him Fear his Lord conceal not evidence; for whoever conceals it, - his heart is tainted with sin. And Allah knoweth all that ye do.

'''Pickthal:''' O ye who believe! When ye contract a debt for a fixed term, record it in writing. Let a scribe record it in writing between you in (terms of) equity. No scribe should refuse to write as Allah hath taught him, so let him write, and let him who incurreth the debt dictate, and let him observe his duty to Allah his Lord, and diminish naught thereof. But if he who oweth the debt is of low understanding, or weak, or unable himself to dictate, then let the guardian of his interests dictate in (terms of) equity. And call to witness, from among your men, two witnesses. '''And if two men be not (at hand) then a man and two women, of such as ye approve as witnesses, so that if the one erreth (through forgetfulness) the other will remember.''' And the witnesses must not refuse when they are summoned. Be not averse to writing down (the contract) whether it be small or great, with (record of) the term thereof. That is more equitable in the sight of Allah and more sure for testimony, and the best way of avoiding doubt between you; save only in the case when it is actual merchandise which ye transfer among yourselves from hand to hand. In that case it is no sin for you if ye write it not. And have witnesses when ye sell one to another, and let no harm be done to scribe or witness. If ye do (harm to them) lo! it is a sin in you. Observe your duty to Allah. Allah is teaching you. And Allah is knower of all things.

'''Shakir:''' O you who believe! when you deal with each other in contracting a debt for a fixed time, then write it down; and let a scribe write it down between you with fairness; and the scribe should not refuse to write as Allah has taught him, so he should write; and let him who owes the debt dictate, and he should be careful of (his duty to) Allah, his Lord, and not diminish anything from it; but if he who owes the debt is unsound in understanding, or weak, or (if) he is not able to dictate himself, let his guardian dictate with fairness; and call in to witness from among your men two witnesses; '''but if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you choose to be witnesses, so that if one of the two errs, the second of the two may remind the other'''; and the witnesses should not refuse when they are summoned; and be not averse to writing it (whether it is) small or large, with the time of its falling due; this is more equitable in the sight of Allah and assures greater accuracy in testimony, and the nearest (way) that you may not entertain doubts (afterwards), except when it is ready merchandise which you give and take among yourselves from hand to hand, then there is no blame on you in not writing it down; and have witnesses when you barter with one another, and let no harm be done to the scribe or to the witness; and if you do (it) then surely it will be a transgression in you, and be careful of (your duty) to Allah, Allah teaches you, and Allah knows all things}}

==Apologetic Claims==

=== Muhammad was referring to that specific group of women only ===

Here is a video from Rasha Al-Disuqi, a West Coast based professor, author, and activist.<ref>[http://www.sharaaz.com/index.php3?menu=describe&table=Book&cat=Books&id=4275&associate= Book review and Profile of Rasha al-Disuqi]</ref> Her topic was "Rights of Muslim women and their rights in society".

{|align=center
|<youtube>GYoNDgB-jDU</youtube>
|} 

In the above video she makes two claims:

==== "Not a blanket statement for all Women" ====

{{ quote || That hadith was said at a specific time, during a specific situation, addressing a specific group and it was not meant to be as a blanket statement.}}

There is absolutely no evidence that Muhammad's statements in the ahadith were directed at that specific group of women because:

1. Muhammad's sole piece of evidence for this statement is Allah's mandate in ''Qur'an 2:282'' which states that two women are required to give evidence in the absence of a man; this is to say that the testimony of one woman is equal to 1/2 of a man's testimony. Nowhere in that verse does it say "This is for the women of Muhammad's time" or "this is only for a specific group of women." If the Qur'an is a book for all time, then the testimony of a woman is ''always'' the equivalent of 1/2 a man's testimony in Islam. Therefore, for Muhammad to use this as evidence as to the deficiency of a woman's mind ''proves'' that it was a "blanket statement" over all women who have and will ever live.

2. In the same hadith (not the partial one) Muhammad tells the women that they are also ''deficient in religion''. Islam is very much a works-based religion; every day of fasting 'counts' for your reward in heaven, every prayer, every 'good deed' (as outlined in the Qur'an). Since women are not allowed to pray or fast during their menses, this means that a woman doing every 'good deed' she is able to do, and a man doing every 'good deed' they are able to, will result in the man receiving a higher reward from Allah because he was able to do more religious deeds than the female.

Do we also apply the "This was only for that specific group of Women" answer to Muhammad's claim that women are also deficient in religion? Are women suddenly allowed to fast and pray when they are menstruating? We know they aren't; so why should we apply one part of the hadith to that specific group of women when the second claim is clearly referring to all Muslim Women?

3. Muhammad said "The majority of the dwellers of Hellfire are Women." If these ahadith refer only to that group of women, then that group must have been extremely large. Think about how many women have and will exist on this earth throughout time. Now, the ''majority'' of the people in Hell are supposedly from this one group of Women that Muhammad was addressing? Where then are the pagans, the atheists, Christians, Jews and hypocritical Muslims? Where are the men? How ''big'' was this group of women?

Muhammad was clearly making a blanket statement about ''all'' women.

==== Scans of male and female brains prove it was only for that group ====

{{ quote ||Look at an X-RAY or MRI for that matter, you'll find that both [male and female] brains are the same; why should they be deficient in any way?

Women who are smarter, more intellectual in many fields. '''THAT argument''' [ that Muhammad was referring to all women ] '''is a failure.'''}}

This argument is illogical: ''because'' modern science has shown us that there is no 'deficiency' in a female brain, then Muhammad could not have been referring to every woman. This argument ignores the evidence in favor of a more palatable interpretation. The fact is, modern science and common sense prove Muhammad's statements to be incorrect. They do not prove that Muhammad was referring to a specific group of women only; merely that Muhammad was wrong in making a blanket statement.

Rasha then shoots herself in the foot by proving in one short sentence that Muhammad ''was'' wrong; she herself knows that women are not stupid; that they are equal to, or excel men in many fields. But, in order to remain under the influence of someone who called her 'deficient' , she must use current knowledge in order to 'spin' Muhammad's words. In essence, when she says "That argument is a failure" she is acknowledging that Muhammad was completely wrong to make such a claim.

=== Muhammad was using hyperbole to scare women into giving alms ===

{{ quote ||But the Prophet (peace be upon him) was also being playful in his use of strong terms to impress this teaching on the listeners. Ruqayyah Waris Maqsud writes, “After the Farewell Pilgrimage at the Eid prayer, the Prophet walked past the men leaning on Bilal's arm, and came to the rows of women behind them. Bilal spread out a cloth and the Prophet urged the women to be generous with their gifts of charity, for when he had been allowed a glimpse into the flames of Hell, he had noted that most of the people being tormented there were women.

The women were outraged, and one of them instantly stood up boldly and demanded to know why that was so.
'Because,' he replied, 'you women grumble so much, and show ingratitude to your husbands! Even if the poor fellows spent all their lives doing good things for you, you have only to be upset at the least thing and you will say, 'I have never received any good from you!' (Bukhari 1.28, recorded by Ibn Abbas - who was present on that occasion as a child).

At that the women began vigorously to pull off their rings and ear-rings, and throw them into Bilal's cloth.”}}

This is a very disingenuous presentation of evidence. This interpretation attempts to draw together two different sets of ahadith and present them as the same event. The first set is provided above. Here are the ones for this specific interpretation:

{{ quote | {{Muslim|4|1923}}|

Ibn 'Abbas reported: I participated in the Fitr prayer with the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) and Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman, and all of them observed this prayer before the Khutba, and then he (the Holy Prophet) delivered the sermon. Then the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) descended (from the pulpit) and I (perceive) as if I am seeing him as he is commanding people with his hand to sit down. He then made his way through their (assembly) till he came to the women. Bilal was with him. He then recited (this verse): O Prophet, when believing women come to thee giving thee a pledge that they will not associate aught with Allah" (lx. 12) till he finished (his address to) them and then said: Do you conform to it (what has been described in the verse)? Only one woman among them replied: Yes, Apostle of Allah, but none else replied. He (the narrator) said: It could not be ascertained who actually she was. He (the Holy Prophet) exhorted them to give alms. Bilal stretched his cloth and then said: Come forward with alms. Let my father and mother be taken as ransom for you. And they began to throw rings and ringlets in the cloth of Bilal.}}

{{ quote | {{Muslim|4|1924}}|

Ibn 'Abbas reported: I bear testimony to the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) offering prayer before Kutba. He (after saying prayer) delivered the Kutba, and he found that the women could not hear it, so he came to them and exhorted them and preached them and commanded them to give alms, and Bilal had stretched his cloth and the women were throwing rings, earrings and other things. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Ayyub with the same chain of transmitters.}}

{{quote | {{Muslim|4|1926}}|

Jabir b. 'Abdullah reported: I observed prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) on the 'Id day. He commenced with prayer before the sermon without Adhan and Iqama. He then stood up leaning on Bilal, and he commanded (them) to be on guard (against evil for the sake of) Allah, and he exhorted (them) on obedience to Him, and he preached to the people and admonished them. He then walked on till he came to the women and preached to them and admonished them, and asked them to give alms, for most of them are the fuel for Hell. A woman having a dark spot on the cheek stood up and said: Why is it so, Messenger of Allah? He said: For you grumble often and show ingratitude to your spouse. And then they began to give alms out of their ornaments such as their earrings and rings which they threw on to the cloth of Bilal.}}

It is true that Muhammad approached the women after prayer in both sets of ahadith; and that he asked them to give alms. However we note in the second set, not even once, does Muhammad make the same claims about Women's intelligence or religion. He merely states that women are ''ungrateful'' in an effort to goad them into giving more charity. If these ahadith were narrations of the same event, you would expect a mention of intelligence or religion.

Even if this explanation was right, it still doesn't explain why Muhammad called women deficient in intelligence, and then directed them to the mandate in Qur'an 2:282 as evidence for this deficiency. If his aim was simply to get them to donate more money, surely a threat of hellfire and calling them ungrateful would have sufficed for his purpose; and evidently it did.

Muhammad also knew that Hellfire was a great motivator to his followers; once he found a threat that worked, he milked it for all it was worth. Because of the discrepancies between the two sets of narrations, we can conclude that the two sets of narrations are from separate events; and that Muhammad simply re-used a scare tactic in order to get what he wanted.

=== Deficiency is only about giving financial testimony ===

{{ quote ||Muhammad did say women are deficient in Intelligence. However, since his evidence was Quran 2:282, Muhammad was only referring to the deficiency of women when giving testimony for financial transactions.}}

Qur'an 2:282 states that the second female witness is required (in lieu of a man) because the first woman may forget; therefore the second can remind her. This implies that women have bad memories and are prone, more so then men, to forget details. On first look, this explanation looks quite reasonable; however in the ahadith, Muhammad did not specify that the testimony of women, ''in financial cases only'' was the cause of their intelligence defects. If this were truly only about testimony for financial cases, then Muhammad would have specified this. His statement "Isn't it true that ''the'' testimony of two women is equal to that of a man" strongly implies that two female witnesses are required for any type of testimony; and in no way implies that it is for financial testimony only.

After all, if ''this'' is the deficiency in her intelligence; then Muhammad is clearly referring to the fact that Allah believes that women have bad memories; and ''this'' is the reason a woman is deficient.

=== Muhammad was joking ===

{{quote ||Muhammad knew that group of women very well, and as he would pass by them he would joke around with them. When he said that they were deficient in Intelligence and Religion he was joking around. They understood this.}}

This is one of the most bizarre claims we've come across regarding these ahadith. When asked for evidence, the claimant is unable to do so. In any case, there is absolutely no evidence in the ahadith or elsewhere that this was an 'in joke' between Muhammad and these women.

Muhammad also backs up these "jokes" with reference to the Qur'an, which he'd obviously take very seriously as the alleged prophet.

==Further Evidence==

===Al-Tabari's Tarikh===

In the discussion thus far we have presented [[Sahih]] ahadith attributed to Muhammad and have demonstrated each hadith was intended to be applied to all women for all time. We have seen Muslims attempt to explain away this assertion and argue that the ahadith applied only to certain women or particular situations, and did not apply to all women for all time. Which is the truth? What is the original source of Muhammad's view of women; where did it originate from?

Abu Jafar Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari is recognized as one of the greatest of all Islamic scholars. He not only wrote one of the most authoritative Tafsir (commentary of the Qur'an) but also wrote a history of the world (tarikh) from the Islamic worldview. Published in English as ''The History of al-Tabari'' (SUNY Press, NY) in 39 volumes, this work presents world history from the creation account up until al-Tabari's death. When we consult al-Tabari's tarikh we find the source of Muhammad's view of women.

When God created Adam and Eve and placed them in the garden, they were told to not eat of a certain tree. Eve was tempted by Iblis (Satan) to eat of the tree, and she then gave some to Adam to eat also. Adam and Eve try to flee from God because of shame after their private parts were exposed. From this act of disobedience of Eve came God's curse on women.

{{Quote|{{Tabari|1|pp. 280-281}}|His Lord called out to him: Adam, is it from Me that you are fleeing? Adam replied: No, my Lord, but I feel shame before You. When God asked what had caused his trouble, he replied: Eve, My Lord. Whereupon God said: Now it is My obligation to make her bleed once every month, as she made this tree bleed. '''I also must make her stupid, although I created her intelligent''' ''(halimah),'' and must make her suffer pregnancy. Ibn Zayd continued: '''Were it not for the affliction that affected Eve, the women of this world wound not menstruate, and they would be intelligent''' and, when pregnant, give birth easily.}}

In a lecture delivered by Saudi cleric Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, which aired on Al-Majd TV (June 11, 2007), he responds to the criticism made by 'enemies' of Islam against Muhammad's "women are deficient" statement by confirming the account found in Tabari:

{{Quote|[http://www.memri.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/350/1483.htm Husbands Should Put Up with Their Wives' Slips and Errors, Because the Twisted Nature of Women Stems from Their Very Creation] MEMRI TV, Clip No. 1483, Broadcast: June 11, 2007|The Prophet '''Muhammad said about women: "I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you'''. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you," and so on. This hadith and others like it were misunderstood by the ignorant. Corrupt people interpreted it in a way that differs from its original intent. Because of their ignorance, their insolence, their stupidity, and because of their enmity towards Islam and Muslims, they turned this hadith into evidence that Islam disgraces women, diminishing her value, and describes her in inadequate terms. . . . 
These hadiths provide some of the most decisive evidence that Islam protects women and guarantees their rights. Islam has surrounded the woman with a fence of compassion and mercy. '''It has shown that the twisted nature of women stems from their very creation. This is how Allah wanted woman to be.''' Therefore, the husband must adapt himself to her and be patient with her. He should not giver her too many things to do, or things that she is incapable of doing. '''He should not make her do anything that is contrary to her nature, and to the way she was created by Allah'''. In addition, '''he should turn a blind eye to her mistakes, he should tolerate her slips and errors, and put up with all the silly ignorant things she might say, because this constitutes part of the nature of her creation'''. In addition, women have surging emotions, which in some cases, might overpower their minds. The weakness with which women were created is the secret behind their attractiveness and appeal to their husbands. It is the source of women's seduction of men, and one of the elements strengthening the bond between husband and wife. This is one of the wondrous miracles of Allah: The strength of a woman lies in her weakness. Her power of seduction and appeal lie in her emotions, which might overpower her mind at times. . . . 
Both husband and wife should satisfy their spouse's natural urges, and should try to gratify their desires, as long as nothing prevents this. This is why the Prophet said: "When a man calls his wife to fulfill his needs, she must go to him, even if she is busy with the oven." Imagine this: There is fire in the oven, and she wants to bake bread. But even if she's busy with this work that cannot be neglected, when he calls her, she must leave the oven and go to her husband. Another hadith says: "She must go to him, even if she is on the back of a camel." She must go to him, even if she is riding.}}

===Qur'an 43:18===

{{ quote | {{Quran|43|18|}}|

'''Yusuf Ali:''' What! has He taken daughters out of what He himself creates, and granted to you sons for choice? When news is brought to one of them of (the birth of) what he sets up as a likeness to (Allah) Most Gracious, his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief! '''Is then one brought up among trinkets, and unable to give a clear account in a dispute (to be associated with Allah)?''' And they make into females angels who themselves serve Allah. Did they witness their creation? Their evidence will be recorded, and they will be called to account!

'''Pickthal:''' Or chooseth He daughters of all that He hath created, and honoureth He you with sons? And if one of them hath tidings of that which he likeneth to the Beneficent One, his countenance becometh black and he is full of inward rage. '''(Liken they then to Allah) that which is bred up in outward show, and in dispute cannot make itself plain?''' And they make the angels, who are the slaves of the Beneficent, females. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded and they will be questioned.

'''Shakir:''' What! has He taken daughters to Himself of what He Himself creates and chosen you to have sons? And when one of them is given news of that of which he sets up as a likeness for the Beneficent Allah, his face becomes black and he is full of rage. '''What! that which is made in ornaments and which in contention is unable to make plain speech!''' And they make the angels-- them who are the servants of the Beneficent Allah-- female (divinities). What! did they witness their creation? Their evidence shall be written down and they shall be questioned.}}

It should be noted that some modern Muslim scholars interpret 43:18 as a reference to female pagan idols or that Allah is still referring to the attitude of the pagans towards women.<ref>[http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=10&ID=12885&CATE=88 Tafseer Quran 43:18: does this verse view women negatively?]</ref> However, the next verse (43:19) uses the same pattern - a statement of what the pagans believed followed by an interrogative alif (translated "What!") and then Allah's rebuttal ("did they witness their creation?"). Thus it seems more likely that in 43:18 Allah is making what he thinks is a factual counter-argument rather than using what he believes is another false notion of the pagans to contradict their belief in daughters of Allah.

== Conclusion ==

The meaning of these ahadith is very clear. Prophet Muhammad "blanketed" a statement over every single woman who has ever and will ever live. Despite many creative ways to explain away the meaning and implications of these ahadith, the actual evidence cannot be denied. Muhammad clearly said that women are deficient in intelligence because, in Islam, the value of their testimony is equal to that of half a man. If the Qur'an is a book for all people for all time, then that mandate stands; thus Muhammad was referring to all women in general; and not just a specific group of women.

=== Further thoughts on these ahadith ===

This set of ahadith clearly show Muhammad's hatred for women. He implemented every rule he could think of to keep them under the control of men and in a state of humiliation. Look at the three reasons that Muhammad lists for women being in Allah's Hell:

1. Deficient in Intelligence: The Qur'an was 'revealed' by Muhammad on behalf of his imaginary deity, Allah; thus Muhammad himself made the requirement that the testimony of two women is equal to a man. He then goes on to tell women that they will most likely end up in hell; because their intellectual deficiency, which he defined and imposed 'safeguards' against. No evidence; just "I said so!" What better way to belittle women than to continually remind them that they are 'stupid'.

2. Deficient in Religion: Again, Muhammad himself 'revealed' the entirety of Islam; its rules, regulations and requirements, rewards etc.. What better way to keep women down? Tell them your works-based religion, that they cannot perform any of these good works (praying, fasting etc..) when they are menstruating. This keeps them in a state of fear, because they have to make up for the days they were unable to be 'pious'; making them more submissive to Islam then men. Then you get Muhammad who comes along, after making this silly rule about menstruation; and tells women that most of them will end up in hell because of it. In essence, he's saying that in ''his'' religion, women will end up in hell simply for being born female.

3. Ungrateful to their Husbands: Again, Muhammad wanted his wives; and all Muslim women within his reach (in case he wanted to marry them) to be as submissive to their husbands as possible. He scares them with threats of hellfire to make them more submissive, and fearful of Allah; thereby keeping women under the thumb of their husbands.
As a result, to this day, Muslim women, and women in general, are thought of by Muslims as intellectually inferior to themselves. Perhaps this is why Muslim women especially are trying to twist the meaning of these ahadith and narrow down the testimony requirement in Quran 2:282; its either that or admit Muhammad was wrong.

{{Core Women}}
== See Also ==

* [[Egypt: Female Parliament Candidate says "Women Are Deficient in Intelligence and Religion, and It Is Not Permissible for Them to Be in Authority"|Female Parliament Candidate says "Women Are Deficient in Intelligence"]]
{{Hub4|Creation|Creation}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Недостиг на интелигентност при жените|Bulgarian]], [[ La deficienza dintelligenza delle donne|Italian]]}}

== External Links ==

*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8AxTVsqhdw Islam: Women are "deficient in intelligence" (video)]
*[http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1930.htm Muslim Cleric Presents "Scientific" Proof that Women Cannot Talk and Remember Simultaneously (video)]
*[http://www.faithfreedom.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=35888 Quran 2:282, Why does Allah mandate this Requirement?] - ''FFI Forum discussion with a Muslim regarding why two women are required to give testimony in the absence of one Man. "Just a Woman" (the Muslim) continually tries to separate the ahadith from the Qur'an verse in order to 'explain' them separately''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Sani]]
[[ru:Недостаток_ума_у_женщин]]
[[bg:Недостиг на интелигентност при жените]]

Muslim Population Growth Rates

2015-06-29T11:24:16Z

Damaskin: /* References */

[[File:Religion distribution.jpg|right|300px|thumb|A map of the world, showing the major religions distributed in the world today (Pew, Dec 18, 2012).]]
This article analyzes the claim that [[Islam]] is the "fastest growing religion" in the world.
==Introduction==

Many have claimed that Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world. As proof, they usually present unverifiable claims and baseless media quotes. Apparently ABC [[News]] had claimed "Already more than a billion-people strong, Islam is the world's fastest-growing religion", a quote which cannot be traced to its source. Also CNN World News stated "Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world", a statement which they fail to back up with any evidence. Here we examine the actual data available for Islam to see if any of these claims are based on fact.

==Analysis==

===Growth of Islam===

====Worldwide====

According to "The Future of the Global Muslim Population," published in January 2011 by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, the growth and anticipated future growth of Islam is primarily due to "their relatively high birth rate, the large number of Muslims of childbearing age, and an increase in life expectancy in Muslim-majority countries" and conversions play little part in the increase due to available data suggesting "Islam loses as many adherents via conversion as it gains."<ref>Richard Allen Greene - [{{Reference archive|1=http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/world-muslim-population-doubling-report-projects/?hpt=C1|2=2011-04-16}} World Muslim population doubling, report projects] - CNN News, January 27, 2011</ref><ref>"''... What little information is available suggests that there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith. As a result, this report does not include any estimated future rate of conversions as a direct factor in the projections of Muslim population growth.''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors-conversion.aspx|2=2012-03-23}} The Future of the Global Muslim Population, Related Factors: Conversion], Pew Research Center, January 27, 2011</ref>

In 2006, countries with a Muslim majority had an average population growth rate of 1.8% per year (when weighted by percentage Muslim and population size).<ref> Averaging of individual country figures from [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook CIA factbook]</ref> This compares with a world population growth rate of 1.12% per year<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/xx.html CIA Factbook]</ref>, and according to the ''World Christian Encyclopaedia'', between 1990 and 2000, Islam received around 865,558 converts each year. This compares with an approximate 2,883,011 converts each year for Christianity during the same period.<ref name="bibleca">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bible.ca/global-religion-statistics-world-christian-encyclopedia.htm|2=2011-04-16}} Global statistics for all religions: 2001 AD]. www.bible.ca. Accessed 2006-12-26.</ref>

====Africa====

Muslims previously outnumbered Christians in sub-Saharan [[Africa]]. However, a study published in April 2010 by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life has found that Christians now outnumber Muslims by 2 to 1 making Islam a minority belief.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=6063|2=2011-04-16}} Christians now outnumber Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa by 2 to 1] - Catholic Culture, April 19, 2010</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://pewforum.org/executive-summary-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa.aspx|2=2011-04-16}} Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa] - The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, April 15, 2010</ref>

The number of adherents to Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa grew from fewer than 9 million in 1910 to 516 million today, a 60-fold increase eclipsing the growth of Islam.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx|2=2012-11-30}} Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population] - The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, December 19, 2011</ref>

====America====

Contrary to what is often claimed, Islam is not the fastest growing religion in the [[United States]]. Here are the available facts:

*The ARIS polls<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html|2=2011-04-16}} Largest Religious Groups in the United States of America] - Adherents.com, accessed April 16, 2011</ref> 1990 and 2000 show that the percent of change for Islam was +109%. The percent of change for Nonreligious/Secular (+110%), Native American Religion (+119%), Buddhism (+170%), Baha'i (+200%), Hinduism (+237%), New Age (+240%), Sikhism (+338%) and Deism (+717%) were all higher.

* The American Religious Identification Survey gave Non-Religious groups the largest gain in terms of absolute numbers - 14,300,000 (8.4% of the population) to 29,400,000 (14.1% of the population) for the period 1990 to 2001 in the USA.<ref name="cuny1">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm|2=2011-04-16}} American Religious Identification Survey, Key Findings] - The Graduate Center of the City University of New York</ref><ref name="cuny2">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_studies/aris.pdf|2=2011-04-16}} American Religious Identification Survey, Full PDF Document] - The Graduate Center of the City University of New York</ref> Also, Americans with no religion were the fastest growing segment from 2001 to 2008.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://blog.beliefnet.com/stevenwaldman/2009/03/fastest-growing-religion-no-re.html|2=2011-04-16}} Fastest Growing Religion = No Religion (New Religious Identification Survey)] ([{{Reference archive|1=http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/reports/NONES_08.pdf|2=2011-04-16}} original pdf report] | [http://www.americanreligionsurvey-aris.org/ website])</ref>

* According to the Cultural Orientation Resource Center,<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.cal.org/co/refugee/statistics/final_FY2009.html|2=2011-04-16}} US Refugee Program: Current Fiscal Year Admission Statistics] - Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Updated October 2009</ref> 60% of all refugees admitted into the United States are from Muslim-majority countries. Likewise, a Pew report published in January 2011 found that "About two-thirds of the Muslims in the U.S. today (64.5%) are first-generation immigrants (foreign-born)".<ref name="PewRCJan272011">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx|2=2012-12-02}} The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010-2030] - Pew Research Center, January 27, 2011</ref>

* Contrary to the often-quoted figures provided by CAIR and in spite of the massive influx of Muslim refugees, a Pew survey carried-out in October 2009 found the estimate for the total Muslim population of the U.S to be at only 2.454 million.<ref>Patrick Goodenough - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/55214|2=2011-04-16}} New Survey on Islam Calls Into Question Population Figure Used by Obama] - CNS News, October 9, 2009</ref> Percentage-wise, Islam represents only 0.8 percent of the United States' religious make-up. About a third of what had previously been claimed and widely accepted by many [[apologists]] and media outlets.

* According to research carried out by the respected Pakistani-born American Muslim Dr. Ilyas Ba-Yunus (1932 - 2007),<ref> Dr. Ilyas Ba-Yunus, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, State University of New York at Cortland</ref><ref>Faraz Rabbani, Former SunniPath Instructor - [{{Reference archive|1=http://blog.sunnipath.com/2007/10/05/dr-ilyas-ba-yunus-pioneer-msa-and-isna-activist-leader-passes-away/|2=2011-04-16}} Dr. Ilyas Ba-Yunus – Pioneer MSA and ISNA Activist & Leader Passes Away] - SunniPath, October 5, 2007</ref> 75% of new Muslim [[converts]] in the US leave Islam within a few years.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.radioislam.com/_asx/PublicAffairs/whynewmleave.asx|2=2011-11-19}} Listen to the clip] detailing this research ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8EC8-aVlrE listen on Youtube])</ref>

* According to Ahmed Nassef, the co-founder and editor in chief of MuslimWakeUp.com, less than 7 percent of American Muslims attend mosque regularly, compared with 38 percent of American Christians who attend church weekly.<ref>Ahmed Nassef - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0421/p09s02-coop.html|2=2012-11-30}} Listen to Muslim silent majority in US] - CSM, April 21, 2004</ref>

====China====

Islam and Christianity both entered [[China]] during the 7th century,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China&oldid=451980300 China] - Wikipedia, accessed September 23, 2011</ref> and unreferenced claims have been made of around 100 million Muslims in China. However, most reliable estimates put the figures at 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).<ref>Masood Rab - [{{Reference archive|1=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=1922|2=2011-09-23}} Chinese Muslim Scholars] - Muslim Media Network, March 24, 2008</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-07/09/content_6831389.htm|2=2011-09-23}} NW China region eyes global Muslim market] - China Daily, July 9, 2008</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=|2=2011-09-23}} China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)] - US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2006</ref><ref name="The World Factbook China">[{{Reference archive|1=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|2=2011-09-23}} China/ Religions] - CIA, The World Factbook, accessed September 23, 2011</ref>

Similarly, some Christian organizations have claimed up to 130 million Christians in China. However, most reliable estimates range from 40 million (3% of the total population) to 54 million (4%),<ref name="The World Factbook China"></ref><ref>Mark Ellis - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.assistnews.net/STORIES/2007/s07100011.htm|2=2011-09-23}} China Survey Reveals Fewer Christians than Some Evangelicals Want to Believe] - Assist News, October 1, 2007</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6337627.stm|2=2011-09-23}} Survey finds 300m China believers] - BBC News, February 7, 2007</ref><ref>Jonathan Watts - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/07/china.religion|2=2011-09-23}} Chinese survey finds religion booming] - The Guardian, February 7, 2007</ref> meaning the growth of Christianity in China is almost double that of Islam.

====Europe====

A United Nations' survey showed that between 1989 and 1998, Europe's Muslim population grew by more than 100 percent, due mainly to the effects of immigration from Muslim countries. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance have an unsourced claim of 2.9 percent per year. And according to a Pew report published in January 2011, the future growth of Islam in Europe will be "driven primarily by continued migration."<ref name="PewRCJan272011">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx|2=2012-12-02}} The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010-2030] - Pew Research Center, January 27, 2011</ref>

According to data from the extensive 2010 European Social Survey (ESS), Muslims immigrants who have lived less than a year in Europe regularly go to the mosque. But after they have lived more than a year in their new homeland, the figure drops to 48.8%. More than half rarely or never go to the mosque to pray.<ref name="Aft">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/uriks/article3670269.ece|2=2012-11-30}} Europeiske muslimer dropper moskeen] - Aftenposten (Norwegian), May 29, 2010 ([http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2010/05/eu-muslims-go-to-mosque-less-often.html English translation])</ref>

In the [[Netherlands]], mosque attendance is actually dropping faster than church attendance. In 1998, 47 percent of Muslims would attend mosque at least once a month. This figure fell by 12 percent in 2008 to only 35 percent. Whilst church attendance for Catholics fell by only 8 percent, and church attendance amongst Protestants showed no change, remaining at 63 percent.<ref>Jeroen Langelaar - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.elsevier.nl/web/10242197/Nieuws/Nederland/Steeds-minder-Nederlanders-naar-kerk-of-moskee.htm|2=2011-07-05}} Steeds minder Nederlanders naar kerk of moskee] - Elsevier, July 29, 2009</ref>

=====United Kingdom=====

It has been estimated that during 2001 - 2011, about 100,000 people converted to Islam in the [[United Kingdom]], but 75 percent of these converts quickly left Islam, during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/05/confessions-ex-muslim|title= Confessions of an ex-Muslim|publisher= New Statesman|author= Omar Shahid|date= May 17, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Freligion%2F2013%2F05%2Fconfessions-ex-muslim&date=2013-08-23|deadurl=no}}</ref> On the whole, there are about 200,000 apostates from Islam living in the UK, doubling the number that have converted.<ref>Anthony Browne - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article510589.ece|2=2011-09-18}} Muslim apostates cast out and at risk from faith and family Muslim apostates cast out and at risk from faith and family] - The Sunday Times, February 5, 2005</ref>

Similarly to the rest of [[Europe]],<ref name="PewRCJan272011">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx|2=2012-12-02}} The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010-2030] - Pew Research Center, January 27, 2011</ref> the growth of Islam in the UK is primarily due to higher birthrates among Muslims (27 percent of Muslim families have three or more dependent children, compared with 14 percent of Sikh, 8 percent of Hindu, and 7 percent of Christian families)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fof2005/families.pdf|title= Focus on Families: Muslim families most likely to have children|publisher= Office for National Statistics (statistics.gov.uk)|author= |date= July 2005|page= 8|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/fof2005/families.pdf&date=2011-04-16|deadurl=yes}}</ref> and immigration (54 percent of all UK Muslims are foreign born).<ref name="IPPR">Jodie Reed, "Young Muslims in the UK: Education and Integration", Institute for Public Policy Research, December 2005</ref>

A NOP poll of British Muslims commissioned by Channel 4 also found that 48% of Muslims never attend a mosque, with another 6% only attending for special occasions.<ref name="C4NOP">Anthony Wells - [{{Reference archive|1=http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/291|2=2013-03-21}} NOP Poll of British Muslims] - UK Polling Report, August 8, 2006</ref>

====Russia====

There is a wide spread belief that there are around 20 million Russian Muslims and that vast amounts of Russians are converting to Islam. However, there are only about 7 to 9 million Muslims in [[Russia]] and less than 3,000 ethnic Russians have converted to Islam within the last fifteen years.

For the same period almost 2 million ethnic Muslims have become Orthodox Christians. Over 400 Russian Orthodox clergy belong to traditionally Muslim ethnic groups, 20 percent of Tatars are Christian, and 70 percent of interfaith marriages result in the Muslim spouse conversion to Christianity.<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.com%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D2869&date=2011-04-16 20Mln Muslims in Russia and mass conversion of ethnic Russians are myths - expert] - Interfax, April 10, 2007</ref>

===Other Factors to Consider===

Worth noting is the fact that apostates will rarely advertise leaving Islam due to the death sentence it imposes on its followers, and that most Islamic countries do not acknowledge conversions out of Islam.

Systematic [[persecution]] of religious minorities has been documented in almost [[Persecution Listed by Country|every Muslim majority country]], leading to some [[converts to Islam]] being coerced or forced into their conversion.

For example, following the 2010 murder of a leading Muslim politician who called for modifications to [[Pakistan|Pakistan’s]] [[Islam and Freedom of Speech|blasphemy]] law, it had been reported that at least 20 Pakistani Christians were converting to Islam each week out of fear.<ref>Rick Westhead - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/925715--some-christians-in-paki|2=2011-04-16}} Some Christians in Pakistan convert fear into safety] - Toronto Star, January 20, 2011</ref> Also according to the Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (SPARC), there were as many as 2,000 women and girls who were [[Forced Conversion|forcibly converted]] in 2011 to Islam through [[rape]], torture and kidnappings in Pakistan.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012/09/05/story_5-9-2012_pg7_25|2=2012-09-05}} 2,000 minorities girls converted to Islam forcibly: report] - Daily Times, September 5, 2012</ref>

This is not limited to Muslim-majority countries. In the United Kingdom, it was reported in 2007 that police were working with universities to clamp down on "aggressive conversions" to Islam, during which vulnerable teenage girls are beaten up by Muslims and forced to abandon university courses.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/police-protect-girls-forced-to-convert-to-islam-7256407.html|2=2013-01-02}} Police protect girls forced to convert to Islam] - London Evening Standard, February 22, 2007</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://metro.co.uk/2007/02/22/hindu-girls-targeted-by-extremists-108990/|2=2013-02-07}} ‘Hindu girls targeted by extremists’] - Metro News, February 22, 2007</ref>

==Conclusion==

All the actual data available reveals that Islam is neither the fastest growing religion by number of adherents or the fastest growing religion by percentage-increase.

The growing number of Muslims in the world is due primarily to the higher than average birth-rates, and consequent population growths of Muslim countries and communities. And their growing presence in non-Muslim societies such as Europe and the Americas is overwhelmingly due to immigration.

Furthermore, converts to Islam are vastly outnumbered by those who choose to leave the religion and embrace another faith or worldview. And the majority of converts that Islam does manage to attract, decide to leave within the first few years of practicing it.

Finally, even if Islam were to be the fastest growing religion in the world, it would be an [[Ad Populum|Argumentum ad populum]] to claim that this makes it the correct religion.

{{Core Propaganda}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Converts|Converts}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Най-бързо разрастващата се религия|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/Games-Muslims-Play.htm#fastest "Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion"] ''- [[The Religion Of Peace]]''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx|2=2012-11-30}} Global Christianity (Dec 2011 Pew Report)] ''- Contrary to Islamic propaganda, world-wide Christianity is not "dying" but remains stable''

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=}}

[[Category:Islamic Propaganda]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[bg:Най-бързо разрастващата се религия]]

Zamzam Well

2015-06-29T10:55:32Z

Damaskin: /* References */

The '''Well of Zamzam''' (زمزم) is a well located within the Masjid al-Haram in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], 20 meters (66 feet) east of the [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]],<ref name="Saudi Geological Survey">[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic-web.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050205152331%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgs.org.sa%2Findex.cfm%3Fsec%3D311%26page%3D&date=2011-05-07 Zamzam Studies and Research Centre] - The Saudi Geological Survey Website</ref> the holiest place in [[Islam]]. The well is 35 meters deep and topped by an elegant dome.<ref name="S. H. A. Careem">S. H. A. Careem - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2005/01/30/fea36.html|2=2011-05-07}} The miracle of ZamZam] - Sunday Observer, January 30, 2005</ref>

Millions of Muslims visit the well each year while performing the [[Hajj]] or Umrah pilgrimages, in order to [[drinks|drink]] its water and, in many cases, to take home some of its water for distribution among friends and relations believing the well and the water which it pumps to be miraculous.<ref name="S. H. A. Careem"></ref>

However, in May 2011, a BBC investigation found that genuine [[Zamzam]] water taken from the well contained arsenic levels three times the legal limit, something which could contribute to increasing people's risk of cancer. In addition to the dangerous arsenic levels, the holy water contained high levels of nitrate and potentially harmful bacteria.<ref>Guy Lynn - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13267205|2=2011-05-07}} Contaminated Zam Zam holy water from Mecca sold in UK] - BBC News, May 5, 2011</ref>

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Zamzam|Zamzam}}
{{Hub4|Drinks|Drinks}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Кладенецът Замзам|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13267205|2=2011-05-07}} Contaminated Zam Zam holy water from Mecca sold in UK] ''- BBC News, May 5, 2011''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]
[[bg:Кладенецът Замзам]]

Kafir (Infidel)

2015-06-29T10:52:26Z

Damaskin: /* References */

==Definitions==

A '''kāfir''' (كافر ; plural كفّار ''kuffār'') is a ''disbeliever'', someone who rejects [[Allah]] and who does not believe in [[Muhammad]] as the final messenger of Allah.<ref>"...''Kafir: Literally means "a disbeliever". In Islam it refers to one who rejects Allah and who '''does not believe in Muhammad''' sallallahu alayhi wa sallam as the final messenger of Allah.''..." - [http://www.as-sidq.org/glossary.html Islamic Glossary]</ref><ref>"...''kafir noun (pl=kuffar)
1. (Islam) infidel, Infidel, pagan, non-believer; a non-Muslim aside from ahl al-kitab (Christians, Jews, etc.).
2. (Islam) Infidel, pagan, non-believer;''' any non-Muslim'''. Ref: Shaykh Al-Islam ibn Taymiyyah (Rahimullah) v27 p264: "Whosoever does not forbid people from the deen of the Jews and Christians after the prophethood of the messenger Muhammad (saw) nor declares them kafir nor hates them, he is not a Muslim by the consensus of ALL Muslims, their scholars and the general public."''..."[http://www.allwords.com/word-kafir.html AllWords.com - kafir]</ref> Although Christians and Jews are called the [[Islam and the People of the Book|People of the Book]] (أهل الكتاب ''ahl al-kitab''), they qualify as disbelievers<ref>""...''the permissive people, who do not believe in any command or prohibition at all and refer to the Divine will and decree as an excuse for their evil deeds, are worse off than the Jews, Christians and Arab mushrikeen, because even though '''the latter are kaafirs''', they still believe in some kind of command and prohibition''..." - [http://www.islam-qa.com/en/ref/113901/atheist Atheism is a greater sin than shirk] - Islam Q&A, Fatwa No. 113901</ref><ref>"...''But it is not permissible to marry her, as she is still '''a Kafir (non-Muslim)''' and has not yet embraced Islam wholeheartedly without any doubt.''..." - [http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=88328 Thinking of marrying an atheist] - Dr. Abdullah Al-faqih, Islam Web, Fatwa No. 88328, July 21, 2004</ref><ref>"...''This is something that is well known among the Muslims, and '''they are unanimously agreed that the Christians are kaafirs''', and even that those who do not regard them as kaafirs are also kaafirs''..." - [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book]]</ref> according to the [[Qur'an]]. The word "kafir" can be offensive to [[non-Muslims]], as it has roots meaning "concealer" and "ingrate" implying that non-Muslims are [[Lying|liars]]. It is also often used by Muslims as an extremely offensive curse word. Other terms which are used to refer to non-Muslims include "faasiq" (sinner, corrupt) and "munafiq" (hypocrite).

==How to Become a Kafir==

Call on anyone other than Allah (i.e. for intercession).

{{Quote|{{Quran|10|106}}|And cry not, beside Allah, unto that which cannot profit thee nor hurt thee, for if thou didst so then wert thou of the wrong-doers.}}

Dislike Allah.

{{Quote|{{Quran|39|45}}|And when Allah alone is mentioned, the hearts of those who believe not in the Hereafter are repelled, and when those (whom they worship) beside Him are mentioned, behold! they are glad.}}

Sacrifice to anyone other than Allah.

{{Quote|{{Quran|108|2}}|So pray unto thy Lord, and sacrifice.}}

Hate [[Islam]] or anything Islamic.

{{Quote|{{Quran|47|9}}|That is because they are averse to that which Allah hath revealed, therefor maketh He their actions fruitless.}}

Joke about Islam or anything Islamic.

{{Quote|{{Quran|9|65-66}}|65. And if thou ask them (O Muhammad) they will say: We did but talk and jest. Say: Was it at Allah and His revelations and His messenger that ye did scoff? 66. Make no excuse. Ye have disbelieved after your (confession of) belief. If We forgive a party of you, a party of you We shall punish because they have been guilty.}}

Disbelieve in any of the Messengers.

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|285}}|The messenger believeth in that which hath been revealed unto him from his Lord and (so do) believers. Each one believeth in Allah and His angels and His scriptures and His messengers - We make no distinction between any of His messengers - and they say: We hear, and we obey. (Grant us) Thy forgiveness, our Lord. Unto Thee is the journeying.}}

Judge by any other law aside from [[Islamic law]].

{{Quote|{{Quran|5|44}}|Lo! We did reveal the Torah, wherein is guidance and a light, by which the prophets who surrendered (unto Allah) judged the Jews, and the rabbis and the priests (judged) by such of Allah's Scripture as they were bidden to observe, and thereunto were they witnesses. So fear not mankind, but fear Me. And barter not My revelations for a little gain. Whoso judgeth not by that which Allah hath revealed: such are disbelievers.}}

Forbid what Allah has made lawful, or make lawful what Allah has forbidden.

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|275}}|Those who swallow usury cannot rise up save as he ariseth whom the devil hath prostrated by (his) touch. That is because they say: Trade is just like usury; whereas Allah permitteth trading and forbiddeth usury. He unto whom an admonition from his Lord cometh, and (he) refraineth (in obedience thereto), he shall keep (the profits of) that which is past, and his affair (henceforth) is with Allah. As for him who returneth (to usury) - Such are rightful owners of the Fire. They will abide therein.}}

Believe in any other religion.

{{Quote|{{Quran|3|85}}|And whoso seeketh as religion other than the Surrender (to Allah) it will not be accepted from him, and he will be a loser in the Hereafter.}}

Leave Islam.

{{Quote|{{Quran|2|217}}|They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel His people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide therein.}}

Give assistance to disbelievers against Muslims.

{{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not the believers take disbelievers for their friends in preference to believers. Whoso doeth that hath no connection with Allah unless (it be) that ye but guard yourselves against them, taking (as it were) security. Allah biddeth you beware (only) of Himself. Unto Allah is the journeying.}}

Disbelieve in Muhammad thereby rejecting Islam.

{{Quote|{{Quran|98|6}}|Lo! those who disbelieve, among the People of the Scripture and the idolaters, will abide in fire of hell. They are the worst of created beings.}}

{{Core POTB}}
==See Also==

{{Hub4|Non-Muslims|Non-Muslims}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Kafir-fr|French]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://muttaqun.com/kuf.html Kuf (Disbelief) - Twenty-five Acts of Kuf That Nullify One's Islam According to Quran and Sunnah] ''- Muslim Website''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]
[[ru:Кафир]]
[[bg:Кафир]]

Zunar

2015-06-29T10:42:20Z

Damaskin: /* References */

'''Zunār''' (زنار) was a wide yellow belt made of cloth. It was part of the clothing that [[non-Muslims]] under [[Dhimmitude]] were required to wear in order to differentiate themselves from Muslims.

The requirement to wear it were dictated by Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the second Rightly-guided [[Caliph]], and formed one of his many "well-known conditions" in the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD).<ref>[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir - Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref>

The [[Yellow Badge|yellow badge]] that was to be eventually used by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] as a badge of shame against the Jews was actually first introduced by a Muslim caliph in Baghdad in the 9th century as a variant of the zunār. This then spread to the western world during medieval times.<ref>Bernard Lewis - [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/1434.html The Jews of Islam] - Princeton University Press, June 1, 1987, pp. 25-26.</ref>

As recently as 2001, [[Afghanistan]]'s Hindus were required to wear yellow badges to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from [[Islam|Islamic]] ones.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/index.html|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus] - CNN, May 22, 2001</ref><ref>Jack Kelley - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2001-05-22-talibanids.htm|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban: Hindus must wear identity labels] - USA TODAY, June 19, 2001</ref><ref>T.C. Malhotra - [{{Reference archive|1=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/us-lawmakers-condemn-taliban-treatment-hindus|2=2012-05-14}} US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus] - CNS News, July 7, 2008</ref>

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Pact of Umar|the Pact of Umar}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Зунар|Bulgarian]]}}

# Numbered list item
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Stubs]]
[[Category:Dhimmitude]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[bg:Зунар]]

Embryology in Islamic Scripture

2015-06-29T10:34:31Z

Damaskin: /* External Links */

This article focuses on what the [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic texts]] tell us in regards to [[embryology]], rather than the apologetic spin.

==The Qur'an and Sahih Hadith==

“Islamic embryology” is derived from both the [[Qur’an]] and the [[hadith]], and is quite consistent across all the contributing sources. The core of the story can be found in the Qur’an, 22:5.

{{Quote|{{Quran|22|5}}|'''Yusuf Ali:''' “O mankind! if ye have a doubt about the Resurrection, (consider) that We created you out of dust, then out of sperm, then out of a leech-like clot, then out of a morsel of flesh, partly formed and partly unformed, in order that We may manifest (our power) to you; and We cause whom We will to rest in the wombs for an appointed term, then do We bring you out as babes…”
'''Pickthal:''' “O mankind! if ye are in doubt concerning the Resurrection, then lo! We have created you from dust, then from a drop of seed, then from a clot, then from a little lump of flesh shapely and shapeless, that We may make (it) clear for you. And We cause what We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed time, and afterward We bring you forth as infants…”
'''Shakir:''' “O people! if you are in doubt about the raising, then surely We created you from dust, then from a small seed, then from a clot, then from a lump of flesh, complete in make and incomplete, that We may make clear to you; and We cause what We please to stay in the wombs till an appointed time, then We bring you forth as babies…”}}

Here we find the three primary stages of embryonic development as defined by the Qur’an. There is a “seed,” “drop” or “semen” phase (in Arabic, “nutfah”), followed by a “clot” or “leech-like clot” phase (in Arabic, “alaqah”), followed finally by a “morsel of flesh” or “chewed lump” phase (in Arabic, “mudghah”).

There are a handful of additional ayaat that deal with this subject, and none of them disagree with this basic scenario. Yet there is more to learn from the hadith, particularly that of Bukhari and Muslim. Again, the accounts are quite consistent, and the additional information they provide is important. The first of these tells us about developmental timing:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|54|430}}|Narrated 'Abdullah bin Mus'ud:

“Allah's Apostle, the true and truly inspired said, "(The matter of the Creation of) a human being is put together in the womb of the mother in forty days, and then he becomes a clot of thick blood for a similar period, and then a piece of flesh for a similar period.”}}

These exact details are also given in {{Bukhari|4|55|549}}, {{Bukhari|8|77|593}}, {{Bukhari|9|93|546}}, and {{Muslim|33|6390}}.

The key information gained from all these ahadith are that the three phases (nutfah, alaqah and mudghah) each takes 40 days, for a total period of 120 days from conception to the point at which the embryo becomes a fetus.

One additional piece of testable scientific information is available in the hadith. It has to do with the point at which gender is determined. A representative hadith would be the following from Sahih Bukhari:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|8|77|594}}|Narrated Anas bin Malik:

“The Prophet said, "Allah puts an angel in charge of the uterus and the angel says, 'O Lord, (it is) semen! O Lord, (it is now) a clot! O Lord, (it is now) a piece of flesh.' And then, if Allah wishes to complete its creation, the angel asks, 'O Lord, (will it be) a male or a female?”}}

This detail is repeated in {{Bukhari|4|55|550}} and {{Muslim|33|6397}}, and all of them are quite clear that the embryo is neither male nor female until after the mudghah phase is reached, some 80 days (by Islamic counting) after conception.

So, then, these are the details of embryology as reflected in the Qur’an and the hadith.

#The embryo spends 40 days as a drop of sperm or seed.
#The embryo then spends another 40 days as a “clot” or a “leech-like clot” of blood.
#The embryo then spends another 40 days as a “lump of flesh.”
#During which the gender of the child is assigned by an angel at Allah’s direction.

These then are the details that must be correlated with actual embryonic development to evaluate the accuracy or inaccuracy of the Islamic account. The question is actually a simple one:

Does this account describe the first 120 days of embryonic development or doesn’t it?

==Points of Discussion==

===Timing of Islamic Phases===

Taken together, the three phases of Islamic embryology take 120 days to go from conception to the point where the embryo becomes a fetus (i.e. an identifiable human baby), or right around 17 weeks. Does this reflect what we now know about embryonic development?

The answer is patently, no. The human embryo becomes a fetus around week 9, or roughly half the time Islamic embryology requires. By day 56 the fetus is essentially a complete, though tiny, human being with all organ systems in place, and all tissues developed. This is right in the middle of what Islam calls the “alaqah” phase. In other words, the developing person is already a complete human being at a point where the hadith insists it (not he or she) still has almost three weeks remaining as a “clot of congealed blood.”

In fact, there are no developmental milestones which can be mapped to the three 40 day periods required by Islamic embryology, even though they are stressed in several authoritative ahadith.

'''Conclusion:''' The hadith is demonstrably wrong concerning the timing of embryologic development.

===Description of Islamic Phases===

The three Islamic phases of development are described in a very visual way, allowing for an informed evaluation of the accuracy of those descriptions. This might be expected if for no other reason than that during the Prophet’s day, there was not even the idea of a microscope, and any descriptions offered would reasonably be of objects that were visible to an unaided eye. And this is exactly what we find.

And certainly, each of the three Islamic stages is described at a visible level of scale. A drop of seed, a clot of blood, a lump of flesh; all of them are objects of a size with which the ancient Arabs would have been familiar.

====The “Drop of Seed” Phase (Nutfah)====

There is little to no debate among Muslims as to the meaning of the word, “nutfah.” It is a “drop of seed” or “drop of semen” of the sort that would have been familiar to any adult Arab male. The Arabs rightly understood (as did all of their non-Arab neighbors) that semen was necessary to begin the process of procreation. But, exactly as with all their non-Arab neighbors, the writers of the Qur’an and the hadith did not seem to understand that there was an egg produced by the mother that is fertilized by the male’s semen.

The Arabs believed that the woman served simply as an incubator for a child that was fully contained in the father’s seed. There was no understanding of the actual biology of sexual reproduction, and no such understanding is apparent in the Qur’an.

Instead, the Qur’an tells us that the “drop of seed” remains exactly that (a drop of seed) for the entire nutfah phase (40 days according to Bukhari and Muslim). What actually ''is'' happening during those 40 days, and how might it be said to resemble a “drop of seed?”

The actual “drop of seed” provided by the male dissipates within minutes of ejaculation, so even before conception, the literal “drop of seed” no longer exists. The case could certainly be made that the fertilized egg resembles a seed until about day 13 or fourteen, but the “drop” is long gone, replaced with a microscopic egg that moves through a period called the “blastocyst.” But by the beginning of the third week, the embryo has already begun to differentiate into a trilaminar embryo with the three layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. A mere two and a half weeks after conception, the embryo no longer looks anything like a “drop of seed,” while the Islamic tradition indicates that the nutfah stage should last for an additional three weeks.

By day 40 of actual embryonic development (when the “drop” stage should be just ending and the “clot” stage beginning) the embryo is actually very well advanced. Measuring some 11 millimeters long, and the nervous system is well along its development. The embryo has eyes and ears, all four limbs have begun to form, the heart bulge is prominent. It bears no resemblance at this point to either a “drop of seed” or a “leech-like clot.”

'''Interim Conclusion:''' The Qu’ran is in error describing the embryo as a “drop of seed” for any significant period of time, and certainly wrong in assigning a 40 day period to such a phase.

====The “Leech-Like Clot” Phase (Alaqah)====

The word “alaqah” is a bit more ambiguous than “nutfah,” and so has been translated a bit more flexibly by [[apologists]]. Although consistently translated as a “clot of blood” by multiple translators, there are a handful of instances where it is rendered as “a leech-like clot.” This is the phase that (according to Bukhari and Muslim) should last from about day 41 to day 80 after conception.

Among the many images of Allah’s creative power reflected in the Qu’ran and the hadith, the image of man having been created from a clot of blood is one of the most common, showing up over a dozen times in the Qu’ran, Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim alone.

What actually ''is'' happening during those 40 days, and how might it be said to resemble a “leech-like clot?”

The period of development covered by the “alaqah” stage includes from week six until week eleven after conception. The first two weeks of this “phase” actually encompass the final two weeks of embryonic development, for at that point the baby is essentially completely formed, and from here on out is known as a fetus.

Interestingly, at no time during this period (or any period for that matter) does the embryo or fetus resemble a “clot.” And while dependence of the placenta might be described as being vaguely “leech-like” in that it is attached to the uterine wall, no one would ever confuse the embryo or fetus with a leech.

This is as good a point as any to point out that embryonic development is essentially over by day 56, or in less than one half of the time described by Islamic embryology.

For over three weeks of the supposed “alaqah” phase, rather than a “leech-like clot” the fetus is actually a fully formed human being, ranging in size from 35 mm to about 80 mm in length.

'''Interim Conclusion:''' The Qu’ran and hadith are in error describing the embryo as a “leech-like clot” for any period of time, and certainly wrong in assigning the period from 41 to 80 days for such a phase.

====The “Lump of Flesh” Phase (Mudghah)====

The Arabic word “Mudghah” is uniformly described as a “lump” or “morsel of flesh.” Sometimes, it is more descriptively referred to as a “chewed lump of meat.” According to the hadith, this phase would cover day 81 to 120 of fetal development, or weeks 12 through 17.

However, rather than a “lump” of anything, this period is one primarily of increasing size for the already fully formed fetus. During this period of time the fetus grows finger and toenails, begins to grow hair, and by the end of it the mother is beginning to feel the child’s movements. At no time during these weeks does the fetus look like anything other than an obvious human being.

If there were anytime during which the embryo might be described as a “lump of flesh,” that would have been much earlier, perhaps during the fourth week. But even then, the embryo was quite organized and complex, hardly “chewed” in any sense of the word.

'''Interim Conclusion:''' The Qur’an and hadith are in error describing the embryo as a “morsel of flesh” for any significant period of time, and certainly wrong in assigning the period from 81 to 120 days for such a phase.

===Conclusion===

The three Qur’anic phases are impossible to conform with actual embryonic development, and that problem is only magnified by the timing of those phases as prescribed by the hadith. There are no actual phases that can be correlated to nutfah, alaqah or mudghah, and the level of development that Islam asserts takes 120 days actually takes less than half of it.

===Gender===

According to multiple ahadith, it is only after the mudghah phase (days 81-120) that an angel of the Lord determines the gender of the baby. But in fact, modern genetics shows that the gender of the baby is determined at the moment of conception, and is therefore already set some four months before Islam asserts the question is even asked of Allah.

'''Conclusion:''' The authors of the Qur’an and the hadith had no idea as to the genetic nature of gender, and assumed wrongly that it was assigned by Allah months after it was actually determined by genetics. The Islamic model is wrong again.

==Some Notes on the Interpretations of Dr. Keith Moore==

In articles published widely across Islamic [[websites]], [[Dr. Keith Moore and the Islamic Additions|Keith L. Moore]] goes on the record to provide a generous assessment of the Qur’an and hadith in the light of modern knowledge about embryology. But a review of his “analysis” shows the extent to which he had to twist both the Islamic scriptures and modern science in order to get the “facts” to correlate.

Specifically, Moore’s intellectual lapses are these:

1. He liberally translates Arabic into terms that no Arabic speaker would consider justified, but that allows him to pretend the Arabic is closer to truth than it really is. For example, in spite of the fact that almost three dozen translations of “alaqah” found on line never once exclude the word “clot,” Moore writes instead that “The word "alaqah" refers to a leech or bloodsucker.”

2. He completely ignores the timing of phases dictated by the hadith, for to consider them renders even his mistranslation unintelligible. For example, after mistranslating “alaqah” to mean “a leech or bloodsucker,” he then compares it to the human embryo at 24 days gestation. But 24 days is still firmly within the “nutfah” phase, when the embryo should actually look like a “drop of seed.” He does the same with “mudghah,” comparing it with the embryo at 28 days, still in the “nutfah” phase and only four days later than he had assigned to “alaqah.”

{{Core Science}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Embryology|Embryology}}
{{Translation-links-english|[[Ембриологията в ислямското писание|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==
*[http://answering-islam.org/Index/M/moore.html MOORE, KEITH L., PhD, F.I.A.C.]'' - Answering Islam''

[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Qur'an]]
[[Category:THHuxley]]
[[bg:Ембриологията в ислямското писание]]

Jizyah

2015-06-29T10:26:13Z

Damaskin:

==Definition==

'''Jizyah''' or '''jizya''' (جزْي) is the extra tax imposed on non-Muslims ([[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Dhimmitude|Dhimmis]]) who live under Muslim rule according to the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]]:

{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold forbidden that which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizyah with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.}}

{{Quote|Khalid bin Al-Waheed (Muslim General, 632AD)|"I call you to God and to Islam. If you respond to the call, then you are Muslims: You obtain the benefits they enjoy and take up the responsibilities they bear. If you refuse, then you must pay the jizyah. If you refuse the jizyah, I will bring against you tribes of people who are more eager for death than you are for life. We will then fight you until God decides between us and you." (Al Tabari, Volume XI)}}

{{Quote|Umar ibn al-Khattab during the conquest of al-Basrah (636 CE)|Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency. Fear God with regard to what you have been entrusted. (Al Tabari, Volume XII)}}

Additional quotes can be found at [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah]].

Once a land is conquered by Islamic armies the ruler can impose a taxation on those non-Muslims who will not convert to [[Islam]].

Jizyah is paid as a sign of submission and gives Dhimmis some legal protection in return. Under dhimmitude (the status that [[Islamic law]], the Sharia, mandates for non-Muslims) Dhimmis usually are not allowed to carry arms to protect themselves, serve in the army or government, display symbols of their faith, build or repair places of worship etc. If the conquered do not wish to pay or convert, their fate may very well be slavery (under which, [[rape]] is permitted) or (as evidenced in the quotes above) death.

The amount of the Jizyah tax and the way it was collected varied from time to time and from place to place, but when imposed, the forced payment of Jizyah greatly stimulated the conversion of non-Muslims into Islam.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocId=9368576 Jizya] - Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> In some cases the taxation of the non-Muslims was so profitable that the Islamic rulers prohibited their subjects from converting to Islam, lest they should lose their income.

==Context==

To be fair to history; Jizyah was not entirely an Islamic initiative or the innovation of its prophet [[Muhammad]], (Emphasis on the word “entirely”). A certain form of Jizyah had existed among the tribes of Northern Arabia in pre-Islamic times. This fact is attested by the famous historian Philip. K. Hitti in his ''History of Arabs''. ''Ghazw'' (غزو) or raiding others for feeding mouths was an accepted norm among the Bedouin tribes of that time. As ''Hitti'' noted, "Ghazw was a manly occupation of Bedouins where fighting mood was a chronic mental condition". For people among the tribes, everything that belonged to the other tribes guaranteeing material gain made a legitimate target. The context made it necessary for a weaker tribe or a sedentary settlement on the borderland to buy protection from the stronger tribe by paying what it then called ''Khuwwah'' which later became Jizyah in Muhammad’s Islam. Along with the booty acquired through raids and wars, Jizyah turned out to be a good source of income for believers when they were constantly occupied in spreading the newly founded religion by means of violence. To sum up, by imposing Jizyah on subjugated unbelievers Muhammad was reinstating an undivine tribal norm into his religion, thus broadening an abject backward practice.

==A Sign of Kufr and Disgrace==

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace] Tafsir Ibn Kathir|2=Allah said, (until they pay the Jizyah), if they do not choose to embrace Islam, (with willing submission), in defeat and subservience, (and feel themselves subdued.), disgraced, humiliated and belittled. Therefore, Muslims are not allowed to honor the people of Dhimmah or elevate them above Muslims, for they are miserable, disgraced and humiliated. Muslim recorded from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said, "Do not initiate the Salam to the Jews and Christians, and if you meet any of them in a road, force them to its narrowest alley." This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.}}

==Approval from Islamic Scholars==

{{Quote|Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid|The Muslims do not fight anyone until they have told them about the religion of Allaah and given them the choice between two things, either accepting Islam or, if they refuse Islam and keep their own religions, paying the Jizyah (tax) to the Muslims in return for protection. If they refuse both of these choices, then they are to be fought.|}}

{{Quote|Ahkaam al-Sijn wa’l-Sujana’ wa Mu’aamalat al-Sujana’ fi’l-Islam by Hasan Abi’l-Ghuddah, 256|If some people persist in rejecting the religion of Allaah and stand in the way of ruling by that which Allaah has revealed on earth, or they fight against the call to Allaah, then we give them the choice of three things: Either they become Muslim; or if they refuse they pay the jizyah (whereby they pay a specified amount to the Muslims in return for being allowed to remain their land, and the Muslims undertake to protect them); or, if they refuse that, there is nothing left but the way which they themselves have chosen, which is fighting and dealing violently with those who have persecuted the Muslims and put obstacles in the path of the Islamic da’wah. In this way the Muslims will gain the upper hand and the enemies will be humiliated; then when we have killed and wounded many of them and gained the upper hand over them, we may take prisoners and bind a bond firmly on them.|}}

Saudi Sheikh Muhammad bin Abd Al-Rahman Al-'Arifi, Imam of the mosque of King Fahd Defense Academy, discussed the coming Muslim conquest of the Vatican. Citing a Hadith in an article posted on the Kalemat website in 2002, he stated:
{{Quote|Saudi Sheikh Muhammad bin Abd Al-Rahman Al-'Arifi|"… We will control the land of the Vatican; we will control Rome and introduce Islam in it. Yes, the Christians, who carve crosses on the breasts of the Muslims … will yet pay us the Jiziya [poll tax paid by non-Muslims under Muslim rule], in humiliation, or they will convert to Islam…"<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17710 The Next Pope and Islamic Prophecy] frontpagemag.com</ref>}}

{{Quote|[http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/MILESTONES.pdf Milestones (Ma'alim 'ala Al-Tariq) p.73] Sayyid Qutb|"It may happen that the enemies of Islam may consider it expedient not to take action against Islam, if Islam leaves them alone in their geographical boundaries to continue the lordship of some men over others and does not extend its message and its declaration of universal freedom within their domain. But Islam cannot agree to this unless they submit to its authority by Jizyah..."}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html#sdfootnote29sym Commentary on Qur'an Chapter 9:29] Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Tafhim al-Qur'an|2=This is the aim of Jihad with the Jews and the Christians and it is not to force them to become Muslims and adopt the `Islamic Way of Life.' They should be forced to pay Jizyah in order to put an end to their independence and supremacy so that they should not remain rulers and sovereigns in the land. These powers should be wrested from them by the followers of the true Faith, who should assume the sovereignty and lead others towards the Right Way, while they should become their subjects and pay jizyah...

[The Islamic State] cannot allow that they should remain supreme rulers in any place and establish wrong ways and impose them on others. As this state of things inevitably produces chaos and disorder, it is the duty of the true Muslims to exert their utmost to bring to an end their wicked rule and bring them under a righteous order.

As regards the question, "What do the non-Muslims get in return for Jizyah?" it may suffice to say that it is the price of the freedom which the Islamic State allows them in following their erroneous ways, while living in the jurisdiction of Islam and enjoying its protection. The money thus collected is spent in maintaining the righteous administration that gives them the freedom and protects their rights. This also serves as a yearly reminder to them that they have been deprived of the honor of paying Zakat in the Way of Allah, and forced to pay jizyah instead as a price of following the ways of error.}}

==Jizyah in History==

{{Quote|1=[http://web.archive.org/web/20050625084731/http://www.turkishweekly.net/articles.php?id=68 The Historical Roots of Islamic Militancy in Pakistan and current scenario: Amicus] Mohammed Yousuf, Journal of Turkish Weekly, May 19, 2005|2=Not only Alamgir compiled Fatawa-u-Alamgiri, he re-imposed jizya (a tax on non-Muslims for protection under Muslim rule) that had been suspended by Akbar, destroyed some unauthorized temples and checked proselytizing activities of the Hindus.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.himalmag.com/apr2001/commentary.html Idolatry and the Taliban]|Once Muhammad Bin Qasim had established himself in Sindh he sent a letter to the Muslim Caliph in Damascus, seeking instruction as to how he should deal with the Hindus and Buddhists of the conquered area. The reply came that they be treated in accordance with the Quranic commandments relating to the People of the Book (Ahl-i-Kitab), the Jews and the Christians. Accordingly, the Buddhists and the Hindus of Sindh were to be given full freedom to practise their faiths, and their lives and property, including temples, were to be protected. In return, they were to pay a tax, the jizya. The old, the sick, children and priests were to be exempted from the tax. The non-Muslims were not obliged to perform military service, unlike the Muslims. Following these dictates, Muhammad Bin Qasim thus set a precedent which several other Muslim rulers after him followed.}}

==Jizyah in the Modern World==

{{Quote|1=[http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=44202&eng=y The Mayor of Bethlehem is Christian, but It’s Hamas That’s in Charge] Sandro Magister, Chiesa News, December 29, 2005|2=The general plan of Hamas also includes the imposition of a special tax, called al-jeziya, upon all of the non-Muslim residents in the Palestinian territories. This tax revives the one applied through all of Islamic history to the dhimmi, the second-class Jewish and Christian citizens.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,270377,00.html Christians Fleeing Violence in Iraq] The Associated Press, Fox News, May 07, 2007|In the recent violence, residents of the Baghdad neighborhood of Dora said gunmen knocked on the doors of Christian families, demanding they either pay jizya — a special tax traditionally levied on non-Muslims — or leave. The jizya has not been imposed in Muslim nations in about 100 years.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=15903&size=A Hindus and Sikhs threatened by the Taliban and Sharia] Fareed Khan, Asia News, July 28, 2009|2= The Taliban in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) have issued an ultimatum against local Hindus and Sikhs: either you pay “jizya”, an Islamic poll tax for religious minorities that is akin to protection money, or you leave. Many (more than 400)Hindu and Sikh families have already left for Peshawar and neighbouring provinces.

Threats against Sikhs and Hindus are but the latest in a series of warnings against religious minorities in the NWFP, including Christians who have had to pay jizya and submit to Sharia.

“We were living under fear: fear of the Taliban, fear of Lashkar-e-Islam and fear of other armed groups,” a Sikh man told the Daily Times}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.ptinews.com/news/251505_Eight-Christians-kidnapped-in-Pakistan 2009 - Eight Christians kidnapped in Pakistan, Jizya May be Behind Abductions]|2= Eight members of the minority Christian community have been kidnapped in Pakistan's troubled Waziristan tribal region, reports said today.

Militants and criminals in Pakistan's lawless tribal belt have targeted minorities like Hindus, Sikhs and Christians. There have been several instances of members of minority communities being abducted for ransom or forced to pay 'jiziya', a tax levied on non-Muslims.}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2009/s09070148.htm Christian Shot Eight Times for Refusing to Pay Protection Money] Jeremy Reynalds, ASSIST News Service, July 22, 2009|2= A human rights organization has learned that a Christian businessman was shot eight times in the legs while driving through Lahore, Pakistan after refusing to pay protection money to a Muslim. 

Mobeena, [the Christians sister], told ICC, “Suqlain is still free and hanging around. The government has done nothing to help us, even though my brother is a prominent businessman. We feel insecure, our children are too scared to go out anymore - please help us, we need justice.”}}

{{Quote|1=[http://en.aswataliraq.info/?p=124202 1960 Christians killed in Iraq since 2003 – survey] Aswat al-Iraq, December 26, 2009|2=According to the [Chaldean Cultural Association for Peace in Iraq] association’s survey, property of at least 500,000 Christians were taken away and 200,000 Christians were forced to pay extortion money, while dozens others were kidnapped then released for ransom.

“Before 2003, there were around 2.1 million Christians in Iraq, but now there are not more than 500,000 of them,” Masho said.

He criticized the Iraqi government for being unable to protect Christians, and said that it did not even fulfill its promises to compensate them.}}

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.uriasposten.net/archives/34912|2=2012-03-16}} On the other side of the fence] Nicolai Sennels (Translator), Weekendavisen (Danish daily, not online), March 1, 2012|2=This past year there have been several disturbing incidents in the neighborhood of outer Nørrebro. In October, a refugee from Africa had his door kicked in several times and was threatened by a group of youths who accused him of being both black and Christian. He was given a deadline of less than a week to pay them 10,000 kroner (1,800 USD) if he wanted to live in the area. Police told him that they could no longer guarantee his safety in Mjølnerparken [Muslim ghetto in Copenhagen, Denmark]. When Lejerbo (the company renting out apartments in the area) found him, he was crying and had slept on the street.}}

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.onenewsnow.com/Missions/Default.aspx?id=1581314|2=2012-04-22}} Syrian Christian targeted in Syria] MNN, April 19, 2012|2=Refugees who have fled to Jordan from Syria are telling mission leaders supported by Christian Aid Mission about deliberate, new persecution from the "Arab Spring" insurgents who are seeking to overthrow the brutal Assad regime in Damascus. . . . 
"It is over; we can't get back what we lost," said one discouraged Christian refugee here in Jordan. "It will never be the same anymore for me or my family. We've lost hope." He said he had to flee with his family at night, because anti-Christian persecution in Syria is becoming a steadily growing reality.

"I had my own business. I ran a supermarket, and we were financially stable. Unfortunately, that's not the case anymore. Our dreams vanished when a group of terrorists threatened to kill my family, burn our house, and set fire to the supermarket if I didn't pay them $7,000.

"I paid the amount, hoping that they would leave us alone, but they did not. Instead, they kidnapped me for a whole week. They only let me go on one condition: that each month I would pay them the same amount.

"What do you think I could do? I fled. I packed our stuff, taking only the basics. I took my family and came to Jordan. My son, Omar, has one year left to finish his bachelor's degree, but now his dreams have vanished as well. I used to be a business owner...but now I am a laborer who can hardly provide the day-to-day basics for my family."}}

{{Quote|1=[http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=32122&lan=eng ASIA/PAKISTAN - Attack in the Christian area: one victim and two injured in Karachi] Agenzia Fides, August 31, 2012|2=In Essa Nagri Christians are harassed by criminal gangs and Islamic terrorist groups of ethnic Pashtuns: armed to the teeth, the militants enter the area to collect the "Jizya" (the tax imposed, according to the sharia, on the non-Muslim minorities), and extort money from the Christian merchants. MASS activists have been denouncing for a long time continuous robberies, violence and abuses committed under the cover of some Police officials. Militants raid houses, steal and abuse women and children for fun.}}

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://tribune.com.pk/story/446972/militancy-when-hundreds-of-sikhs-lost-their-homes-in-orakzai/|2=2012-10-07}} Militancy: When hundreds of Sikhs lost their homes in Orakzai] Umer Farooq, The Express Tribune, October 5, 2012|2=Around 69 families, approximately 500 Sikhs, were residing in Feroz Khail area of the agency. Most of them earned their living from cultivating crops and a few others from small makeshifts at a market, which were barely sufficient to make both ends meet.

Kalyan himself was picked up by militants and offered three options: To embrace Islam, to become part of their jihad or to pay a sum of Rs500 million.

“I could not even consider the first two options. I was released when residents intervened and the Sikh community paid Rs6.5 million as Jizya (protection money for non-Muslims),” Kalyan said.

Residents left the area within half an hour of the warning, leaving most of their valuables behind.}}

===Disguised Jizyah===

{{Quote|1=[http://www.laqueur.net/print.php?r=2&rr=2&id=31 A Dire Continental Drift: While Europe Slept by Bruce Bave] Walter Laqueur, Wall Street Journal, February 18, 2006|2=In Denmark, Muslims make up 5% of the population but receive 40% of social-welfare outlays. Their preachers have told them, Mr. Bawer reports, that only a fool would not take maximum advantage of the bounty that Western Europe offers and that it is perfectly legitimate to cheat and lie. The benefits they receive are a kind of jizya, the tribute that infidels in Muslim-occupied countries have to pay to preserve their lives. (The subsidized-radical situation in Britain and Germany is not much different: The four suicide bombers in London last year had raked in close to a million dollars in social benefits before going on their murderous mission.)}}

{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/3834.htm|2=2013-05-28}} Libyan Writer Mojahed Busify: Some European Muslims Collect Social Welfare, Claiming It Is Jizya] MEMRI, Clip No. 3834, April 19, 2013|2=Mojahed Bosify: Sixty percent of the Muslims in the Netherlands live off social security.

Interviewer: They are unemployed...

Mojahed Bosify: Many of them consider this to be the jizya poll tax, on the basis of official fatwas.

Interviewer: They consider social security to be the jizya?

Mojahed Bosify: When they go to the ATM or the bank teller, and say: "Convert to Islam or pay the jizya." . . . 

Interviewer: And the teller has no idea...

Mojahed Bosify: No, he just says: "Here is your money," and that's the end of it. Today, fewer people behave this way, but some still do.}}

{{Quote|[http://www.jihadwatch.org/dhimmiwatch/archives/016325.php Hugh Fitzgerald, Dhimmiwatch]|The Jizyah has "not been imposed" since European pressure and power has been brought to bear. But non-Muslims have been subject to a disguised Jizyah. Despite the supposed reforms that were to bring complete legal equality to non-Muslims in Turkey, in World War II the Varlik Vergesi was a large tax imposed by the government on non-Muslim citizens, who despite Kemalism, or perhaps because of it, have never been considered "Turks" equal to Muslim "Turks."

In Malaysia the non-Muslims have been subject to the disguised Jizyah of the Bumiputra system, which favors economically the Muslims, and essentially involves a transfer of wealth from the more industrious and entrepreneurial non-Muslims (Chinese and Hindus) to Muslims (Malays, but not the members of the indigenous tribes, which were christianized, or remained pagan -- and only now are being islamized through intense pressure and Da'wa campaigns).

Elsewhere, as in Pakistan and Bangladesh, the Hindus and Christians live in a state of permanet physical danger, and that danger also is one of losing their property to Muslim looters and marauders who cannot be sued or brought to justice on the say-so of a non-Muslim. The Jews of the Arab world fled -- nearly one million of them -- leaving their property, which was the last transfer of wealth. In Egypt, under Nasser, the property of most Jews and the Levantine Christains -- Greeks, Italians, and others -- were "nationalized" as Nasser put it. But this was nothing more than the seizure of Infidel property by Muslim governments. Copts in Egypt do not pay a direct Jizyah. But there are other ways to force local Christians, constantly fearful for their own well-being, to have them pay off, or take as local partners, Muslims who may protect them. There is no security for the property of non-Muslims in Muslim lands, and there are various ways in which the "protection money" that is the Jizyah is paid, often in indirect, informal, and disguised ways, when the more direct imposition would attract too much unwanted Western attention and, presumably, outrage.}}

==Other Islamic Taxes==

===Zakat===

Some will say that Muslims also had to pay a tax equivalent to the jizjah paid by Dhimmis'. It is true that Muslims, under the empire, paid a tax called zakat. However, this zakat is a 2.5% tax, while the jizyah (which can vary) is about a 10% income tax (although it has been known to be as high as 50%). Muslims are obligated to pay this so-called "charity tax" even today, as its one of the five pillars of Islam. But, instead of paying it to the state, they now pay zakat to charities of their choice. It must however be noted that the majority of Islamic scholars are of the view that non-Muslims should not benefit from this alms giving,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=984|title= The way of giving Zakat al-Fitr in non-Islamic Lands|publisher= IslamicAwakening|author= Haytham bin Jawwad al-Haddad|series= Article ID: 984|date= November 20, 2002|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.islamicawakening.com/viewarticle.php?articleID=984&date=2011-05-09|deadurl=no}}</ref> which is why we find mainstream Islamic charities, like Islamic Relief, almost exclusively<ref>[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Articles/Islamic-Relief.htm Islamic Relief and the Myth of Non-Discriminating Muslim Charity] - TROP</ref> focusing their humanitarian work in Muslim majority nations or areas in non-Muslim countries which are heavily populated by Muslim minorities. In the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods, many Christian survivors were denied aid supplied by Muslim charities for this very reason.<ref>[http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=7460 Pakistan: some Christians denied aid unless they convert to Islam] - Catholic Culture, September 6, 2010</ref>

===Devshirme===

{{Quote||Devshirme (derived from , "collection, gathering"; called "collection of boys" or "blood tax" in Balkan countries in their native languages) was the systematic abduction of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form of regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army (formerly largely composed of war captives) and the class of (military) administrators called the "Janissaries", or other servants such as tellak in hamams. . Boys delivered to the Ottomans in this way were called ghilmán or acemi oglanlar ("novice boys").}}

===Kharaj===

{{Quote|[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316354/kharaj kharaj] The Encyclopædia Britannica|Tax imposed on recent Islamic converts in the 7th–8th century.

In Islamic territories, Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians who did not convert to Islam were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Many people converted to Islam to avoid this tax or to escape the ban on non-Muslims owning land. As financial problems mounted for the Umayyad rulers, authorities imposed the kharaj as a property tax for recent converts. Popular opposition to the tax led to a revolt in 747 and precipitated the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty.}}

{{Core POTB}}
==See Also==

{{Hub4|Jizyah|Jizyah}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Джизя - Данък|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==
*[http://debate.org.uk/debate-topics/historical/the-jizyah-tax The Jizyah Tax: Equality And Dignity Under Islamic Law?]
*[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/jihad/app2.htm Jizyah and the Zimmî]
*[http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/by_lecture_10oct2002.htm Dhimmitude Past and Present: An Invented or Real History?]'', by Bat Ye'or''
*[http://www.outsidethewire.com/blog/media/payments-to-hamas-as-jizyah.html Payments to Hamas as Jizyah]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya Jizyah]'' - Wikipedia (Additional information and contains some more Hadith references)''
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Quran/004-jizya.htm Islam: Requiring Other Faiths to Pay Up] ''- TheReligionofPeace.com''

;Muslim websites

*[http://www.understanding-islam.com/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=166 Regarding Jizyah on non-Muslim Citizens]'' - Understanding-Islam.com''
*[http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503544994 Jizyah and non-Muslim Minorities] ''- Fatwa Bank at IslamOnline.net''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dhimmitude]]
[[Category:Islamic Law]]
[[Category:People of the Book]]
[[ru:Джизья]]
[[bg:Джизя (Данък)]]

Dr. Keith Moore

2015-06-29T10:20:56Z

Damaskin: /* References */

[[File:Dr. keith moore.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Keith Leon Moore''' (born 5 October 1925 in Brantford, Ontario) is a professor emeritus in the division of anatomy, in the Faculty of Surgery, at the University of Toronto, Ontario, [[Canada]]. Moore is associate dean for Basic Medical Sciences in the university's Faculty of Medicine, and was Chair of Anatomy from 1976 to 1984. He is a founding member of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists (AACA),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clinical-anatomy.org/honored/moore.html|title=Honored Member Award 1994 Keith L. Moore, MSc, PhD, FIAC, FRSM|publisher=American Association of Clinical Anatomists|accessdate=2011-06-29}}</ref><ref name="anatomy.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anatomy.org/content/keith-l-moore|title=Keith L. Moore: My 60 years as a Clinical Anatomist|publisher=American Association of Anatomists |accessdate=2011-06-29}}</ref> and was President of the AACA between 1989 and 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clinical-anatomy.org/pastpresidents.html|title=American Association of Clinical Anatomists – Past Presidents|publisher=American Association of Clinical Anatomists|accessdate=2011-06-29}}</ref>

==Islamic Embryology==

[[Dr.]] Moore is notable as the only embryologist directly quoted by [[Islam|Islamic]] sources in an attempt to prove [[embryology]] as described in the [[Qur'an]] is [[Islam and Science|scientifically]] correct. In the 1980s he accepted an invitation by the Embryology Committee of King Abdulaziz University to produce a special 3rd edition of his most successful [[Literature|book]] "The Developing Human" specifically for use by Muslim students in Islamic Universities. He was financially patronized by the Saudi royal family for the use of his name, and for no real additional work.

The textbook he delivered to the Saudi Universities that commissioned the work is titled, "The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology with Islamic Additions."<ref> Keith L. Moore, Shaykh Abdul-Majeed A. Azzindani (1983), ''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology with Islamic Additions'', Abul Qasim Publishing House (Saudi Arabia) ISBN: 0721664925 </ref> The base textbook was work that Moore had completed years before. He did nothing new for this new edition. The “Islamic additions” are actually the work of an Abdul Majeed al-Zindani, so it alternates chapters of standard science with Zindani's "Islamic additions".

==Links to Islamic Terrorists==

The co-writer of Moore's book is a leading militant Islamist named Abdul Majeed al-Zindani. He is the founder and head of the Iman University in [[Yemen]], head of the Yemeni [[Muslim Brotherhood]] political movement and founder of the Commission on Scientific Signs in the Quran and Sunnah (one of the organizations that spearheaded [[Bucailleism]]), based in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>Josh Devon - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205426/yemeni-sheikh-hate/josh-devon|2=2013-04-10}} Yemeni Sheikh of Hate] - National Review, January 7, 2003</ref>

Zindani served as a contact for Ansar al-Islam (Al), a Kurdish-based terrorist organization linked to al-Qaeda, has links to John Walker Lindh and Anwar al-Awlaki, and in 2004 the US Treasury Department published a press release stating that the [[United States]] had by executive order designated Zindani as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist".<ref name="Loyalist">[{{Reference archive|1=http://web.archive.org/web/20100314033922/http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/js1190.htm|2=2013-04-10}} United States Designates bin Laden Loyalist], United States Department of the Treasury, JS-1190, February 24, 2004</ref>

Interestingly, the Acknowledgments for the book recognize a number of “distinguished scholars” who supported the book with time or money. And number 6 on the list is [[Saifullah]] Shaykh [[Osama bin Laden]] (Zindani had a long history of working with bin Laden, notably serving as one of his spiritual leaders).<ref name="Loyalist"></ref>

==Moore's Current Views==

The result of Moore's and Zindani's collaboration is not an academic book and subsequent editions omit and contradict the "Islamic additions". Reverting back to his previous description, they basically admit that the embryology in the Qur'an is a repetition of Greek and Indian medicine<ref>Keith L. Moore (Author), T. V. N. Persaud (Author), The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 7th edition, ISBN: 0721694128. Page 9</ref>

For example, in 1986 he wrote that "The drop or nutfa [in Surah 23:13] has been interpreted as the sperm or spermatozoon, but a more meaningful interpretation would be the zygote which divides to form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus ("a place of rest"),"<ref>A Scientist's Interpretation of References to Embryology in the Qur'an. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 1986: vol.18, Page 15-16 .</ref> but in the 8th edition of The Developing Human (published 2007), he writes that "Growth of science was slow during the medieval period... human beings [according to the Qur'an] are produced from a mixture of secretions from the male and female. Several references are made to the creation of a human being from a nutfa (small drop). It also states that the resulting organism settles in the womb like a seed, 6 days after its beginning."<ref>Keith L. Moore, T.V.N. Persaud, Chapter 1 - HISTORICAL GLEANINGS - The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 8th edition, 2007, ISBN: 978-1416037064</ref>

This shows that Moore's previous statements on embryology in the Qur'an were not based on science, but merely the result of patronage by the Saudi royal family.

J. Needham, a well known authority on the history of embryology and a reference cited in Keith Moore's books, has also dismissed embryology in the Qur'an as merely "a seventh-century echo of Aristotle and the Ayer-veda."<ref>J. Needham, Cambridge, 2nd edition 1959, A History of Embryology, page 77.</ref>

==Denial of Involvement==

Moore's current CV does not reflect any involvement with Islam, the Qur'an or Islamic embryology. It also omits mentioning the 3rd edition of The Developing Human and its connections to Islamic [[Terrorism|terrorists]]. Nor does he mention his lecture in Saudi Arabia or any of his Islam-related activities in Muslim-majority countries.

In 2002, Moore declined to be interviewed by the Wall Street Journal on the subject of his work on Islam, stating that "it's been ten or eleven years since I was involved in the Qur'an."<ref>Daniel Golden - [{{Reference archive|1=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1011738146332966760.html|2=2013-04-10}} Western Scholars Play Key Role In Touting 'Science' of the Quran] - Wall Street Journal, January 23, 2002</ref>

{{Core Propaganda}}

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Embryology|Embryology}}
{{Hub4|Books on Islamic Propaganda|Books on Islamic Propaganda}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Д-р_Кийт_Муур_и_ислямските_допълнения|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

* [{{Reference archive|1=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/11/03/islamic-apologetics-in-the-int/|2=2013-04-10}} Islamic apologetics in the International Journal of Cardiology] ''- PZ Myers, Pharyngula, November 3, 2010''
* [{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani|2=2013-07-29}} Abdul Majeed al-Zindani] ''- Wikipedia, accessed July 29, 2013''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Science]]
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Non-Muslims]]
{{page_title|Dr. Keith Moore and the "Islamic Additions"}}
[[ru:Доктор_Кейт_Мур_и_его_Исламские_дополнения]]
[[bg:Д-р Кийт Муур и "Ислямските допълнения"]]

The Massacre of the Banu Qurayzah

2015-06-29T10:16:55Z

Damaskin: /* References */

[[File:Banu qurayza massacre.jpg|175px|right|thumb|Detail from miniature painting: ''The Prophet, Ali, and the Companions at the Massacre of the Prisoners of the Jewish Tribe of Beni Qurayzah'', illustration of a 19th century text by Muhammad Rafi Bazil.]]
This article discusses the [[genocide]] of the Jewish [[Banu Qurayza]] Tribe in 627 AD.
==Introduction==

Hijra year 5 (627 AD), on the orders of Prophet [[Muhammad]], almost nine hundred Jews of a Medinan tribe named Banu Qurayza were massacred by Muslims. The killing began early in the day, ending in torchlight. Those who escaped death were taken captive and sold at [[Slavery|slave]] markets.

==Qur'anic Account==

The [[Qur'an]] refers to this incident in [[Surah]] 33:

{{Quote|{{Quran-range|33|26|27}}| And He brought those of the People of the Scripture who supported them down from their strongholds, and cast panic into their hearts. Some ye slew and ye made captive some.
And He caused you to inherit their land and their houses and their wealth, and land ye have not trodden. Allah is Able to do all things }}

===Analysis of Qur'anic Account===

The people of the scripture being referred to in the above verse, are the Jews of the Banu Qurayza tribe. The reason given for slaying them is their alleged support of the Meccans who came to fight the Muslims of Medina. A close look at the Qur'anic verses above confirms the Qur'an is mentioning this incident after its occurrence. And it is [[Allah]] accusing people of the scripture of supporting Meccans. Muslims usually justify the Banu Qurayza massacre based on these verses as they imply the tribe broke their treaty and joined the Meccans against Muslims. They argue that since breaking a treaty and fighting along with the Meccans was a treacherous act, the Jews of Banu Qurayza deserved total annihilation.

This allegation is totally baseless, and there were no treacherous acts on Banu Qurayza's part that could possibly justify the total annihilation of their tribe. They were being victimized for the incentives of Muhammad. This much will be made clear as we move along with the holy texts of Islam. And for this purpose it is necessary to start from where the Qur'an first mentions the battle of Khandaq (trench). The genocide in question occurred after this battle.

{{Quote|{{Quran|33|9}}| "O ye who believe Remember Allah's favor unto you when there came against you hosts, and we sent against them a great wind and hosts ye could not see. And Allah is ever Seer of what ye do" }}

Allah is reminding the believers of the favors he bestowed upon them. "When there came a lot to attack them, he sent a wind to turn the foes away, thus saving the believers from destruction". The above verse implies that the enemies of Muhammad are being turned away by Allah. Doubt still remains whether the enemies were turned away before or after fighting a war. If we move with the Qur'an:

{{Quote|{{Quran|33|10}}| "When they came upon you from above you and from below you, and when eyes grew wild and hearts reached to the throats, and ye were imagining vain thoughts concerning Allah”}}

Here, Allah reveals the state of Muslims, when they had to face a huge Meccan army. They (Muslims) started to have doubts, believing a clash with such a vast army would certainly be devastating to them. Ibn Kathir clarifies in his Tafsir:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41359 Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Quran 33:10) - The Campaign of the Confederates (Al-Ahzab)]|2=Ibn Jarir said: "Some of those who were with the Messenger of Allah , had doubts and thought that the outcome would be against the believers, and that Allah would allow that to happen."}}

The Qur'anic verses in conjunction with the above interpretation reveal the fact that Muhammad and his army were not at all in any position to fight a war at Khandaq (Trench). Muhammad had heard of the strength of the Meccan army much earlier, so acting upon the advice of one of his companions, Salman the Persian, there were trenches dug all around them to prevent hostile Meccans from entering Muslim territory. The battle gained the name "the war of trench" due to this tactic employed by Muhammad. The Meccans were a huge army consisting of two tribes, namely the Quraish and Ghatafans. The very fact that Muhammad adopted such an extremely defensive stance in this fight proves the weakness of the Muslim army at the time, and the strength of their foes.

It is clear, the "war of Khandaq" was in fact a war that was never fought. Though they were huge in numbers and could have annihilated the entire population of Muslims at that time, the Meccan army had to halt at the trenches, being unable to find an entry route to the Muslim territory. Their only chance of reaching the Muslims was through the route of Banu Qurayza where Muhammad did not dig trenches, but ultimately, those who came to fight and win a war had to regress and return without success. Allah testifies in the Qur'an, he inflicted terror on the opposition by sending winds and shaking their settlements, so that they had to withdraw. Thus the Qur'an confirms the battle did not occur at all.

==Analysis of the Accounts in Hadiths==

After establishing through Qur'anic text that the war of Khandaq was never fought, it is necessary to investigate other authentic sources of Islam to discover what prompted Muhammad and his army (who had just salvaged their lives and pride without fighting a war) to turn their attentions towards the Banu Qurayza. We saw Allah himself attest to the fact he was the one who drove away the Meccans and helped Muslims escape an otherwise inevitable extermination. Let's now turn to Ibn Kathir to find out what happened next:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 Tafsir Ibn Kathir - The Campaign against Banu Qurayzah]|2=...the Messenger of Allah returned to Al-Madinah in triumph and the people put down their weapons. While the Messenger of Allah was washing off the dust of battle in the house of Umm Salamah, may Allah be pleased with her, Jibril, upon him be peace, came to him wearing a turban of brocade, riding on a mule on which was a cloth of silk brocade. He said, "Have you put down your weapons, O Messenger of Allah" He said, "Yes" He said, "But the angels have not put down their weapons. I have just now come back from pursuing the people." Then he said: "Allah, may He be blessed and exalted, commands you to get up and go to Banu Quraiza. According to another report, "What a fighter you are! Have you put down your weapons" He said, "Yes". He said, "But we have not put down our weapons yet, get up and go to these people." He said: "Where?" He said, "Banu Quraiza, for Allah has commanded me to shake them." So the Messenger of Allah got up immediately, and commanded the people to march towards Banu Quraiza, who were a few miles from Al-Madinah. This was after Salat Az-Zuhr. He said, No one among you should pray `Asr except at Banu Quraiza.}}

This account of Ibn Kathir is supported by [[sahih]] (authentic) hadiths:

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|4|52|68}}| Narrated 'Aisha: When Allah's Apostle returned on the day (of the battle) of Al-Khandaq (i.e. Trench), he put down his arms and took a bath. Then Gabriel whose head was covered with dust, came to him saying, "You have put down your arms! By Allah, I have not put down my arms yet." Allah's Apostle said, "Where (to go now)?" Gabriel said, "This way," pointing towards the tribe of Banu Qurayza. So Allah's Apostle went out towards them.}}

It is evident from this account, that Muhammad and his followers were relaxed and reclining after the withdrawal of Meccan troops. The campaign against the Banu Qurayza was not on their agenda until the angel Jibreel ([[Gabriel]]) appeared with Allah's orders. It also reveal the fact that the tribe of Banu Qurayza did not do anything atrocious to Muslims during the siege at Khandaq while the Meccan army were stranded at the trenches. Sources say the siege lasted for almost a month, but ultimately the Meccans departed without a fight. It was not possible for them to engage in battle, as the trenches were a new tactic that they had never expected from Muhammad's side. Still they waited for a green light from the Banu Qurayza stronghold, as that was the only route to enter in which they could reach the Muslims, a green light which never appeared. Eventually losing all hope of crossing and engaging in a full-scale war which would have resulted in wiping all Muslims from the face of the earth, the Meccans retreated.

Once the enemy had left, it was time for the Muslims to lay down their arms and relax, but not so for Muhammad. He felt it inadequate to regress without any gains. Whenever he fought a war prior to it, he and his followers emerged victorious and victory brought them booties in means of materials and human beings. Uhud was the only exception. This time, though they had survived, there was something still lacking; booty. The Meccan's resignation left them without any.

It was time for Jibreel to show up. Muhammad needed war booty to satisfy himself and his followers. A small fraction stationed in a castle nearby would make an easy target to acquire these means of satisfaction. So Jibreel appears with orders from Allah. "No Muhammad, you laid arms without meeting the objective." And the prime objective here is slaughter, then the acquisition of booty through this means.

If Banu Quraiza were in fact treacherous, Muhammad and the religion of Islam would have been buried in those trenches they had dug. That did not happen and Muhammad's fellow warriors did not feel any need to carry on. They were not aware of any alleged treachery, for this reason they reclined once the Meccans had left. All that changed, once Muhammad intervened with the aid of Jibreel and Allah. This proves the alleged treason is nothing but a made up excuse or a pretext Muslims use in our period to justify genocide.

Later, the warriors of Islam besieged a weak tribe for almost a month until they surrendered; ''Not'' fighting, but enduring. The siege ended with the unconditional surrender of Jews. Now the fate of the surrendered tribe lay in the hands of Muhammad.

To recount what happened to the then subjugated tribe who were on their knees to Muhammad and his fellow warriors, let us see the details as provided in Muhammad Husayn Haykal's ''The life of Muhammad'':

{{Quote|1=[http://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Muhammad Husayn Haykal - The Life of Muhammad. (p. 337)]|2=Banu Qurayzah sent word to Muhammad proposing to evacuate their territory and remove themselves to Adhri'at, but Muhammad rejected their proposal and insisted on their abiding by his judgment. They sent to al-Aws pleading that they should help them as al-Khazraj had helped their client Jews before them. A group of al-Aws tribesmen sought Muhammad and pleaded with him to accept from their allies a similar arrangement to that which he accepted from the allies of al-Khazraj. Muhammad asked, "O men of al-Aws, would you be happy if we allowed one of your men to arbitrate the case?" When they agreed, he asked them to nominate whomsoever they wished. This was communicated to the Jews, and the latter, unmindful of the fate that was lying in store for them, nominated Sa'd ibn Mu'adh. Sa'd was a reputable man of al-Aws tribe, respected for his sound judgment. Previously, Sa'd was the first one to approach the Jews, to warn them adequately, even to predict to them that they might have to face Muhammad one day. He had witnessed the Jews cursing Muhammad and the Muslims. After his nomination and acceptance as arbitrator, Sa'd sought guarantees from the two parties that they would abide by his judgment. After these guarantees were secured, he commanded that Banu Qurayzah come out of their fortress and surrender their armour. Sa'd then pronounced his verdict that the fighting men be put to the sword, that their wealth be confiscated as war booty, and that the women and the children be taken as captives. When Muhammad heard the verdict, he said: "By Him Who dominates my soul, God is pleased with your judgment, 0 Sa'd; and so are the believers. You have surely done your duty." He then proceeded to Madinah where he commanded a large grave to be dug for the Jewish fighters brought in to be killed and buried.<ref>Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (Author). Al-Faruqi, Ismail Raji (Translator). (2002). ''The Life of Muhammad''. (p. 337). Selangor, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.</ref>}}

Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows:
{{quote|Ibn Ishaq|Then they surrendered, and the apostle confined them in Medina in the quarter of d. al-Harith, a woman of B. al-Najjar. Then the apostle went out to the market of Medina (which is still its market today) and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. Among them was the enemy of Allah Huyayy b. Akhtab and Ka`b b. Asad their chief. There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka`b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, 'Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!' This went on until the apostle made an end of them. Huyayy was brought out wearing a flowered robe in which he had made holes about the size of the finger-tips in every part so that it should not be taken from him as spoil, with his hands bound to his neck by a rope. When he saw the apostle he said, 'By God, I do not blame myself for opposing you, but he who forsakes God will be forsaken.' Then he went to the men and said, 'God's command is right. A book and a decree, and massacre have been written against the Sons of Israel.' Then he sat down and his head was struck off.<ref name="Guillaume463">Guillaume, Alfred, ''The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah''. Oxford University Press, 1955. ISBN 0-1963-6033-1; p. 461-464.</ref><ref name="Peters223">Peters, ''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam'', p. 222-224.</ref><ref>Norman Stillman, ''The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book''. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1979. ISBN 0-8276-0198-0; p. 141f.</ref>}}

According to Ibn Kathir:

{{Quote|1=[http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=33&tid=41539 Tafsir Ibn Kathir - The Campaign against Banu Qurayzah]|2=Then the Messenger of Allah commanded that ditches should be dug, so they were dug in the earth, and they were brought tied by their shoulders, and were beheaded. There were between seven hundred and eight hundred of them. The children who had not yet reached adolescence and the women were taken prisoner, and their wealth was seized.}}

It is worth mentioning here, not all were lucky enough to be beheaded among Banu Quraiza. Those whose lives were spared had a worse fate awaiting them. Again from Haykal:

{{Quote|1=[http://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false Muhammad Husayn Haykal - The Life of Muhammad. (p. 338)]|2=The Prophet divided the properties, women, and children of Banu Quraiza among the Muslims after he had separated one-fifth for public purposes. Each man of the cavalry received two shares, one for himself and one for his horse. On that day, the Muslim force included thirty-six cavalrymen. Sa'd ibn Zayd al Ansari sent a number of Banu Qurayza captives to Najd where he exchanged them for horses and armour in order to increase Muslim military power.<ref>Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (Author). Al-Faruqi, Ismail Raji (Translator). (2002). ''The Life of Muhammad''. (p. 338). Selangor, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.</ref>}}

These captives who were sold for horses were the women of the Banu Qurayza tribe. Ibn Ishaq confirms this:

{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq: 693 |Then the apostle sent for Sa'd bin Zayd al-Ansari brother of bin Abdul-Ashhal with some of the captive women of Banu Qurayza to Najd and he sold them for horses and weapons.}}

===Muslim Apologetics===

The most common Muslim argument is that Muhammad was dealing with treachery and he had taken the maximum punitive actions against it. But this alleged treachery on Banu Qurayza’s part is very hard to accept for a rational mind. To be treacherous, Banu Qurayza must have joined the confederate army who had come to attack the Muslims. If that were the case (had Banu Qurayza joined the Meccan army) it would have ended in the total eradication of Muslims. But Abu Sufyan's (the Meccan chief’s) words before retreating, testifies Banu Qurayza did not ally with the Meccans in a war against the Muslims. To quote Ibn Ishaq:

{{Quote| Ibn Ishaq: 683 | Then Abu Sufyan said: “O Quraish, we are not in a permanent camp; the horses and camels are dying; the Banu Qurayza have broken their word to us and we have heard disquieting reports of them. You can see the violence of the wind which leaves us neither cooking-pots, or fire, nor tents to count on. Be off, for I am going” }}

Besides, Muhammad nor his followers accused the Banu Qurayza of being treasonous. After Meccans left, the prophet had to bring Jibreel down to 'testify' that any such thing had taken place, before they even considered besieging the tribe. This attests to the fact there was no treason from the tribe that warranted their total annihilation. The account given in the Qur'an of the Banu Qurayza siding with the Muslims’ enemy at Khandaq is ''after'' the incidents occurred, not during it. Muhammad would have felt it necessary to give a reason to justify the annihilation of an entire Jewish tribe, so he came up with holy verses later.

Another argument often brought up by Muslims is “Banu Qurayza were given the choice of deciding their judge”. They argue Banu Qurayza were massacred because of Sad bin Muadh, the arbitrator they agreed to. So Muhammad is innocent of shedding their blood.

This argument is not without its problems:

First of all, it is not clear from Islamic sources whether it were Banu Qurayza or their allies, the tribe of “Aws”, who agreed to Sad bin Muadh being the judge. The sahih hadith in Bukhari below points to this fact:

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|58|148}}| Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Some people (i.e. the Jews of Bani bin quraiza) agreed to accept the verdict of Sad bin Muadh so the Prophet sent for him (i.e. Sad bin Muadh). He came riding a donkey, and when he approached the Mosque, the Prophet said, "Get up for the best amongst you." or said, "Get up for your chief." Then the Prophet said, "O Sad! These people have agreed to accept your verdict." Sad said, "I judge that their warriors should be killed and their children and women should be taken as captives." The Prophet said, "You have given a judgment similar to Allah's Judgment (or the King's judgment)."}}

In the USC translation, "Jews of Banu Qurayza" has been given in brackets when mentioning the people agreed to accept Sad bin Muadh’s verdict. But the original Sahih Bukhari hadith in Arabic does not have this. So, it is most probably the tribe of Aus were who agreed to accept the verdict of Sa’d, not the Banu Qurayza. It does not make any sense for a subjugated people like the Banu Qurayza who were on their knees at the time to be given a choice in selecting their judge. So, the evidence we have available is against the Muslims claim that the surrendered Banu Qurayza tribe were given a choice in the case of adjudicator.

Moreover, even if one accepts the Muslim arguments that the Banu Qurayza were given a choice in selecting their judge, it does not let Muhammad off the hook. A careful analysis of the sahih hadiths on this account reveals Saad bin Muadh was just echoing Muhammad’s intention as his verdict. Soon after Saad bin Muad gave his verdict, Muhammad rushed to applaud him stating Saad's judged was in accordance with the judgement of Allah. Again from Sahih Bukhari:

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|5|59|447}}|Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: The people of (Banu) quraiza agreed to accept the verdict of Sad bin Muadh. So the Prophet sent for Saad, and the latter came (riding) a donkey and when he approached the Mosque, the Prophet said to the Ansar, "Get up for your chief or for the best among you." Then the Prophet said (to Sad)." These have agreed to accept your verdict." Sad said, "Kill their (men) warriors and take their offspring as captives, "On that the Prophet said, "You have judged according to Allah's Judgment," or said, "according to the King's judgment."}}

Muhammad always intended to massacre the tribe, ever before Saad bin Muadh had come into the picture. He had this plan in mind when besieging the tribe. He sent an envoy (Abu Lubaba) to the Banu Quraiza fort during the siege. Below is the account of this incident as mentioned in Sirah Ibn Ishaq:

{{Quote| Ibn Ishaq: 686|Apostle sent him (Abu Lubaba) to them (Banu Quraiza), and when they saw him they got up to meet him. The women and children went up to him weeping in his face, and he felt sorry for them. They said, ‘Oh Abu Lubaba, do you think that we should submit to Muhammad's judgement? He said ‘yes' and pointed with his hand to his throat signifying slaughter.}}

Remember, this incident occurred during the siege and Saad bin Muadh became involved in this affair after the siege. Here we see Muhammad's envoy revealing Muhammad's intentions to the Banu Quraiza. Again, we see a remorseful Abu Lubaba who later felt contrite for revealing Muhammad's plan to the besieged tribe. This man soon left the place and tied himself to one of the pillars in the mosque. Again, it is recorded in Ibn Ishaq:

{{Quote| Ibn Ishaq: 686 | Then he (Abu Lubaba) left them and did not go to the apostle but bound himself to one of the pillars in the mosque saying ‘I will not leave this place until god forgives me for what I have done' and he promised god that he would never go to Banu Quraiza and would never be seen in a town in which he had betrayed god and his apostle }}

If all that befell the Banu Qurayza were solely the fault of Saad bin Muaad, how does one deal with the account given by Ibn Ishaq? It reveals Muhammad besieged the Banu Qurayza with the intention of ethnically cleansing them.

Another favorite argument is the Jews of Banu Qurayza were put to death according to "their own laws" within the [[Taurat|Torah]]. Saad bin Muadh's verdict matches that which is found in [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2020:10-18&version=KJV Deuteronomy 20:10-18] thus, Islam nor the Muslims can be blamed for it.

In reality, Deuteronomy 20:10-18 is not the "law of the Torah." It is a specific direction from the Judeo-Christian God for a specific program of conquest. No longer relevant, as the Promised land mentioned in the Torah had been settled. It has nothing to do with "treason," or the treatment of treasonous allies. So if Muhammad or Saad bin Muaad had indeed applied these laws to the tribe, it was the wrong application of the wrong law to the wrong situation. Being the prophet of Allah, Muhammad could have easily annulled such a faulty application of the wrong laws.

Besides, this argument of Muslims begs the questions:

#Why are the Muslims now accepting the judgment of Deuteronomy [scripture which they allege is corrupt] as righteous and just when on other occasions they attack this as being a cruel and harsh command, and a clear example of genocide?
#The Islamic sources say that Muhammad did not only have the fighting men killed, such as the leaders of Banu Quraiza, but also their young men who had nothing whatsoever to do with the decisions of their leaders/elders, were massacred. Why the unnecessary slaughter of innocents?

Some Muslims claim only those who were able to fight among the tribe of Banu Quraiza were killed. According to their own sources, this is not true. How did Muhammad determine who from among the Jews were capable of fighting? See it in their sources:

{{Quote|Al-Tabari: Vol 8. (p. 38)|The Messenger of God had commanded that all of them who had reached puberty should be killed.<ref>The History of Al-Tabari: The Victory of Islam, translated by Michael. F. State University of New York Press, Albany 1997, Volume 8. page. 38 </ref>}}

Another source tells us exactly how it was determined, whether a person had reached puberty or not:

{{Quote| {{Abudawud|38|4390}}| Narrated Atiyyah al-Qurazi:

I was among the captives of Banu Qurayzah. They (the Companions) examined us, and those who had begun to grow hair (pubes) were killed, and those who had not were not killed. I was among those who had not grown hair.}}

As has been shown, Muhammad testified that Saad's verdict was in proportion to the laws of Allah. Therefore Muslims should stop attacking the Torah and instead focus on Muhammad who attested the verdict of Saad with applause.

As a final point, it would be interesting to learn how Muhammad dealt with the Jews of Banu Qurayza prior to besieging them. Let the sources speak for themselves:

{{Quote|Ibn Ishaq: 684 | "When the apostle approached their forts he (Muhammad) said: "You brothers of monkeys.., has god disgraced you and brought his vengeance upon you?"

Banu Qurayza replied: "O Abul Qasim (Muhammad), you are not a barbarous person" }}

Again from the sahih collections:

{{Quote| {{Bukhari|5|59|449}}|Narrated Al-Bara: "On the day of Qurayza’s (besiege), Allah's Apostle said to Hassan bin Thabit, 'Abuse them (with your poems), and Gabriel is with you" }}

How appropriate is it for a religious leader to abuse helpless people with words like "brothers of monkeys" and to incite his followers to do as he did? Not to mention, he traded these insults prior to besieging them.

==Conclusion==

Muslims propose many apologetic arguments to excuse this crime. The most favored argument they use is the alleged treachery of Banu Quraiza. Its flaws are evident when considering any act of treachery from this tribe would have put an end to Islam at Khandaq, and as a result, Islam would never have existed outside of Arabia.

The excuses they forward using Deuteronomy (contained within religious scripture they themselves consider to have been altered since the incident in question), and a man who came into the picture much later, do not stand up to scrutiny, for the very reason that Muhammad had planned to slaughter the tribe before Saad bin Muadh, the arbitrator, had been invited.

Moreover, when the latter pronounced his verdict, it was Muhammad who rushed in favor of it, proclaiming it to be Allah's judgment. Taking all of these issues into account, there is no valid argument that can be used in its defense. After this incident, there remained not a tribe named Banu Qurayza in Arabia.

{{Core POTB}}

==See Also==

* [[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]]
{{Hub4|Banu Qurayza|Banu Qurayza}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Beni Kureyza Qətliamı|Azerbaijani]], [[Геноцидът_на_Бану_Курайза|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://www.answering-islam.org/Muhammad/Jews/BQurayza/index.html What really happened to the Banu Qurayza] ''- Collection of articles from [[Answering Islam]]''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.andrewbostom.org/loj//content/view/38/27/|2=2012-06-10}} Muhammad, the Qurayza Massacre, and PBS] ''- Andrew G. Bostom, FrontPageMagazine''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/02/muhammad_and_massacre_of_the_q.html|2=2012-06-10}} Muhammad and Massacre of the Qurayza Jews] ''- James Arlandson, American Thinker''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.kister.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/banu_qurayza.pdf|2=2012-06-10}} Massacre of the Banū Qurayẓa: A Re-Examination of a Tradition] ''- M. J. Kister, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 8 (1986): 61-96''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:People of the Book]]
[[Category:Jihad and Terrorism]]
[[Category:Khalil Fariel]]
[[ru:Геноцид_Бану_Курайза]]
[[bg:Геноцидът на Бану Курайза]]

Arabic

2015-06-29T10:14:16Z

Damaskin: /* References */

'''Arabic''' ('''اللغة العربية''' ''al-luġatu l-ʿarabiyyah'' or just '''عربي''' ''arabī'') is today spoken natively by 150 million people,<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861689162/Arabic.html Dictionary/ Arabic] - MSN Encarta, accessed December 27, 2010</ref> making it the largest living member of the Semitic languages family in terms of speakers.

Classified as Central Semitic, it is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. Modern Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage with 27 sub-languages in ISO 639-3.

Modern Standard Arabic derives from Classical Arabic, often referred to as "[[Qur'an|Qur'anic]] Arabic", the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group, attested epigraphically since the 6th century, which has been a literary language and the liturgical language of [[Islam]] since the 7th century CE.

Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world, akin to the role Latin has in Western European languages.

Some apologists claim that the Qur'an can only be properly understood in its original Arabic form. Thus all translations are unreliable, and all criticism of Islam is invalid unless one studies and understands Classical Arabic. There are several problems with this claim:

Original Qur'anic (Classical) Arabic was [[Diacritical Marks of the Qur'an|without punctuation, dots or vowels]] which had to be added for proper understanding, a finger to its not so divine clarity.

If you cannot criticize Islam unless you know Classical Arabic (because your understanding of what Islam is may be erroneous), then it logically follows that you cannot propagate Islam unless you know Classical Arabic (because your understanding of what Islam is may be erroneous). No Muslim would agree to that because most Muslims do not understand Modern Arabic, let alone Classical Arabic.

It is not possible for anyone to learn a language that cannot be translated into the only one they do know, which means those who insist that one "must learn Arabic” in order to understand the Qur’an are committing a [[Logical Fallacies|logical fallacy]]. Either the Arabic of the Qur'an is translatable (in which case there is no need to learn Arabic) or it is not (in which case it can never be learned by the non-native speaker).

The Arabic language is no different to other languages; if other languages can be translated accurately, then so can Arabic. Critics or adherents of Judaism, Christianity and Hinduism do not need to speak Hebrew, Greek or Sanskrit in order to understand these faiths, and the same applies to Islam.

Furthermore, translations were, and still are, always softened so to be more acceptable to a general audience, like the "lightly" added to {{Quran|4|34}} by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, allowing to [[Wife Beating in Islam|beat]] one's wife. The word 'Kill' was also softened into '[[The Meaning of Qatal|fight]]' like in {{Quran|9|5}}.

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Mistranslated Verses|Mistranslated Verses}}
{{Hub4|Islamic Terms|Islamic Terms}}

{{Translation-links-english|[[Арабски език|Bulgarian]]}}

==External Links==

*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/Games-Muslims-Play.htm#arabic "The Qur'an Can Only be Understood in Arabic"] ''- [[The Religion Of Peace]]''
*[http://www.studyquran.co.uk/LLhome.htm Edward William Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon (Download)] ''- The most revered and scholarly dictionary of the Arabic language''
*[http://kalamullah.com/Books/Hans-Wehr.pdf The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic] ''- 40 MB Downloadable PDF file''

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terms and Definitions]]
[[Category:Downloads]]
[[ru:Арабский язык]]
[[bg:Арабски език]]

Allahu Akbar (God is Greater)

2015-06-29T10:12:33Z

Damaskin: /* References */

This article discusses the meaning of the [[Islam|Islamic]] [[Islamic Terms|phrase]], "'''Allahu Akbar'''", and its [[Mistranslated Verses|translation]] into English.
[[File:Malaysia Allah for Muslims only.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
==Introduction==

Although the phrase "Allahu Akbar" (الله أكبر) is a common phrase used by all Muslims in various situations, including the [[Salah]] (obligatory five [[prayers]] a day) and has even been used in the past by some [[non-Muslims]] as a show of support for the protesting [[Iran|Iranians]], it is widely associated with the Muslims who shout it whilst engaged in [[Terrorism|Jihad]]. Many people claim it is simply the [[Arabic]] translation of a common English phrase meaning "God is great!" This article analyzes this apologetic claim by examining the use of the phrase in [[Islam and Scripture|scripture]], and the use of these words in their original Arabic.

==Analysis==

===Allah===

'''Claim:''' 'Allah' is simply the Arab word for 'God.'

'''Fact:''' 'God' in Arabic is translated 'ilah,' not 'Allah.'

'''Allah''' = الله (alif ا, lam ل, lam ل, ha ه)

'''ilah''' = اله (alif ا, lam ل, ha ه)

====Evidence====

The [[Shahadah]] is one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]], and is recited by all Muslims:

{{Quote||2=
'''Arabic:''' أشهد أن لا إله إلاَّ الله و أشهد أن محمد رسول الله

'''Transliteration:''' ašhadu ʾanla ilāha illal-Lāh, wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlul-Lāh

'''Literal:''' There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.}}

As you can see, even though many English speaking Muslims claim it states "there is no god but God", this is not the case. Muslims view the name Allah as a proper noun, as opposed to a common noun descriptive applicable to any deity. Allah is not the generic word for 'god' in Arabic, but the ''name'' of Islam's deity.

{{Quote|[http://bewley.virtualave.net/Riscreeds.html The Risala of 'Abdullah ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani] A Treatise on Maliki Fiqh (Including commentary from ath-Thamr ad-Dani by al-Azhari)(310/922 - 386/996)|['''1.1a'''] The belief that Allah is One is the fundamental basis of Islam, and when Divine Unity is expressed, '''the name "Allah" must be used. It is not permissible to say, "There is no god but the Almighty"''' or use any other names except Allah for the shahada. Nothing at all resembles Him or is equal to Him.}}

====Why some Apologists insist 'Allah' means 'God'====

For some, it is a [[Lying|lie]] told to facilitate proselytisation (Da'wah). For others, it is purely out of ignorance. Language is always evolving, so the actual definition of a word and its popular usage can, and very often does, differ. The word "[[Allah]]", in predominantly Muslim cultures and societies, is used interchangeably with 'God', as most people are Muslims; to them Allah is God, thus to make a distinction would be redundant.

Some are willing to take advantage of people's ignorance of the Arabic language when it suits their purpose. For example: the [[Fake Conversions|false conversion]] story of pop legend [[Michael Jackson (Conversion to Islam)|Michael Jackson]]. A video entitled 'Inshallah' (Allah willing) has been doing the rounds on user-contributed media sites like YouTube. It contains edited footage of Michael Jackson using the phrase 'Inshallah,' and its editor proudly proclaimed on its page "only Muslims say Inshallah." a view which was echoed by many of the Muslim commentators who viewed it. However, it was simply a case of selective editing. The Muslim who made the video had cut off the first part of Michael's statement. It was a 12 year-old promo for his Tunisian fans on the eve of his ''HIS''tory world tour. Since Arabic is [[Tunisia]]'s official language and since Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians living in Tunisia also use the phrase 'Inshallah', it was not proof that he had converted to Islam.

In another case in [[Malaysia]], the government banned Christians from using the word 'Allah' in reference to the Christian God,<ref>"[http://archive.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news&lang=en&length=long&idelement=5183&backpage=archives&critere=&countryname=Malaysia&rowcur=0 Malaysia: Government Maintains Only Muslims Can Use ‘Allah’ Term]" - Compass Direct News, January 08, 2008</ref> and in one incident, reported by CNN in October of 2009, twenty-thousand Bibles were seized by authorities because they referred to the Christian God as 'Allah,'<ref>Saeed Ahmed - "[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/29/malaysia.bibles.seized/ Bibles seized as Malaysia minorities fear fundamentalism]" - CNN, October 29, 2009</ref> completely disregarding the fact that due to the evolution of the Malay language, which has borrowed extensively from Arabic, Sanskrit and Portuguese, there is no indigenous Malay word for 'God' other than the pagan 'Allah'. It was reported that in 2010 a court ruling overturned the ban, a decision which the government has appealed against, insisting that it should remain in place.<ref name="Churches Attacked in Malaysian ‘Allah’ Dispute"></ref> This decision to allow Christians to use the word 'Allah' has led to violent protests and bombings of several Malaysian churches.<ref name="Churches Attacked in Malaysian ‘Allah’ Dispute"></ref> One of the protesters summed up the thoughts of many Malaysian Muslims, stating, “Allah is only for us, The Christians can use any word, we don’t care, but please don’t use the word Allah.”<ref name="Churches Attacked in Malaysian ‘Allah’ Dispute">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/world/asia/09malaysia.html|title=Churches Attacked in Malaysian ‘Allah’ Dispute|publisher=The New York Times|last=Mydans|first=Seth|date=January 9, 2010}}</ref>

So, according to Muslims, is 'Allah' the word for 'God' or the name of their particular deity distinct from the God of Christianity and Judaism? No doubt you will receive very different answers depending on the situation. However, the original Arabic script found within the Qur'an tells you all that you need to know.

===Akbar===

'''Claim:''' 'Akbar' means 'great.'

'''Fact:''' 'Akbar' in English is translated 'greater,' not 'great.'

'''Great''' = كبير (Kebir)

'''Greater''' = أكبر (Akbar)

====Evidence====

Kebir and akbar are not interchangeable words. For evidence, we only need look to the Qur'an. Both kebir (great) and akbar (greater) are used in the following verse:

{{Quote|{{Qtt|2|219}}|2=
'''Original Arabic script:'''

يسالونك عن الخمر والميسر قل فيها اثمتتفكرون كبير ومنافع للناس واثمهما
اكبر من نفعهما ويسالونك ماذا ينفقون قل العفو كذلك يبين الله لكم الايات لعلكم


'''Transliteration:'''

Yas-aloonaka AAani alkhamri waalmaysiriqul feehima ithmun kabeerun wamanafiAAu lilnnasiwa-ithmuhuma akbaru min nafAAihima wayas-aloonaka mathayunfiqoona quli alAAafwa kathalika yubayyinu Allahulakumu al-ayati laAAallakum tatafakkaroona

'''Yusuf Ali:'''

They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." They ask thee how much they are to spend; Say: "What is beyond your needs." Thus doth Allah Make clear to you His Signs: In order that ye may consider- <ref>[http://www.irreduciblefifth.force9.co.uk/burhan/b.x.373.htm Quran root browser - ك ب ر - k-b-r]</ref>}}

===Allahu Akbar===
====Lane's Lexicon and Other Sources====

Lane's Lexicon, the most revered and scholarly dictionary of the Arabic language, confirms the majority view is that "Allahu Akbar" refers to Allah being "greater". Unlike in its early years, so does [[Wikipedia]], stating the phrase literally means "God is greater". But is usually translated "God is [the] Greatest," or "God is Great".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir|title= Takbir|publisher= Wikipedia|author= |date= accessed August 4, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTakbir&date=2013-08-04|deadurl=no}}</ref> Similarly, Pierre Tristam, the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]]-[[United States|American]] About.com Guide states, although most often translated as "god is great," Allahu Akbar is Arabic for "god is greater," or "god is greatest."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://middleeast.about.com/od/a/g/allahu-akbar-definition.htm|title= Allahu Akbar|publisher= Middle East Issues (About.com)|author= Pierre Tristam|date= accessed August 4, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeast.about.com%2Fod%2Fa%2Fg%2Fallahu-akbar-definition.htm&date=2013-08-04|deadurl=no}}</ref> Many news sources and other web resources are now also beginning to use the more correct translation.

====Used in Context by Muhammad====

"Allahu Akbar" has been used historically by Muslims as a battle cry during war.<ref name="Ludwig W. Adamec">Ludwig W. Adamec, "Historical Dictionary of Islam", Scarecrow Press, 2nd ed. 2009, p. 32</ref> This precedent was set by Prophet [[Muhammad]] when he attacked the Jews of Khaibar.

In the following [[sahih]] [[hadith]], you can see the phrase has been translated correctly into English by Muslims.

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|195}}|Narrated Anas:

The Prophet set out for Khaibar and reached it at night. He used not to attack if he reached the people at night, till the day broke. So, when the day dawned, the Jews came out with their bags and spades. When they saw the Prophet; they said, "Muhammad and his army!" '''The Prophet said, Allahu--Akbar! (Allah is Greater)''' and Khaibar is ruined, for whenever we approach a nation (i.e. enemy to fight) then it will be a miserable morning for those who have been warned."}}

One must also note that if the word "Allah" meant "God", why then would he be telling the Jews of Khaibar (who supposedly worship the same god) that Islam's Allah is greater?

Here are a few more quotes which use the phrase "Allahu Akbar".

{{Quote|1={{Muwatta|15|15|7|22}}|2=Yahya related to me from Malik from Abu Ubayd, the mawla of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, from Ata ibn Yazid al-Laythi that Abu Hurayra said, "Whoever says 'Glory be to Allah' (Subhana'llah) thirty-three times and ''''Allah is Greater' (Allahu akbar)''' thirty-three times and 'Praise be to Allah' (al-hamdu lillah) thirty-three times, and seals the hundred with 'There is no god but Allah, alone without any partner. The Kingdom and praise belong to Him and He has power over everything' (La ilaha illa'llah, wahdahu la sharika lah, lahu'l mulku wa lahu'l hamd, wa huwa ala kulli shay'in qadir) after every prayer will have his wrong actions forgiven him even if they are abundant as the foam on the sea."}}

{{Quote|1={{Muwatta|49|49|10|34}}|2=Yahya related to me from Malik from Hisham ibn Urwa that his father never brought food or drink, nor even a remedy which he ate or drank but that he said, "Praise be to Allah who has guided us and fed us and given us to drink and blessed us. '''Allah is greater'''. O Allah! We have found Your blessing with every evil, give us every good in the morning and evening. We ask You for its completion and its gratitude. There is no good except Your good. There is no god other than You, the God of the salihun and the Lord of the Worlds. Praise be to Allah. There is no god but Allah. What Allah wills. There is no power except in Allah. O Allah! Bless us in what You have provided us with and protect us from the punishment of the Fire!"
 
Al-hamdu lillahi-lladhi hadana wa at amana wa saqana wa naamana. '''Allahu akbar'''. Allahumma'l fatna nimatik bi-kulli sharr. Fa asbahna minha wa amsayna bi-kulli khayr. Nasaluka tamamaha wa shukraha. La khayr illa khayruk. Wa la ilaha ghayruk. Ilaha'-saliheen wa rabba'l-alameen. Al-hamdu lillah. Wa la ilaha illa'llah. Ma sha'Allah. Wa la quwwata illa billah. Allahumma barik lana fima razaqtana. Waqina adhaba'n-na}}

==Conclusion==

Many Muslims and their apologists claim "Allahu Akbar" is simply the Arabic translation of a common English phrase meaning "God is great!" However, this is untrue. "Allahu Akbar" does not mean "God is great" as claimed. It actually means "Allah is greater."

'Allah' is not simply the Arabic word for 'God,' but the name of Islam's chosen deity and 'Akbar' does not mean 'great', but 'greater'. Greater than what? The answer is, ''Allah is greater than whatever god you happen to believe in''.

==See Also==

{{Hub4|Allah|Allah}}
{{Hub4|Islamic Terms|Islamic Terms}}

==External Links==

*[http://forum09.faithfreedom.org/viewtopic.php?f=22&t=10908&p=166554#p166554 Allahu Akbar] ''- Muslim Arabic speaker, commenting on this page, confirms "Allahu Akbar" means "Allah is greater" (not "God is great)"''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Terms and Definitions]][[Category:Islamic Propaganda]]
[[Category:Sani]]
[[ru:Аллаху_Акбар]]
[[bg:Аллаху Акбар]]

УикиИслям: Често задавани въпроси

2015-06-01T10:10:10Z

Damaskin:

{{shortcut|[[WIFAQ]]}}
== Обща информация==

=== Каква е целта на УикиИслям?===

Целта на УикиИслям е да представи един точен и обширен източник за исляма.

===Какво е Уики?===

Уики е уебсайт, който всеки един потребител може да редактира при използването на уеб браузър. Това е различно от конвенционалните уебсайтове, които могат да бъдат редактирани само от техните администратори, които пък използват специализиран софтуер за редактиране в мрежата. Content Management Systems – (Системите за управление на съдържанието), които не са „Уики“, са управлявани само от малка група редактори. Уики прави от всеки един интернет потребител уебсайт администратор.

===Какви са преимуществата на този сайт в сравнение с други сайтове, отнасящи се до исляма?===

Най-голямото преимущество е, че всеки потребител, който има достъп до интернет, може да редактира уебсайта от своя браузър. Не е необходимо да сте уеб-мастър.

Другите преимущества над конвенционалните уебсайтове включват възможността нашите статии да се поддържат актуализирани и уместни без оглед на това, кога са били първоначално създадени.

== НАДЕЖДНОСТ ==

===Търся информация относно исляма. Това ли е сайтът, който трябва да използвам?===

Да, ако търсите фактическа информация относно исляма, това е сайтът, който трябва да
използвате. Ако не сте намерили, това което търсите, няма проблем да направите
запитване на съответната [[WikiIslam:Discussions|дискусионна]] (Англ.) страница.

===Всеки потребител може да редактира УикиИслям, това означава ли, че всеки може да вкарва фалшива информация?===

Не, това не е така. Подобно на германската Уикипедия, всички наши страници са под "[[WikiIslam:Pending Changes Protection| защита при висящи промени]]" (Англ.), което означава, че те са отворени за редактиране, но промените ще станат видими за читателите, само след като са били прегледани от потребител с подходящ достъп, т.нар. „reviewer”( рецензент) или от администрацията. УикиИслям се гордее с това, че е надежден източник на информация за исляма. Дори съществува страница, посветена на [[WikiIslam:Arguments Not To Use| аргументи срещу използването]] (Англ.) на уебсайта.

===УикиИслям е само един Уики-сайт и е пристрастен. Как можем да вярваме на неговото съдържание?===

Фокусирането на УикиИслям върху критиката на исляма не ни прави ненадеждни.
Въвеждането на "[[WikiIslam:Pending Changes Protection| защита при висящи промени]]"(Англ.) елиминира повечето от обичайните проблеми,
свързани с „Уики“, а и ние също така обръщаме голямо внимание върху предоставянето на читателите на изобилно количество препратки и бележки под линия, които могат да бъдат използвани за независима проверка на фактите.

Относно пристрастието; ако препратките са надеждни и представени коректно, усещането за пристрастие на сайта няма основание. Хора, които желаят другите да отхвърлят сайта заради обвинения в пристрастие са „нападащи вестоносеца”, подразделение на логическата заблуда ad hominem (лични нападки).

Съществуват множество личности и уебсайтове, които критикуват всички форми на вяра, но
това не е основание, те да бъдат автоматично етикетирани като ненадеждни. Това не винаги е
вярно за тези, които са избрали да критикуват исляма.Това не е поради наша собствена грешка,
а заради пристрастията на хората, които ни клеймят като ненадеждни, без дори да са
анализирали нашето съдържание. В повечето случаи, това просто означава, че ще трябва
да потърсите на друго място за положителните аспекти на това, което търсите; все пак ние публикуваме и [[:Category:Pro-Islamic Content| про-ислямско съдържание]](Англ.).

Обратно, защитените сайтове твърде рядко могат да бъдат надежден източник относно ислямските вярвания. По самата си природа, те съществуват, за да защитават исляма от критиката, те не са създадени, за да отразяват достоверната мюсюлманска мисъл за каквото и да е. Те могат почти еднакво да бъдат обвинени в пристрастност, колкото и сайтовете, които критикуват исляма. За всеки, който иска да омаловажи един сайт, критикуващ исляма, като след това представя тези сайтове като алтернативен източник за изучаване на ислямските вярвания, това е израз на крайно лицемерие.

Ако търсите точна и безпристрастна информация за християнството или будизма, не би
трябвало да се допитате до християнин или будист, както и не би трябвало да посещавате пристрастен про-християнски/будистки сайт. Или ако го направите, не би трябвало да ограничавате своето изследване до тези малко на брой източници. Същите принципи се отнасят и за исляма.

===Как да разбера, че съдържанието е истинско?===

Фактите, отнасящи се до ислямската теология са подкрепени чрез цитати от стихове в
Корана, тефсири, хадиси и фатви. Ако вярвате, че нещо в действителност е неточно, моля
използвайте съответната дискусионна страница и ни уведомете. Някои примери за това какъв тип
източници използваме са описани [[WikiIslam:Reliable_Sources#External_Links_to_Resources| тук]](Англ.).

=== Някой е открил грешки в една от нашите статии. Как да вярвам на останалата част от сайта?===

УикиИслям съдържа {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} статии, написани от различни потребители. Ако някой предявява претенции, че е открил грешки в една от нашите статии и поради тази причина останалата част от сайта ни, следва да бъде отхвърлена, той е жертва на логическата заблуда за [[W:Poisoning_the_well| отравяне на кладенеца]](Англ.). Забележете също така, че [[WikiIslam:Essays/Op-Eds Disclaimer| опитите за опровержение]](Англ.) не е необходимо да отразяват възгледите на УикиИслям.

Ние сме отзивчиви към критиката и оценяваме вложената енергия от нашите читатели, тъй като това ще има като резултат единствено усъвършенстването на сайта. Така че, ако забележите някакви грешки, моля известете ни чрез съответните дискусионни страници и ние ще поставим статията за преглед. И още по-добре - ако Вашата цел е да ни отправите конструктивна критика, защо не си [{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=signup}} отворите акаунт] и самите Вие да започнете редактиране на
страницата?

==Използвани източници==

===Дали УикиИслям използва полемични източници?===

Не, ние не правим това. Излагането на факт, засягащ историята на исляма и теологията от полемични източници като книги, статии или коментари от личности като Робърт Спенсър, Памела Гелар, Аян Хирси Али, Марк А. Гейбриъл, Уафа Султан, Али Сина, Уалид Шубат, Бриджит Гейбриъл и други, не са разрешени при никакви обстоятелства като [[WikiIslam:Reliable Sources| позовавания в УикиИслям]](Англ.). Съветваме редакторите да премахват всякакви подобни твърдения, веднага щом ги срещнат.

===Дали УикиИслям използва изфабрикувани източници?===

Не, ние не използваме такива. Използваме ислямски източници, които са лесно достъпни, както в интернет, така и в търговската мрежа. Това са същите източници, които ще видите да бъдат използвани и приемани от хиляди мюсюлмански уебсайтове. Където е възможно, пускаме линкове директно към такива мюсюлмански сайтове, които съдържат текстове от
Корана, Хадисите, Фатвите, Фикхите и Тефсира.

===Какъв превод на Корана използвате?===

Освен ако не е посочоено друго, ние използваме уважаваните и широко приети преводи на проф. д-р. Цветан Теофанов и английските преводи от Юсуф Али, Мармадюк Пикхтал, М. Х. Шакир. Всички цитати от Корана са взети от признати издателства на Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България и Compendium of Muslim Texts (Кратко изложение на мюсюлманските текстове), издаден от Асоциацията на мюсюлманските студенти при Университета на Южна Калифорния.

===Дали УикиИслям цитира погрешно стиховете от Корана?===

Не, ние не правим това. Ако погрешно цитиран стих от Корана e попаднал на нашето
внимание, ние ще го коригираме веднага. Повечето претенции за ”погрешно цитирани
стихове от Корана” се отправят от някой апологет, който използва неясен превод на Корана
и който твърди, че нашият превод се отличава от неговия (например виж [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmybroadband.co.za%2Fvb%2Fshowthread.php%2F607524-I-am-islamophobic%3Fp%3D12428900%26viewfull%3D1%23post12428900&date=2014-04-07 тук] (Англ.)). Ако някой не успее да провери източниците, може да се приеме, че това е погрешно цитиране от наша страна. Все пак точно ние използваме най-широко приетите и доказани преводи на Корана (т.е. английските преводи на Юсуф Али, Мармадюк Пикхтал или М.Х. Шакир и издание на Главно мюфтийство на мюсюлманите в Република България с преводач проф. д-р. Цветан Теофанов) .

===Какви преводи на Хадисите използвате?===

Освен, ако не трябва тепърва да превеждаме арабското повествование, което все още не налично на английски език, те основно са: превод на Сахих Ал-Бухари от Мусин Кан, превод на Сахих Муслим от Абд-ал-Хамид Сидики, превод на Сунан Абу Дауд от Ахмад Хасан и превод на Мувата на Малик от Айша Абд-ал-Рахман ал Турджумана Якуб Джонсън. Всички те са взети Compendium of Muslim Texts (Кратко изложение на мюсюлманските текстове), издаден от Асоциацията на мюсюлманските студенти при Университета на Южна Калифорния. Всички английските преводи на Ал Тирмиди, Ал Наса‘и и Ибн Маджа са всички взети от Sunnah.com.

===Използва ли УикиИслям недостоверни хадиси и цитира ли отделни хадиси извън контекста?===

Не, не го правим. Колекциите от хадиси, които най-често са използвани в УикиИслям, са известни като т.нар “Authentic Six” („Автентичните шест“), т.е. шестте канонични колекции от хадиси в общоприетия ислям. Ал-Бухари и Муслим са етикетирани като изцяло автентични/достоверни (sahih). Другите са от Абу Дауд, Тирмиди, Наса‘и Ибн Маджа. Мувата на Малик е също така използван и е поставен непосредствено под двата Сахих-а по своята надеждност, но по принцип не е включен в шестте. Ако са цитирани хадиси от колекции като Наса‘и и Ибн Маджа, степента на тяхната автентичност е също така посочена.

Хадиси никога не са цитирани извън контекста. Те са почти винаги цитирани напълно. Ако
част от хадис е цитирана, то това е само в интерес на сбитостта и проверимостта, като винаги е посочен проверим онлайн източник с пълния текст. Ако някой хадис е цитиран извън контекст или е цитиран по начин, който прави неясен неговият действителен смисъл, ние съветваме читателите, това да бъде отнесено до нашето внимание, като ние незабавно ще го коригираме.

Иронично е, че хората, които правят тези фалшиви твърдения обикновено са тези, които са виновни за използването на недостоверни хадиси или цитират части от хадиси извън контекст. Ние всъщност съхраняваме множество статии, които се занимиват и с двата проблема (например виж [[List of Fabricated Hadith|тук]](Англ.), [[Misinterpreted Qur'anic Verses|тук]](Англ.) and [[Aishas Age of Consummation|тук]](Англ.) като изискваме редакторите да се придържат стриктно към ръководните насоки, които касаят [[WikiIslam:Reliable Sources| надеждните източници]] (Англ.) и начина, по който те се [[WikiIslam:Citing Sources| цитират]] (Англ.).

==Уикипедия и УикиИслям==

===Дали УикиИслям е клон на Уикипедия или на фондацията Уикимедия?===

Не, ние не сме по никакъв начин свързани или подкрепяни от тези организации. Нашата
сходност е единствено в използването на същия [http://www.mediawiki.org Mediawiki](Англ.) софтуер, който е също така използван от много други Уики-уебсайтове.

===Защо трябва да избера УикиИслям пред Уикипедия за информация, която критикува исляма?===

Случаят [[Islam Science and the Problems at Wikipedia| инцидент Jagged 85]](Англ.) е добър пример за проблемите, срещани от Уикипедия по отношение на статии, отнасящи се до исляма. Jаgged 85 беше редактор, който участваше в 8115 отделни статии с над 67 000 редакции, направени за период от пет години, докато накрая беше хванат през 2010г.Съсредоточавайки усилията си върху подобряването образа на Исляма и омаловажавайки постиженията на западния свят, в продължение на пет години той/тя беше оставен/а напълно безпрепятствено да изопачава източници по различни начини, като тези изопачения бяха впоследствие възпроизведени навсякъде в мрежата от други сайтове, които ползват Уикипедия като източник.

Политиката на Уикипедия позволи също така използването на някои много подозрителни „надеждни” вторични източници. Първият пример за това бе статията на Пол Валели "[[How Islamic Inventors Did Not Change The World| Как ислямските изобретатели промениха света]]"(Англ.). От Уикипедия също така съхраняват [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon| фалшифицирано Слово при сбогуване (от Мухаммад)]](Англ.) което бе създадено от индийски/пакистански автор през 80-те години, просто защото повсеместно мюсюлманите го използват с цел пропаганда, но игнорират автентичната версия на Словото, открита в Табари.

Тъй като УикиИслям се съсредоточава само върху една тема, ние съхраняваме по-малко статии
от Уикипедия. Това дава възможност на общността да настройва финно нашите статии за постигане на по-висок стандарт.

===По какъв начин УикиИслям се различава от Уикипедия?===

Основният фокус на УикиИслям е върху критиката на исляма, докато Уикипедия е
съкратено изложение на общи познания. Тези различни цели имат като резултат различия в политиките и ръководните принципи.

Уикипедия не насърчава използването на оригинални и „неизвестни/ненадеждни“
източници. УикиИслям от своя страна, насърчава използването на автентични и оригинални религиозни текстове и постановленията на авторитетни мюсюлмански учени, които може да са неизвестни за хората извън мюсюлманския свят, но са гиганти в неговите предели.

Уикипедия се съсредоточава върху "[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability,_not_truth|2=2012-02-10}} проверимостта, а не върху истината]" (Англ.). Всъщност това означава, че всеки един, който е попадне в класификацията на Уикипедия като „известен/ надежден”, може да направи твърдение по каквато и да е тема без оглед на фактическата точност и това може да бъде използвано в техните статии. По отношение на исляма, това означава, че те дават предимство на всичко „ известно / надеждно“, което западните коментатори казват относно религиозния текст пред това, което мюсюлманите действително казват за себе си.

Тези коментатори, които говорят за исляма и които попадат според класификацията на Уикипедия като „известни/надеждни”се стремят да бъдат апологети, тъй като сериозните учени, като например; [[Videos_on_Islam:_Quran#Bart_Ehrman_Explains_Why_He_Doesn.27t_Criticize_the_Qur.27an| Барт Ерман]](Англ.), Тези коментатори, които говорят за исляма и които попадат според класификацията на Уикипедия като „известни/надеждни”се стремят да бъдат апологети, тъй като сериозните учени, като например.

===Какво мога да намеря в УикиИслям, което не мога да намеря в Уикипедия?===

Докато Уикипедия, може да бъде добра начална точка за общи познания относно исляма, тук в УикиИслям можете да намерите богато съдържание и информация, които не можете да намерите там. Статиите [[Muslim Statistics| Мюсюлманска статистика]](Англ.), [[Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад]], [[Converts to Islam| Обръщания в ислям]] (Англ.), [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars| Цитати от Коран,Хадиси и Учени]] (Англ.), и [[List of Genuine Islamic Inventions Innovations Records and Firsts| Списък на оригиналните ислямски изобретения, иновации, записи и прецеденти]] (Англ.) са само няколко примера. За нашите последни статии, вижте [[WikiIslam:New Articles List| Списък на новите статии]] (Англ.).

== За нас ==

===Дали УикиИслям е Ислямофобски, расистки или сайт на омразата?===

Не, УикиИслям не е ислямофобски, расистки или сайт на омразата. За да се направи едно такова твърдение се изисква [[W:special pleading| софизъм]] (Англ.). Ако редакторите на УикиИслям, са етикетирани като ислямофоби, расисти и разпространители на омраза, това не е поради тяхна грешка, а е резултат от пристрастията на личностите, които имат тези претенции.

УикиИслям не е европейски или „западен”, това е международен сайт с администратори, редактори и сътрудници от целия свят, което се отразява от съдържанието и политиката му. Сайтът няма ляв или десен политически уклон, така че статии, засягащи имиграцията и други свързани с това въпроси са строго забранени. Следователно, аудиторията ни е всестранна и не е наситена от европейски или „западни“ посетители.

Много от администраторите и редакторите на сайта са от мюсюлмански държави и/или са скептици от страни с мюсюлманско мнозинство. Информацията в УикиИслям отразява какво говорят религиозните източници, така че наличието на каквато и да е негативна или нелицеприятна информация в статиите, които касаят исляма или пророка Мухаммад, не е грешка на редакторите.Те са просто отражение на това, което казват религиозните текстове.

Съществуват също така много личности и уебсайтове, които критикуват всички форми на вярата, но това не ги прави автоматично верофобски, расистки или разпространители на омраза. Например християните са най-масово преследваната религиозна група на земята, мнозинството християни по света не са белокожи, а християнството дори е най-разпространената религия в Под-Сахарна Африка. Това не прави автоматично критиката на християнството или действията и твърденията на неговите последователи расистска или християнофобска.

Всеки един потребител, без изключение, е добре дошъл да редактира основното съдържание, ако се придържа към политиката и ръководните принципи на сайта. И за разлика от повечето мюсюлмански сайтове в мрежата, редакторите, които биха желали да изразят алтернативна гледна точка, са добре дошли да създадат отговор в отделна статия.

===УикиИслям пропаганден сайт ли е?===

Не, не е. Според Уикипедия, пропагандата е „форма на комуникация, която е насочена към повлияване отношението на обществото към някаква кауза или позиция”. Сайтовете, които подкрепят правата на жените, правата на гейовете, опровергават креационизма или информират публиката относно теорията за еволюцията биха подхождали на това определение. В действителност, всеки сайт, който има своя гледна точка, би могъл да бъде етикетиран с етикета „пропаганден”, макар, че това се случва рядко.

===Дали УикиИслям е крайно десен сайт или е анти-джихад сайт?===

Не, УикиИслям не е крайно десен сайт или анти-джихад сайт. Ние не подкрепяме, каквато и да е специална политическа идеология. По тази причина сътрудниците на УикиИслям са представители на всички позиции на политическия спектър.

Също така, според Уикипедия “анти-джихад говоренето смесва действителните тревоги относно вдъхновения от джихад тероризъм с далеч по-сложни въпроси, засягащи имиграцията към Европа от преобладаващо мюсюлмански страни“, както и, че „Еврабия на Бат Йе‘Ор “ [и други такива конспиративни теории] са важни за движението. Основната тема на тези теории е твърдението, че европейските лидери позволяват мюсюлманска доминация в Европа, било то умишлено или не, чрез провеждането на мултикултурна политика и хлабави имиграционни закони”. УикиИслям не се занимава със спорни политически спорни въпроси като мултикултурализма или имиграцията. Нито поддържа конспиративните теории, като например че Барак Обама е таен мюсюлманин.

===Чувал съм много добри неща за исляма. Защо този сайт не говори за тях?===

Ние в действителност имаме [[:Category:Pro-Islamic Content| колекция от статии]] (Англ.), чиято цел е да ви предостави един позитивен поглед за исляма. Но все пак, за четене и допринасяне към изключително про-ислямско съдържание, моля вижте [http://muslimwiki.com/mw/index.php/MuslimWiki Мюсюлманска Уикипедия] (Англ.), където представянето на алтернативни гледни точки е строго забранено.

===Дали УикиИслям е създаден от християнски мисионери?===

Не. УикиИслям е създаден от атеист. Все пак, с оглед критиката към исляма да бъдеш наречен „християнски мисионер” е обичайно явление и е винаги унизително. Терминът често е използван в дебати като лична нападка, за да насърчи мюсюлманските слушатели/читатели да отхвърлят всички валидни тези, които са били повдигнати. Той често е прилаган към критиците, без значение тяхната религиозна обвързаност или ангажираност.

===Дали УикиИслям е еврейска собственост?===

Не.

===Дали УикиИслям е финансиран от евреи и колко те ви плащат?===

Не. Ние не сме финансирани от някаква личност или юридическо лице. Но ние приемаме дарения. Списък на всички дарения, може да бъде видян [[WikiIslam:Join_Our_Team#Donations_Received|тук]] (Англ.).

===Дали УикиИслям е про-израелски?===

Не. Това не е политическо Уики. Ние сме съсредоточени единствено върху исляма. Всички статии с подобно съдържание ще бъдат редактирани, [http://www.wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Videos_on_Islam:Israeli_Palestinian_Conflict&action=edit&redlink=1 заличени] (Англ.) или [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiislam.net%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikiIslam%253ASandbox%252FIsrael_vs_genocide%26action%3Dhistorysubmit%26diff%3D65682%26oldid%3D51243&date=2012-09-06 премахнати] (Англ.) от Уики пространството..

===Дали УикиИслям е собственост на Али Сина или на Faith Freedom International?===

Не. Не сме. УикиИслям беше създаден на 27 Октомври 2005 г. в сътрудничество с различни личности от [[Faith Freedom International]] (Англ.) , които обезпечиха сайта със сървърно пространство, техническа помощ и дизайн. Но през август 2008 г., сайтът беше преместен от сървъра на FFI и от тогава ние сме независим сайт, който не е ничие притежание и не е свързан с нито една организация.

===Какви са религиозните убеждения на сътрудниците на УикиИслям?===

Сътрудниците на УикиИслям са представители на всички религиозни убуждения, включително имаме и нерелигиозни сътрудници, които не принадлежат към никоя вяра. Ние не подкрепяме, която и да е религия, нито критикуваме която и да е религия освен исляма. Но все пак, ние приемаме еволюцията като научен факт.

== Съдържание ==

===Защо има правописни и граматически грешки в някои статии?===

Много от нашите статии са написани от бивши мюсюлмани, които говорят английски език само като втори или трети език. Правилното използване на граматиката е важно за нас, така че ще оценим всяка корекция.

===Защо има толкова малко статии, съхранявани от УикиИслям?===

Подобно на повечето Уики-сайтове, УикиИслям е винаги растящ и понастоящем съхранява {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} статии. Много Уики-сайтове използват копия или модифицирани версии на статии от Уикипедия. Но все пак, като общо правило ние не позволяваме копирането на статии от Уикипедия в каквато и да е форма. Ние целим да осигурим на читателите уникално съдържание и вярваме, че даването на приоритет на качеството над количеството е най-добрата политика.

===Защо някои ваши страници не се придържат към вашата политика и принципи?===

Уики-сайтовете винаги се развиват, така че може да има някои неща, които да не са напълно в съответствие с нашите правила. Ние осъвременихме или заличихме цял набор от статии, които бяха неподходящи за този сайт и доколкото позволява времето, все повече и повече страници стриктно ще отразяват нашата политика и ръководни принципи.

===Аз съм критик на исляма, но не харесвам някои неща от съдържанието на този уебсайт===

Критиката на исляма се осъщестява по много начини. Това, което един критик харесва, може да не се харесва от друг критик. Въпреки това, съдържанието може обикновено да бъде подобрявано. Ако вие имате някаква конструктивна критика, моля известете ни на съответната [[WikiIslam:Discussions| дискусионна]] (Англ.) страница или използвайте разговорната страница на статията, за да ни дадете обратна връзка. Насърчаваме критиците на исляма да приемат различия в мненията, да осигуряват конструктивна критика, когато е възможно и да работят съвместно върху общите цели. Но все пак, неточността в съдържанието попада извън въпроса ”приемане на различните мнения” и няма да бъде толерирана.

== Допринасяне==

===Мисля, че УикиИслям е чудесен, как мога да помогна?===

Винаги оценяваме помощта и тя може да дойде в различни форми, които включват: нови идеи, писане на съдържание; сканиране и събиране на данни, преводи, редактиране, маркетинг и дарения, виж и [[WikiIslam:Join_the_Team#Ways_To_Help| Начини за помощ]](Англ.)).

===Може ли всеки да си създаде login ID и да сътрудничи на този уебсайт?===

Да. Създаването на акаунт е свободно, позволява ви да останете анонимен и отнема само секунди. Вие също така можете да редактирате, като ползвате IР адрес, но трябва да влизате в анти–спам САРТСНА за всяка редакция. [{{fullurl:Special:Userlogin|type=login}} Кликнете тук за да създадете акаунт](Англ.). Преди редактиране, моля вижте нашето [[WikiIslam:Message to New Users| съобщение за нови потребители]](Англ.).

===Желая да създам статия, критикуваща атеизма, християнството или хиндуизма.
Може ли да я започна?===

Не. Вие не можете да критикувате която и да е религия или мироглед освен исляма. Всички подобни статии ще бъдат редактирани, заличени или премахнати от Уики-пространството. Все пак ние приемаме еволюцията като научен факт.

===Желая да създам статия, която да докаже, че християнството или хиндуизмът превъзхождат исляма. Може ли да я започна?===

Не. Ние не подкрепяме която и да е религия или мироглед. Всички подобни статии ще бъдат редактирани, заличени или премахнати от Уики-пространството.

Ние можем все пак да публикуваме статии, които опровергават най-популярните tu-quoque аргументи и ислямската пропаганда, насочени против други вери и мирогледи (като например твърдението, че Йосиф, съпругът на Мария, [[Joseph the Pedophile| е бил педофил]](Англ.) , така че с това да се извинят действията на Мухаммад или твърдението, че Мухаммад е бил предсказан в [[Bhavishya Purana| Хинду]](Англ.) и [[Dasatir-i-Asmani| Зороастрианските ]](Англ.) свещени книги).

Фактът, че имаме страници, дискутиращи християнстките, хинду и зороастрианските свещени книги, по никакъв начин не ни прави про-християни, хинду или зороастрийци, тъй като ние не подкрепяме, която и да е от тези свещени книги като абсолютна истина или като по-добри от Корана. Ние просто изясняваме погрешните концепции, които са разпространявани от мюсюлманите в подкрепа на религията им.

=== Може ли да напиша статия относно мюсюлманската имиграция, мултикултуризма, левичарството или Барак Обама?===

Не. Това не е "[[WikiIslam:Frequently_Asked_Questions#Is_WikiIslam_a_right-wing_or_counter-jihad_site.3F| анти-джихад]]"(Англ.) Уики. Нашата цел е да останем неутрални по въпросите, които са по-скоро с политическо, отколкото религиозно естество. Всички подобни статии, ще бъдат редактирани, [http://www.wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=Left-Islamist_alliance&action=edit&redlink=1 заличени](Англ.) или премахнати от Уики-пространството.

=== Искам да стана администратор и да отворя мой собствен езиков под-домейн. Може ли да започна?===

Ние изискваме една начална страница да съдържа стойностни преводи (около 25-35 статии с пълна дължина, като се изключват хумористични статии, линкове или страници от масмедии), преди да се обмисли основаването на нов суб-домейн. Повече информация относно преводите може да бъде намерена в [[WikiIslam:Translations]](Англ.). Макар че основните принципи на УикиИслям ще продължат да са валидни, след като веднъж тези първоначални преводи са завършени, новите суб-домейни имат свободата да се развиват отделно от английския сайт.

Едно от ключовите правила за следване, когато се превеждат тези статии за пре-суб-домейна е, че те трябва да са придържат към оригиналната английска работа, поддържайки нейния научен тон и информация. Причината да се започне именно с тези прецизни преводи е, че това позволява на новите редактори на този език да разбират стила, тона и качеството, което се очаква във всички езици.

Това също така позволява на администраторите да видят дали има потребители, които биха били подходящи и които желаят да поемат отговорността да ръководят бъдещата насока на този суб-домейн. За да бъде администратор на този сайт или на неговите суб-домейни, един редактор трябва да показва, че напълно разбира и е готов да спазва политиката и ръководните принципи, които касаят стила, тона и качеството.

Ние приемаме научен и рационален подход в нашето поведение и критика. Ние също така се отличаваме от други сайтове с факта, че имаме стриктни правила, що се отнася до съдържанието на нашите статии. Материалът трябва винаги да бъде така построен, че да се приспособява възможно най-добре към универсална публика, като той не трябва да съдържа никаква политика, нито подкрепа или критика към други религии/мирогледи и никакви мнения, а само проверими факти.

Съветваме потребители, които биха желали да видят суб-домейн на УикиИслям на своя език, да се свържат към [[WikiIslam:Discussions/Translation_Project| УикиИслям проект за преводи]](Англ.) и да започнат да превеждат статиите.

=== Аз желая да направя дарение на сайта, но нямам PayPal акаунт. Може ли да ми дадете вашия пощенски адрес?===

Не, по очевидни причини, не можем. Ако искрено желаете да помогнете, моля открийте си PayPal акаунт или обмислете друг алтернативен начин да [[WikiIslam:Join the Team| подкрепите сайта]](Англ.).

=== Знам за голяма книга/блог/уебсайт, които може да използвате за да подобрите Уики-то. Какво би трябвало да направя?===

Ако знаете за източник, който може да бъде полезен на издателите на Уики-то, тогава [[WikiIslam:Contact Us| контакт с нас]] чрез ел.поща. Ако източникът е подходящ за сайта, администратор ще го извести на редакторите. Макар че, общите коментари и предложения са добре дошли на [[WikiIslam:Discussions/Visitor Inquiries| форумната страница за посетители]](Англ.) в Уики-то, публикуването на линковете онлайн книги/блогове/уебсайтовете, може да бъдат изтълкувано като форма на реклама.

== Молби==

=== Може ли някой ХYZ, да създаде/издаде статия за мен?===

Можете да оставите молбата си на съответната [[WikiIslam:Discussions| дискусионна страница]] (Англ.) , но обикновено редакторите са винаги заети с текущи задачи, така че можете да направите това сами.

=== Може ли някой да се свърже с Уикипедия и да ми помогне чрез извършване на някаква работа/гласуване там?===

Не, ние не набираме персонал за Уикипедия.

===Мюсюлманите твърдят ХYZ относно исляма. Може ли да получа някаква помощ, опровергавайки това?===

Такива запитвания са по-подходящи за [http://forum09.faithfreedom.org/ FFI форум](Англ.). Отворете тема в суб-форума под статията [http://forum09.faithfreedom.org/viewforum.php?f=22&sid=d49039027d61629d68981293d3281497 Islam: Questioned, Defended, & Explained] или [http://forum09.faithfreedom.org/viewforum.php?f=21&sid=d49039027d61629d68981293d3281497 The Quran and Hadith] (Англ.) и вярваме, че ще получите отговор. Не публикувайте оплаквания, тревоги или други сериозни подобни теми на [[WikiIslam:Discussions| дискусионните страници]] (Англ.), защото те не са създадени с тази цел. Тези страници имат за цел приятелски дискусии между редакторите (или за общи запитвания), като ние няма да толерираме потребители, които се опитват да разстройват или обезсърчават нашите редактори със своите оплаквания. Можете обаче да ни изпратите писмо на [[WikiIslam:Contact Us|email ]].

== Вандализъм и Сигурност ==

===Мюсюлманите открито дискутират разбиването/унищожаването на сайта, така че дали съдържанието е в безопасност от техните нелегални дейности?===

Да. Ние имаме ясна представа за високия риск на вандализъм към този уебсайт и сме подготвени ефективно да се справим с какъвто и да е опит за саботаж на неговото съдържание. Във всеки случай, това е Уики-уебсайт, което означава, че уебсайтът винаги може да се възстановява от каквато и да е степен на вандализъм. Ние също така правим регулярен бекъп/архив на данни на множество места. Ние загубихме ценни редакции за пет дни през април 2007 г. след като сървърът беше разбит, но за щастие имаше малко редакторска дейност, извършена през онези пет дни. Това беше единственият случай, когато загубихме данни.

===Защо не се забрани редактирането по IP адреси, за да се намали вандализма?===

Причините са три:

* Нашите страници са под "[[WikiIslam:Pending Changes Protection|Pending-changes]]" (Англ.) защита, което означава, че всички опити за вандализиране на сайта са безполезни, тъй като читателите никога няма да видят каквото и да е от това.
* IP редакторите допринесоха с чудесна мащабна работа по препратките в сайта (например [[Последици за здравето от ислямското облекло]]).
*Много по-често IP вандалите непреднамерено допринасят за позитивното развитие на сайта. Те правят това като държат нащрек редакторите на страници, които може да имат необходимост да бъдат подобрени или чрез нови страници, които има необходимост да бъдат създадени. Например, [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiislam.net%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DQuestions_to_Ask_a_Muslim%26action%3Dhistorysubmit%26diff%3D50196%26oldid%3D50068&date=2012-09-06 този случай] (Англ.) вандализъм даде като резултат това, че една непопълнена с позовавания страница, сега е [[Questions to Ask About Islam| изцяло попълнена с позовавания]] (Англ.), а [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiislam.net%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAisha%2527s_Age_of_Consummation%26action%3Dhistorysubmit%26diff%3D41569%26oldid%3D41361&date=2012-09-06 този случай] (Англ.) вандализъм имаше като резултат създаването на една [[Aishas Age of Consummation| изцяло нова страница]](Англ.) опровергавайки популярната мюсюлманска апологетика.

===УикиИслям защитава свободната реч, но вие потискате правото ми на свободна реч чрез блокирането ми. Защо?===

УикиИслям не защитава каквито и да е политически позиции. УикиИслям представлява онлайн общност, чиито правила Вие сте се съгласили да приемете, когато доброволно сте се присъединили към него. Ако тези правила са нарушени (например чрез вандализъм или други форми на деструктивни действия), тогава ще бъдете санкционирани (чрез предупреждение или блокирани в зависимост от ситуацията). С изключение на нашата политика, единствената позиция, която ние устояваме е, че всички индивиди без значение на своя пол, сексуална ориентация, раса, етнос, националност, религиозни вярвания или политически възгледи са равни и трябвало да бъдат третирани като такива. Това не освобождава която и да е от гореспоменатите групи от задължението да се придържат към политиката и ръководните принципи на сайта.

===Защо ме цензурирате, като ми заличавате/изтривате моите коментари или редакции?===

УикиИслям не „цензурира” хората, понеже „има дневен ред”, както предполагат някои хора. За разлика от повечето про-ислямски уебсайтове, ние приветстваме противоположния възглед и в действителност съхраняваме [[:Category:Pro-Islamic Content| про-ислямско съдържание]](Англ.) и отговори. Може би, е трудно за някои хора да проумеят нашите административни дейности, но ние ще направим всичко възможно, за да им обясним: вземете предвид факта, че премахването на страници, отнасящи се до моторни превозни средства в книга за самолети, не представлява цензуриране. Нито пък премахването/актуализирането /ревизирането на неточната или неподходяща информация от даден учебник.

Казано просто: премахването на съдържание, което нарушава политиката на този сайт, не е цензуриране. Ако някакви грешки, неразбираем английски език или лошо форматиране са вкарани в нашите статии, ние ще ги поправим. Ако обиди, заплахи и други форми на вандализъм са вкарани в нашите статии, ние ще ги изтрием от историята на страницата. Същият принцип се прилага и за разговорните страници. Ако някои хора нарушават ръководните принципи на разговорната страница, публикуват обиди, мнения извън темата (офтопик) или въпроси на разговорните страници, те ще бъдат заличени или изтрити от историята на разговорната страница (в зависимост от естеството на самия коментар). Това са недвусмислени и свързани със здравия разум политики и по никакъв начин те не могат да бъдат тълкувани като „цензуриране” (поне не в смисъла на това, както някои се опитват да го описват).

Хората са изцяло свободни да дават израз на своите оплаквания или притеснения относно УикиИслям (ето защо ние даваме [[WikiIslam:Contact Us| e-mail адрес]] за всеки, който би искал да контактува с нас). Но ние не сме създадени, за да насърчаваме прахосниците на време и лицемерните вандали (които почти винаги заличават достоверни материали при добавянето на своите собствени), допускайки техните безполезни редакции на показ.

==Разни==

=== Твърди ли УикиИслям, че Такия позволява на мюсюлманите да лъжат, когато си пожелаят?===

Не. Такия не означава „лъжа” в исляма. Това се отнася само до една специфична доктрина, преобладаващо шиитска, използвана от тях с цел да спасят своя собствен живот или да избегнат някои други форми на жестоко преследване. Критиците на исляма са често подигравани, тъй като те имат навика да смесват тази доктрина с тази за лъжата по принцип, което води до погрешно етикетиране на всички форми на религиозна лъжа като пример за “такия”
(виж"[[Taqiyya]]"(Англ.) и "[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Lying and Deception]]" (Англ.) за повече информация по този въпрос).

=== Исляма има много секти и интерпретации, така че какво определение за „ислям” използва този сайт?===

Когато някой говори за „ исляма” без да е направил допълнително уточнение, се подразбира по принцип, че става дума за [[Sunni|Сунитски]] (Англ.) ислям. Например, the [[Five Pillars of Islam| Петте стълба на исляма]](Англ.) е сбор от вярвания , специфични за сунитите, но те никога не се определят като “Петте стълба на Суни исляма”. Това не е изненада с оглед на това, че сунитите (в това число салафитите или “уахабитите”), наброяват почти 90% от мюсюлманите. Това е оригиналната ислямска секта, от която всички други по-малки или по-крайни секти са се отделили. Самият Суни ислям е също така признат като „основно течение” и „ортодоксален” ислям. УикиИслям преди всичко се съсредоточава върху аспектите на Суни исляма. Когато става въпрос за вярвания от версии на исляма, различни от основното течение, ортодоксалната версия, ние винаги правим всичко възможно читателите да знаят това чрез уточняване името на сектата или култа (например шиити, коранисти и т.н.).

Що се отнася до възможните вариации при интерпретациите в рамките на Суни исляма, съществуват четири общопризнати [[Madh'hab| Школи на мисълта]](Англ.), които се признават една друга. Макар че, съществуват малки разлики във вярванията, те са незначителни, тъй като школите по принцип са съгласни една с друга по най–важните въпроси (например педофилските женитби за млади момичета, смъртното наказание за вероотстъпниците, положителния възглед за увреждането на женския детероден орган и т.н.). Във всеки случай ние използваме най-вече възгледите, поддържани и от последователите, и от фугахa(учените) в исляма. Ако един по-непопулярен възглед бъде цитиран, наименованието на този особен Мадх‘хаб ще бъде приложено. За някои читатели може би си струва да отбележим, че мнозинството счита непопулярните (или по-приятните) възгледи като недостоверни, тъй като онези, които ги поддържат, приемат също така популярните (или по-неприятните) възгледи като съвършено приемливи.

===Имам оплакване /тревога/сериозна тема за дискусия. Какво би трябвало да направя?===

Ако имате оплакване, тревога или някаква друга сериозна тема, които бихте желали да дискутирате с нас, моля чувствайте се свободни да използвате имейл-адреса, който ще намерите [[WikiIslam:Contact Us|тук]]. Но бъдете наясно, че писма, които съдържат смъртни заплахи или оскърбления ще бъдат игнорирани. Не публикувайте оплаквания, тревоги или други сериозни теми на [[WikiIslam:Discussions| дискусионните ]] (Англ.) страници. Те не създадени с тази цел. Тези страници имат за цел приятелски дискусии между редакторите (или за общи запитвания), като ние няма да толерираме потребители, които се опитват да разстройват или обезсърчават нашите редактори със своите оплаквания. Ако сте решили да нарушавате нашата политика на сайта чрез публикуването им на грешното място, вашето оплакване ще бъде отклонено/изтрито от историята на страницата, а вие рискувате да бъдете блокирани от по-нататъшно редактиране.

Прощалната проповед на Мухаммад

2015-05-19T20:58:53Z

Damaskin: Created page with "<metadesc> Автентичната версия на последната проповед на пророка Мохамед е която се бие съпругата..."

<metadesc> Автентичната версия на последната проповед на пророка Мохамед е която се бие съпругата и се сравняват жените с животни </metadesc>
'''Прощалната проповед''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Кхутбату л-Уaдаа) е последната проповед на Мухаммад, пред неговите последователи, която произнесъл малко преди [[Обстоятелствата около смъртта на Мухаммад| смъртта си]] през 632 г. В тази автентична версия на проповедта, която е взета от достоверни източници (за разлика от популярната изкривена версия, която не назовава източника), Мухаммад заповядва да се бият непокорните жени, което съответства на [http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/4.An-Nisa.htm 4:34] аят от Корана. Той също така сравнява жените с домашни любимци.

== Текстът на прощалната проповед ==

{{Quote|{{Tabari|9|pp. 112-113}} / Ал Табари глава 9, стр.112-113 - (Английски език)| О, хора, чуйте думите ми! Аз не знам дали ще мога да бъда пак тук с вас отново през следващата година. О, хора, вашата кръв и имотът ви са свещени и неприкосновени, докато не срещнем Господа, както и свещен е за вас този ден и този месец. Няма никакво съмнение, че ще се срещнете с вашия Господ, и той ще ви попита за вашите дела. На мен вече ми е известно това .
Нека този, който е взел заем , да го връща на тоя ,който му го е дал; лихварството беше премахнато ,но вашата собственост си е ваша. Не постъпвайте лошо и с вас няма да постъпят лошо. Аллах постанови да няма повече лихварство и лихварството на Абас ибн Абд ал-Муталиб е премахнато въобще. Кръвта , пролята в езическите времена, няма да се отмъщава. Първата кръв , която отменям е тази на ибн Рабия ибн ал-Харит ибн Абд ал-Муталиб, който е възпитан в БануЛаис. Той беше убит от хората на Бану Хузаил.
Това е първата пролята кръв във времената на невежеството, с която започвам. О, хора! Сатана губи надежда, че някой ден на него ще се покланят на тази земя. Но ако му се подчинявате в другите дела , той ще бъде доволен за вашите лоши дела, на които не придавате значение. Така че пазете се от него с вашата религия, о хора! С времето ще има увеличение на неверието, при което неверниците ще се отклоняват от правия път. В една година те ще обявяват един и същ месец са допустим, незабранен, и в същата година ще го обявяват и за забранен и по този начин ще се нарушава заповядания брой от Аллах.
Те обявяват незабранени месеци онези, които Аллах е обявил за забранени и забранени - месеци, които Аллах е обявил за незабранени . Времето се движи по същия начин, както в деня, когато Бог сътвори небето и земята. Числото на месеци определени от Аллах е дванадесет, четири от тях с ограничен три [месеци] последователни и месеца Раджаб, [почитаем от племето Мадар], който представлява периода между месеците Джумада и Шабан.. О, хора! Имате право на жените си, и те имат право на вас. Вие сте в правото си [ да изисквате ], да не позволяват на всеки, който ви е противник да ляга на вашето легло и да не вършат никакво открито непристойно деяние. Ако те постъпят така то, Аллах ви позволява да ги затворите в отделни помещения и да ги биете ''', но не силно. Ако те се въздържат от [зло], те имат право на храна и облекло, в съответствие с обичая. Отнасяйте жени добре, защото те [са като] добитъка ви, и не владеят нищо'''. Вие ги взехте само като довериетелна собственост от Аллах, за да получите удоволствие от тях (телата им) в съответствие с Божието слово, така че слушайте и обърне внимание на думите ми, о, хора.
Предадох ви посланието и ако го следвате, вие никога няма да се заблудите в пътя - книгата на Аллах и Сунната на Неговия Пророк. Чуйте думите ми, о, хора, и се вслушайте [ в тях]. Знам със сигурност, че всеки мюсюлманин е брат на друг мюсюлманин, и че всички мюсюлмани са братя. Да не пожелава човек [брат ] от неговия брат нищо, с изключение на това , което той му дава по собствената си воля , така че не се притесняват един другиго . Разбирахте ли думите ми ?"}}

== Текстовете, свързани с тематиката ==

{{Quote|Ал-Тирмиди, Хадис Номер 104|Предават думите на Амр ибн ал-Ахваз ал-Джами, че по време на прощалното поклонение Пророка въздал хвала на Аллах и, като Му благодари , след това започна да проповядва и увещава (хората ), като каза: "Винаги се обхождайте с жените си добре, защото '''те са като пленници във вашите ръце''', и нямате право на нищо лошо , освен когато направят нещо явно непристойно .Ако извършат нещо такова, то не споделяйте леглото с тях и ''' ги бийте ''' но не жестоко, но ако ви се покоряват, то не предприемайте нищо против тях.
Наистина, имате право над жените си и жените си имат право на вас. Имате право да изисквате от тях, да не позволяват да седят на леглото ви тези, които не ви се харесват и да не се допускат да влиза във вашите домове на някой, когото вие не искате да виждате. Що се отнася до жените ви, то те имат право да изискват от вас вие да сте добре облечени и да ги храните"}}

{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|9|3|9|1851}} / Ибн Маджах 3:9:1851 - (Английски език)| Предава се, че: Сюлейман бин Амр бин Ахуас каза: "Баща ми ми каза, че е присъствал на последната проповед с Пратеника на Аллах. Той похвали и прослави Аллах, напомняше и увещаваше (народа). Той каза: "Аз повелявам добро лечение на жените, защото са '''лишени от свобода''' с теб и ти нямаш право да се отнасяш към тях по друг начин, освен ако не са с ясно неприличие. Ако направят това, тогава '''ги оставете в леглата си и ги удари''', но без да се причинява вреда или да се оставя белег, ако те ви се покоряват, а след това не търси средство на раздразнение срещу тях. Вие имате права над вашите жени и жените имат права над вас. Правата ви над вашите жени са такива, че те не бива да позволяват на никой, който вие не харесвате, да ползва вашето легло(обзавеждане), да не позволяват на никой, който вие не харесвате да влиза във вашите къщи. И тяхно право над вас е да се отнасяте с тях охотно (от сърце) по отношение на тяхното облекло и храна."(Сахих/Достоверен)}}

{{Quote|Сират Расул Аллах, стр.651| Вие имате право на жените си и те имат право на вас . Вие имате право на това те да не оскверняват постелята ви. И те да не се държат открито неприлично.Но ако го правят, '''то Аллах позволява да ги отделяте в отделни стаи и да ги биете , но не силно'''.
Ако се въздържат от тия деяния, то тогава имат право на храна и облекло с доброта .Налагайте правила над жените с доброта защото''' те са като пленниците -нямащи никаква власт над себе си.''' Имайте ги като доверителна собственост ,дадена ви от Аллах, и имайте удоволствието от тях, така го и разбирайте ...}}

{{Quote|[http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/4.An-Nisa.htm Коран 4:34]|"Мъжете стоят над жените с това, с което Аллах предпочете едни пред други и защото харчат от имотите си. Целомъдрените жени са послушни, пазят съкровеното си, както Аллах ги е запазил. А онези, от чието непокорство се страхувате, увещавайте, [после] '''се отдръпнете от тях в постелите, и [ако трябва]* ги удряйте!''' А покорят ли ви се, не търсете средство против тях! Аллах е Всевишен, Превелик." [ако трябва]* - е добавка от преводача на Корана - Цветан Теофанов от арабски на български.В английският превод тази добавка липсва.}}

{{Core Women}}

==Вижте също==
* [[Статии на Български - Articles in Bulgarian|Статии на Български (Articles in Bulgarian)]]

'''Английски'''
{{Hub4|Farewell Sermon|the Farewell Sermon}}
{{Hub4|Violence Against Women|Violence Against Women}}
{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[The Farewell Sermon|Английски]]}}

==Външни препратки(Английски)==
*{{external link| url = http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:fraudulent-translation-of-muhammad-last-sermon-egalitarian&catid=89:other-authors&Itemid=58| title = Измамна Превод на Мохамед е "последната проповед", за да го егалитаристира - (на Английски език) | publisher = [[Islam Watch]]| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-watch.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D134%3Afraudulent-translation-of-muhammad-last-sermon-egalitarian%26catid%3D89%3Aother-authors%26Itemid%3D58&date=2013-08-05| deadurl = no}}
*{{external link| url = http://bjhollingum.blogspot.com/2010/05/farewell-sermon.html| title = Последната проповед – (на Английски език)| publisher = Blog post discussing the "sources" provided for the alternative Farewell Sermon| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://bjhollingum.blogspot.com/2010/05/farewell-sermon.html&date=2011-03-01| deadurl = no}}
*{{external link| url = http://staringattheview.blogspot.com/2013/07/muhammads-last-sermon.html| title = Последната проповед на Мухаммад – (на Английски език)| publisher = Staring At The View| author = | date = | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstaringattheview.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fmuhammads-last-sermon.html&date=2013-08-05| deadurl = no}}

[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islam and Women]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[ru:Прощальная_проповедь_Мухаммеда]]

[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]

Talk:Джизя - Данък

2015-05-19T15:38:43Z

Damaskin:

==Unused quotes==

{{Quote|1=[http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/110 Сунан ат-Тирмизи 47:3539(5:44:3232 - Английска номерация) / 47.Глави за Тафсир:Хадис 3539] – (Английски език)|2= Абу Талиб се разболява, така Курайш отиде да го види и Пророка отиде да го види. Имаше среща там с Абу Талиб, така Абу Джахл се изправи разярен, за да го спре (Пророка от влизане). Той каза: "Той се оплака на Абу Талиб. Така че той (Абу Талиб) каза: "О, мой племенник! Какво е това, което искате от вашите хора?". Той каза: "'''Аз искам само една дума от тях, за което, ако я бяха казали, тогава арабите ще ги последват, и не-арабите ще им плащат Джизя". Той каза: "Една дума?". Той отговори: "Една дума". И така, той каза: "О Чичо! Нека да кажат Лa илаха ИлАллах(Няма друг бог освен Богът), а те възразиха: "Един Бог?Ние не сме чули (подобно) на това в религията до тези дни. Това е нищо друго освен една измислица". Той каза: "Така (следното) бе низпослано в Корана за тях:"Сад. Кълна се в Корана, носещ напомняне!Ала неверниците тънат в надменност и противене.Колко поколения погубихме преди тях! И се удивиха, че им е дошъл предупредител измежду тях. И рекоха неверниците: “Този е магьосник-измамник. Нима превърна той боговете в един бог? Това наистина е нещо изумително". И си тръгнаха знатните от тях: “Вървете и отстоявайте вашите богове! Именно това се възнамерява. Не сме чували за това в последната религия. То е само измислица (Коран 38:1-7)}}
{{Quote|1=[http://sunnah.com/muslim/32 Сахих Муслим 32:3(19:4294 - Английска номерация) / 32.Книгата за Джихад и Експедиции:Хадис 3] – (Английски език) |2= Разказано е от Сюлейман бин Бурайд посредством неговият баща, че когато Пратеника на Аллах(мир нему) посочил някой за водач на армия или отряд, той особено го призовавал да се страхува от Аллах и да бъде добър с мюсюлманите, които били с него. Той казвал: Бий се в името на Аллах и по пътя на Аллах. Бий се срещу тези, които не вярват в Аллах. Води свещена война, не злоупотребявай с плячката; не нарушавай своя обет и не осъкатявай (мъртвите) тела; не убивай децата. Когато срещнеш враговете си, които са многоверци, покани ги към '''три начина на действие'''. Ако те отговорят на някой от тях, ти също го приеми и не им причинявай нищо лошо. '''Покани ги да приемат Исляма; ако те ти отговорят, приеми го от тях и се въздръж от битка срещу тях.''' Тогава ги покани да напуснат техните земи и да отидат в земята на Мухаирс и им възвести, че ако го направят, ще имат всички привилегии и облаги на Мухаджирите. Ако те откажат да напуснат, кажи им, че ще имат статус на бедуински мюсюлмани и ще бъдат подчинени на заповедите на Аллах както другите мюсюлмани, но те няма да получат дял от плячкте от война или Фаий, освен когато те се бият с мюсюлманите (срещу неверниците). '''Ако откажат да приемат Исляма, изискай от тях Джизая. Ако те се съгласят да платят, приеми откупа от тях и въздръж ръцете си. Ако откажат да платят таксата, търси помощта на Аллах и се бий с тях.''' Когато обсадиш крепост и обсадените се обърнат към теб за защита в името на Аллах и Неговият Пророк, не им отдавай залога на Аллах и Неговия Пророк, а им дай твоят собствен залог и залогът на твоите сподвижници защото е по-малък грях да не се зачете твоят залог и този на сподвижниците ти, отколкото да се наруши залогът даден в името на Аллах и на Неговият Пратеник. Когато обсадиш крепост и обсадените поискат да ги освободиш според заповедите на Аллах, не ги освобождавай според Неговите заповеди, защото ти не знаеш дали ще си способен да изпълниш повелите на Аллах спрямо тях<ref>Сходен текст от сборника Канон на достоверните хадиси: [http://sunnah.com/urn/1277070 Сунан Ибн Маджа 4:24:2858(24:2967-Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref><ref>Сходен текст от сборника Канон на достоверните хадиси: [http://sunnah.com/urn/2056100 Булуг ал-Марам 11:1308(11:1281-Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref><ref>Сходен текст: [http://sunnah.com/bukhari/81/14 Сахих Бухари 8:76:433(81:14 -Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref><ref>Сходен текст: [http://sunnah.com/abudawud/15/136 Сунан Абу Дауд 14:2606(15:136 -Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref>}}

{{Quote|1=[http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/110 Сунан Абу Дауд 20:110(19:3031 - Английска номерация) / 20.Данък, плячка и властване:Хадис 110] – (Английски език)|2= Пророкът изпрати Халид ибн ал-Уалид до Укaйдир от Думах. Той е задържан и го заведоха при него (т.е. на Пророка). '''Той пощади живота му и сключи мир с него, при условие, че плати Джизя'''(поголовен данък).<ref>Сходен текст от сборника Канон на достоверните хадиси: [http://sunnah.com/urn/2056490 Булуг ал-Марам 11:1347(11:1321-Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref><ref>Сходен текст: [http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/117 Сунан Абу Дауд 19:3038(20:117 -Арабска номерация)] - (Английски език)</ref>}}

User talk:Damaskin

2015-05-19T15:18:34Z

Damaskin: /* Setup of Bulgarian WikiIslam */

User talk:Damaskin

2015-05-19T15:15:24Z

Damaskin:

==Hi==
hi, is Russian equivalent to Bulgarian? Just making sure. We have a separate russian wiki and for example here's the RU article of what you're translating: [http://ru.wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F Ислам и педофилия]. The page names look similar. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 17:51, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

Hi Damaskin, thanks for your message. Yes sure, ofcourse please continue if they are both different languages as you said. You have full permission to translate any article into the Bulgarian language. If you face any difficulties or confusion let us know here or on the forum page. It will be great to have a set of important articles translated into Bulgarian. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:16, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

You will have to complete the translation of the all the inter-linked Islam/Science articles (a large number) in order for the main [[Islam and Science]] article to be of any use. The translation of the last two Science articles here would be useful as first steps: [[WikiIslam:Translations]]. You can also start with the translation of [[72 virgins]] which will be equally useful. Please start with the list given on the page. A specific focus on I/Science is not as good as first dealing with that list at [[WikiIslam:Translations#All_Languages]]. That list contains general topics which are very important and they cover all topics in addition to Islam and Science. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 18:52, 11 October 2013 (PDT)

Text in the other pages was moved to [[User:Damaskin/Sandbox1]]. It can be moved back when the page is complete. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 08:15, 12 October 2013 (PDT)

Its drop-down arrow near the "view history" tab and then "move". --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:58, 15 October 2013 (PDT)

==Main page and template help==

Hi ,Sahabah. You are very welcome!:

{{Quote||'''Translations'''

Тази страница е достъпна също и на следните езици: Арабски , Азърбейджански, Чехски, Английски, Френски, Италиански, Испански, Турски, Узбекски. За други езици вижте менюто в ляво.}}

and:

{{Quote||Това е началната страница на WikiIslam(Уикиислям) за потребители на български}}

and:

{{Quote||Статии на български}}

and:

{{Quote||Карта на сайта - Използвайте, за да се движите из WikiIslam(Уикиислям) и да намерите необходимата ви информация}}

== Translating series ==

Hi Damaskin. The page you are translating now is part of a much larger series. That means without the other pages also being translated, we cannot add this page to our list of completed Bulgarian translations. Will you be translating the entire series? I ask because we often get editors who begin translating series but never complete them. This is a shame because the same amount of effort could have produced some great completed pages. [[User:Sahabah|--Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 13:19, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

:Hi Sahabah, The series is interesting, but not all of it is relevant in Bulgaria. Adoption is obsolete and therefore translated it. There are many other interesting things to translate into other topics and I hope gradually to translate many of them. I like when someone searches for something on the topic of "adoption" or something else you can find it in Google.
:Can we translate at our discretion shuffle and then add them to the list of Bulgarian translations because we think that the benefits will be greater for the people in Bulgaria?
:We hope to translate and gradually the whole series and many other things, but of course we can not guarantee that.
:Regards, D.

::In that case we could remove the footer at the bottom and add a line like "This was translated from an article series and is part of the series", etc. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 14:31, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

:::Hi Damaskin. In the beginning, we like translated material to be as close to the original as possible. Of course, once a dedicated Bulgarian sub-domain is opened (with a front page's worth of translations, about 25-35 articles, and at least one regular and reliable editor), things can be different.

:::The reason why we like accurate translations to begin with is because it allows new editors in that particular language to understand the style, tone, quality, etc. that we expect in all languages. It also allows us to see if there are any users who would be suitable and willing to take on the responsibility of guiding the future direction of that sub-domain. Although our core principles will remain (no bigotry, politics, other religions or worldviews, etc.), once the initial translations are done, the new sub-domains are free to evolve separately to the English part.

:::The problem with the page you chose to translate is that it doesn't qualify as a decent stand-alone article. It is written in an essay style because it belongs to the one author. It is not Encyclopedic or as scholarly as our regular pages. Nor should it be, because it forms a part of AmericanaX's own personal journey. But when it's separated from the rest of her series, her writing style loses its context and it doesn't reflect so well on us as a whole.

:::In short, we provide many examples of pages that would be great for translation and it would be appreciated if you tried to stick to them. If you see something you like and it's not on the list, leave a message on Axius' or my talk page and we can give you our opinions on them. Try to translate as many as you can, keeping in mind that the eventual goal is to open up a dedicated Bulgarian sub-domain that will allow you to develop material independently to the English site. Axius may want to add something different to what I have said, but those are my thoughts anyhow. [[User:Sahabah|--Sahabah]] ([[User talk:Sahabah|talk]]) 14:42, 22 October 2013 (PDT)
::::Yea I see now it has the Essay tone and some of it is written in the first person. If an article on Adoption is needed in Bulgarian, it would be ideal to write a separate English article on it first and use those sources she has used. Or edit the Bulgarian version for a title "Adoption in Islam" and make further edits, however we'd like to have that in English first so we can see it follows our guidelines
::::I may be wrong but I personally think this adoption related article translated into Bulgarian should be a lower priority as compared to some other topics because adoptions generally happen very rarely so the impact is minimal but it would have been fine if we had a stand alone article like Sahabah says. Its up to you guys so whatever you decide. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 15:14, 22 October 2013 (PDT)

Hi Axius and Sahabah,
I'm not translating from English to Bulgarian myself because my English is not good and I give the articles for translation to people who I trust .
I'm saying this because the article on adoption is an exact and full translation of the English version and does not differ from the original.
It is also my opinion that adding a connection with the original English article-essay and saying that it is part of a series called " Concerns with Islam " woun't cause a fragmentation problem.
Also I understand that the article is an essay, yes , but in the absence of other relevant articles this one works as well .
Finally, I'd like if we can trust each other.
Bulgaria is an European Christian country and Muslims have been there for 600 years . Traditional Islam is more moderate and current topics are more mundane .

In the name of the mutual trust , I will provisionally accept your opinion and will stop insisting on putting the Adoption article. However, the website is yours and you're setting the rules.

Regards,
D.
:hi D, you can sign your name using the sign button in the toolbar and you can edit this talk page and we will respond here.
:I'm ok with keeping the Adoption article you've done since you worked on it but we can keep it in our Sandbox space for now (or whatever Sahabah thinks). We can put a note of some kind at the top and so on. However in the future important articles should be translated first. All of the ones in the list are good ([[WikiIslam:Translations#List_of_Articles_to_Translate]]). Can you tell us more about Adoption and Islam in Bulgaria and why its an important topic? Are there lots of people who are adopting and is it a big problem there in relation to Islam? (more than the average in other countries)
:The articles we choose on that list may be common/mundane but they are popular/important topics and these are what people want to know most about. Topics like Women's rights and so on are important. Some articles are closer to the core of Islam than others. What do you want to translate next? Let us know before you begin. Would be great if you can translate [[72 virgins]] next (whenever). There's also "[[List of Killings Ordered or Supported by Muhammad]]". Some articles are very shocking and contain important information that has more urgency attached to it. So for example the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/10-%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 10 verses] article you did was important. Thank you for what you've done so far. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 10:10, 23 October 2013 (PDT)

Can You give me some e-mail, Please?I I would like to ask something there.
:Hi Damaskin, send an email to {{site email}} and I'll also forward it to Sahabah. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User talk:Axius|talk]]) 07:33, 31 December 2013 (PST)

== Meta tag ==

hi Damaskin, the meta tag can be done in your language e.g.:
:<nowiki><</nowiki>metadesc>Ill health effects of Islamic Dress in relation to Vitamin D levels.</metadesc>
People will see that text in search engine results. This is for the tag on this page [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE]. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 10:56, 5 December 2014 (PST)

Thanks!Done, I translated it.Please text me if needed.
:Great thanks. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 04:38, 6 December 2014 (PST)

Hi Sahabah, What is wrong with Khadijah bint Khuwaylid article?
:Hi Damaskin. There's nothing wrong with your article. I just noticed you forgot to translate some of the explanations in the [http://wikiislam.net/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4#.D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8 footnotes] (you have translated some but not all of them). I was going to leave you a message here first thing today (sadly, I didn't have much time yesterday so I couldn't get around to it). [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 07:58, 4 January 2015 (PST)

Hi, why the name in the article is still in English? I used only Bulgarian - http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Приапизъм(Постоянна_Eрекция)
:Hi Damskin. It's because of the page_title template at the bottom of the page. We use it so the name of the page can be different to what the reader's actually see (so that links do not break on other sites when they link to us). You can see where I changed it [http://wikiislam.net/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_E%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%29&diff=111513&oldid=111509 here]. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 06:19, 21 February 2015 (PST)

-----------------
Hi everyone,
* "This page contains content of a humorous nature" - "Тази страница има съдържание с хумористичен характер"/
"Continue at your own peril" - "Продължете на своя отговорност"
* "show"-"покажи"
* "hide"-"скрий"
For http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Имате_ли_каквото_е_необходимо,_за_да_следвате_исляма%3F

P.P. I can not find in Google the articles " Логическа заблуда " , " Салаф (определение) " and " Аллах (определение) ". Is it any reason?
Is there everything okay with the article " Аллах (определение) ", because there is no reference for (Translations) in the English article?
How many articles we have to translate for bulgarian domain?

All the best,
Damaskin

:Hi Damaskin. Concerning the articles, "Логическа заблуда", "Салаф (определение)," and "Аллах (определение)," Google just probably hasn't indexed them yet. "Аллах (определение)" is fine. I've added a link to the English version now. I also moved it to a different URL and used that "page title" template we were discussing previously. For separate domains, we need about 25 to 35 full-length articles. [[User:Sahab|--Sahab]] ([[User talk:Sahab|talk]]) 08:32, 1 March 2015 (PST)

Thank you, Sahab!

Hi Sahab, why is that: This Български (Bulgarian) translation for Arabic is currently incomplete?

== Setup of Bulgarian WikiIslam ==

hi Damaskin, if I give you the photoshop file for the WikiIslam logo, will you be able to add your own text to it? This would be 'WikiIslam' and then 'The Online Resource on Islam' (like it appears in the english logo on the left). Alternatively, you can tell me where I can find the font files for the font you like and the translations of those two terms as they should appear in the logo. --[[User:Axius|Axius]] ([[User_talk:Axius|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[Special:Contributions/Axius|contribs]]) 05:47, 19 May 2015 (PDT)

Hi Axius, I do not have Photoshop, but you can send me the file and I'll try to do it. If I succeed, I'll send you the ready file back.If I can't do it,will write you also to create it together.
In case I will give you the text in Bulgarian language:
WikiIslam - УикиИслям
The Online Resource on Islam - Онлайн източник за Ислям

Хадж

2015-05-14T00:42:38Z

Damaskin: /* Здраве и хигиена */

<metadesc>Хадж</metadesc>
''' Хадж ''' (حج) е поклонничество на мюсюлманите в Мекка. То е неотменимо задължение (''фард'' الفرض) и представлява един от Петте стълба на исляма. Поклонничеството се извършва през 12-ия месец в ислямския календар, от 7-ия до 13- ия ден на Ду ал-Хиджа.

Основните ритуали включват обикаляне на Кааба седем пъти, докосване на Черния камък, пътуване седем пъти между планините Сафа и Марва и символично хвърляне на камък по дявола в Мина.<ref>Hoiberg (2000), стр.237–238</ref> Хаджът наред с Кааба, черния камък и доста други аспекти в исляма има езически корени.

==Инциденти и злополуки==

Кааба се вярва, че е „Домът на Аллах“ и Коранът ни казва, че това е „сигурно убежище за хората“,<ref>"... Аллах стори Кааба, Свещения дом, и Свещените месеци, и жертвеното животно, и венците да бъдат опора за хората. То е, за да разберете, че Аллах знае какво е на небесата и какво е на земята, и че Аллах всяко нещо знае.''..." - [http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/5.Al-Maida.htm "Коран 5:97"]</ref> следователно би било логично Аллах да предотвратява всякакви катаклизми в дома Му по време на Хадж. Обаче това не е така

От 1987 г. насам са регистрирани официално поне 3315 смъртни случая, както и други 1500 случаи на контузии, резултат от различни злополуки по време на поклонничеството. Тези цифри са крайно занижени, като се вземе предвид например масовото паническо бягство през 1994 г. в Мекка. Само 250 са били жертвите според официалните данни вследствие на паническото бягство, но според The Saudi Press Agency общо 829 поклонници са загинали по време на поклонението по различни причини, включително от „старост, инфаркти“ и както заради „тежки стълпотворения при хвърлянето на камъни в понеделник.“ Обаче според свидетели, лекари и един висш азиатски дипломат само броят на смъртните случаи от паническото бягство е бил над 1,000.<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/25/world/at-least-250-muslims-die-in-mecca-stampede.html|2=2011-11-05}} Най-малко 250 мюсюлмани починаха в Мекка по време на паническо бягство](Английски език)- The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width = "100%"
|-
! Брой смъртни случаи
! Събитие
! Година
|-
| 200
| Пожар в селището от шатри <ref name="Time_Hajj">Michael Brunton - [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1149340,00.html Опасен Хадж](Английски език) - TIME, Издание от 15-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 1975
|-
| 382
| Превземането на Голямата джамия <ref>Robin Wright - [http://www.amazon.com/Sacred-Rage-Wrath-Militant-Islam/dp/0743233425 Свещена ярост: гнева на войнстващия ислям (p.148)] – Публикувано от Touchstone; Upd Sub edition, 4-ти Декември, 2001г.1, ISBN: 978-0743233422</ref>
| 1979
|-
| 402
| Клането в Мекка <ref>Keith McLachlan - [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v65256l8v247t718/ Иран и продължаващата криза в Персийския залив] - GeoJournal, 28-ма Глава, Издание 3, Ноември 1992г., Стр.359</ref>
| 1987
|-
| 1,426
| Паническо бягство в тунела Ал Маасим (най-смъртоносното паническо бягство в историята)<ref>Nobert Bermosa - [http://www.listzblog.com/top_ten_deadly_accident_disaster_history_list.html Топ 10 смъртни злополуки и бедствия](Английски език) - (The List Blog), 7-ми Октомври, 2009г.</ref>
| 1990
|-
| 250
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г."></ref>
| 1994
|-
| 343
| Пожар в шатрите в Мина <ref name="Time_Hajj"/>
| 1997
|-
| 118
| Инцидент при моста Джамарат<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/76348.stm Саудитци, идентифицират националностите на 118 мъртви поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 9-ти Април, 1998г.</ref>
| 1998
|-
| 35
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола <ref>Amr Nabil - [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/35+die+in+pilgrimage+stampede+Tragedy+once+again+strikes+as+2+million...-a071328895 35 починали от трагично паническо бягство си струва отново2 милиона посещения за поклонение на мюсюлманския Хадж](Английски език) - The Free Library (originally from The Seattle Times), 6-ти Март, 2001г.</ref>
| 2001
|-
|14
| Паническо бягство на Хаджа<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2749231.stm Четиринадесет убит на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 11-ти Февруари, 2003г.</ref>
|2003
|-
| 251
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни в Мина <ref name="bbc_hajj">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3448779.stm Стотици загинали на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 1-ви февруари, 2004г.</ref>
| 2004
|-
|346
| Паническо бягство по време на ритуала Ал Джамарат в последния ден на Хаджа<ref name="bbc_hajj"/>
| 2006
|-
| 76
| Рухването на хотела Ал Газа <ref>John Esterbrook - [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/06/world/main1182962.shtml Мекка починалите жертви са 76: Смъртоносна сграда рухнав началото на Хаджа](Английски език) - CBS News, 12-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 2006
|-
| 77
| Наводнения в Саудитска Арабия <ref>Jason Ramsey - [http://topnews.us/content/28575-77-muslims-killed-while-performing-hajj-saudi-floods 77 мюсюлмани, убити по време на изпълнение на Хадж от саудитските наводнения](Английски език) - Top News, 27-ми Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|-
| 5
| Смъртни случаи следствие на свински грип по време на Хаджа <ref>Edward Yeranian - [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Saudi-Health-Minister-Five-Swine-Flu-Deaths-During-Hajj-78091802.html Саудитска министър на здравеопазването: Пет са смъртните случаи отсвински грип по време на Хаджа] - VOA News, 29-ти Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|}

; Други мюсюлмански поклоннически инциденти:
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4199618.stm 2005: В Ирак смъртните случая на поклонници убити след паническо бягство е близо 1000] (3-то най-смъртоносно паническо бягство в историята)

== Здраве и хигиена ==

Едно от първите приготовления на мюсюлманските поклонници за Хаджа включва ваксинация срещу болести. Броят на чуждестранните поклонници достига милиони, а и самият брой на хората, както и тяхната близост един до друг на пренаселени места улесняват разпространението на болести между поклонниците. През 1987 г. международният бум на менингит се превърна в голям проблем. Поради възникването на огнища от някои видове менингит след хаджа в предишни години, днес едно от изискванията за издаване на виза е имунизацията с ваксина ACW135Y преди пристигане. Използват се и други ваксини за поклонници, които често биват инжектирани с различни серуми. Ако по пътя към Мекка възникне огнище на някаква болест, поклонниците биха обострили проблема, когато се върнат по родните си места и заразят с инфекцията си други хора.<ref>Science correspondent, Ania Lichtarowicz - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2196598.stm Ваксина покана за Хадж поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 16-ти Август, 2002г.</ref><ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx Повече от 2,3 милиона поклонници извършват Хадж тази година](Английски език) - Посолството на Кралство Саудитска Арабия, 30-ти Декември, 2006г.</ref>

Изпълняването на хаджа е също така изтощително усилие и мнозина от по-немощните поклонници са умирали заради него. През 2011 г. двадесет бременни жени помятат през първия ден на ритуалите заради изтощение. Д-р Уалид Ал Омари, директор на Акушеро-гинекологичната болница в Мекка казва, че „помятанията са причинени главно от изтощение, защото тези жени е трябвало да извървят дълга дистанция.. Друга причина е, че те са били заобиколени от огромна тълпа и това ги е направило уязвими на натиск и физически контузии.".<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/20-miscarriage-cases-in-haj-2011-11-05-1.426972|2=2011-11-05}} 20 спонтанни случая на Хадж](Английски език) - Emirates 24/7 News,5-ти Ноември, 2011г.</ref>

==Вижте също==
* [[Статии на Български - Articles in Bulgarian|Статии на Български (Articles in Bulgarian)]]

'''Английски'''
{{Hub4|Paganism|Islam and Paganism}}
* [[Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World]]

{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[Hajj |Английски]]}}

==Външни препратки(Английски)==
*[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices/hajj-pilgrimage.htm Хадж: Поклонение в Мекка]''- За допълнителна информация относно Хадж''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm Противоречия в Египет - Хадж и целуването на черен камък са останки от езичеството]
*[http://undhimmi.com/2010/11/16/muslim-hajis-cry-death-to-america-and-death-to-israel-at-annual-pilgrimage/ Плачейки мюсюлмани на Хадж казват: ‘Смърт на Америка! или ‘Смърт на Израел!’ по време на годишно поклонение]

==Източници ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]

[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]
{{page_title|Хадж}}

Хадж

2015-05-14T00:40:09Z

Damaskin:

<metadesc>Хадж</metadesc>
''' Хадж ''' (حج) е поклонничество на мюсюлманите в Мекка. То е неотменимо задължение (''фард'' الفرض) и представлява един от Петте стълба на исляма. Поклонничеството се извършва през 12-ия месец в ислямския календар, от 7-ия до 13- ия ден на Ду ал-Хиджа.

Основните ритуали включват обикаляне на Кааба седем пъти, докосване на Черния камък, пътуване седем пъти между планините Сафа и Марва и символично хвърляне на камък по дявола в Мина.<ref>Hoiberg (2000), стр.237–238</ref> Хаджът наред с Кааба, черния камък и доста други аспекти в исляма има езически корени.

==Инциденти и злополуки==

Кааба се вярва, че е „Домът на Аллах“ и Коранът ни казва, че това е „сигурно убежище за хората“,<ref>"... Аллах стори Кааба, Свещения дом, и Свещените месеци, и жертвеното животно, и венците да бъдат опора за хората. То е, за да разберете, че Аллах знае какво е на небесата и какво е на земята, и че Аллах всяко нещо знае.''..." - [http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/5.Al-Maida.htm "Коран 5:97"]</ref> следователно би било логично Аллах да предотвратява всякакви катаклизми в дома Му по време на Хадж. Обаче това не е така

От 1987 г. насам са регистрирани официално поне 3315 смъртни случая, както и други 1500 случаи на контузии, резултат от различни злополуки по време на поклонничеството. Тези цифри са крайно занижени, като се вземе предвид например масовото паническо бягство през 1994 г. в Мекка. Само 250 са били жертвите според официалните данни вследствие на паническото бягство, но според The Saudi Press Agency общо 829 поклонници са загинали по време на поклонението по различни причини, включително от „старост, инфаркти“ и както заради „тежки стълпотворения при хвърлянето на камъни в понеделник.“ Обаче според свидетели, лекари и един висш азиатски дипломат само броят на смъртните случаи от паническото бягство е бил над 1,000.<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/25/world/at-least-250-muslims-die-in-mecca-stampede.html|2=2011-11-05}} Най-малко 250 мюсюлмани починаха в Мекка по време на паническо бягство](Английски език)- The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width = "100%"
|-
! Брой смъртни случаи
! Събитие
! Година
|-
| 200
| Пожар в селището от шатри <ref name="Time_Hajj">Michael Brunton - [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1149340,00.html Опасен Хадж](Английски език) - TIME, Издание от 15-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 1975
|-
| 382
| Превземането на Голямата джамия <ref>Robin Wright - [http://www.amazon.com/Sacred-Rage-Wrath-Militant-Islam/dp/0743233425 Свещена ярост: гнева на войнстващия ислям (p.148)] – Публикувано от Touchstone; Upd Sub edition, 4-ти Декември, 2001г.1, ISBN: 978-0743233422</ref>
| 1979
|-
| 402
| Клането в Мекка <ref>Keith McLachlan - [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v65256l8v247t718/ Иран и продължаващата криза в Персийския залив] - GeoJournal, 28-ма Глава, Издание 3, Ноември 1992г., Стр.359</ref>
| 1987
|-
| 1,426
| Паническо бягство в тунела Ал Маасим (най-смъртоносното паническо бягство в историята)<ref>Nobert Bermosa - [http://www.listzblog.com/top_ten_deadly_accident_disaster_history_list.html Топ 10 смъртни злополуки и бедствия](Английски език) - (The List Blog), 7-ми Октомври, 2009г.</ref>
| 1990
|-
| 250
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г."></ref>
| 1994
|-
| 343
| Пожар в шатрите в Мина <ref name="Time_Hajj"/>
| 1997
|-
| 118
| Инцидент при моста Джамарат<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/76348.stm Саудитци, идентифицират националностите на 118 мъртви поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 9-ти Април, 1998г.</ref>
| 1998
|-
| 35
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола <ref>Amr Nabil - [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/35+die+in+pilgrimage+stampede+Tragedy+once+again+strikes+as+2+million...-a071328895 35 починали от трагично паническо бягство си струва отново2 милиона посещения за поклонение на мюсюлманския Хадж](Английски език) - The Free Library (originally from The Seattle Times), 6-ти Март, 2001г.</ref>
| 2001
|-
|14
| Паническо бягство на Хаджа<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2749231.stm Четиринадесет убит на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 11-ти Февруари, 2003г.</ref>
|2003
|-
| 251
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни в Мина <ref name="bbc_hajj">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3448779.stm Стотици загинали на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 1-ви февруари, 2004г.</ref>
| 2004
|-
|346
| Паническо бягство по време на ритуала Ал Джамарат в последния ден на Хаджа<ref name="bbc_hajj"/>
| 2006
|-
| 76
| Рухването на хотела Ал Газа <ref>John Esterbrook - [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/06/world/main1182962.shtml Мекка починалите жертви са 76: Смъртоносна сграда рухнав началото на Хаджа](Английски език) - CBS News, 12-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 2006
|-
| 77
| Наводнения в Саудитска Арабия <ref>Jason Ramsey - [http://topnews.us/content/28575-77-muslims-killed-while-performing-hajj-saudi-floods 77 мюсюлмани, убити по време на изпълнение на Хадж от саудитските наводнения](Английски език) - Top News, 27-ми Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|-
| 5
| Смъртни случаи следствие на свински грип по време на Хаджа <ref>Edward Yeranian - [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Saudi-Health-Minister-Five-Swine-Flu-Deaths-During-Hajj-78091802.html Саудитска министър на здравеопазването: Пет са смъртните случаи отсвински грип по време на Хаджа] - VOA News, 29-ти Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|}

; Други мюсюлмански поклоннически инциденти:
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4199618.stm 2005: В Ирак смъртните случая на поклонници убити след паническо бягство е близо 1000] (3-то най-смъртоносно паническо бягство в историята)

== Здраве и хигиена ==

Едно от първите приготовления на мюсюлманските поклонници за Хаджа включва ваксинация срещу болести. Броят на чуждестранните поклонници достига милиони, а и самият брой на хората, както и тяхната близост един до друг на пренаселени места улесняват разпространението на болести между поклонниците. През 1987 г. международният бум на менингит се превърна в голям проблем. Поради възникването на огнища от някои видове менингит след хаджа в предишни години, днес едно от изискванията за издаване на виза е имунизацията с ваксина ACW135Y преди пристигане. Използват се и други ваксини за поклонници, които често биват инжектирани с различни серуми. Ако по пътя към Мекка възникне огнище на някаква болест, поклонниците биха обострили проблема, когато се върнат по родните си места и заразят с инфекцията си други хора.<ref>Science correspondent, Ania Lichtarowicz - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2196598.stm Ваксина покана за Хадж поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 16-ти Август, 2002г.</ref><ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx Повече от 2,3 милиона поклонници извършват Хадж тази година](Английски език) - Посолството на Кралство Саудитска Арабия, 30-ти Декември, 2006г.</ref>

Изпълняването на хаджа е също така изтощително усилие и мнозина от по-немощните поклонници са умирали заради него. През 2011 г. двадесет бременни жени помятат през първия ден на ритуалите заради изтощение. Д-р Уалид Ал Омари, директор на Акушеро-гинекологичната болница в Мекка казва, че „помятанията са причинени главно от изтощение, защото тези жени е трябвало да извървят дълга дистанция.. Друга причина е, че те са били заобиколени от огромна тълпа и това ги е направило уязвими на натиск и физически контузии.".<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/20-miscarriage-cases-in-haj-2011-11-05-1.426972|2=2011-11-05}} 20 спонтанни случая на Хадж](Английски език) - Emirates 24/7 News, Nove5-ти Ноември, 2011г.</ref>

==Вижте също==
* [[Статии на Български - Articles in Bulgarian|Статии на Български (Articles in Bulgarian)]]

'''Английски'''
{{Hub4|Paganism|Islam and Paganism}}
* [[Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World]]

{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[Hajj |Английски]]}}

==Външни препратки(Английски)==
*[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices/hajj-pilgrimage.htm Хадж: Поклонение в Мекка]''- За допълнителна информация относно Хадж''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm Противоречия в Египет - Хадж и целуването на черен камък са останки от езичеството]
*[http://undhimmi.com/2010/11/16/muslim-hajis-cry-death-to-america-and-death-to-israel-at-annual-pilgrimage/ Плачейки мюсюлмани на Хадж казват: ‘Смърт на Америка! или ‘Смърт на Израел!’ по време на годишно поклонение]

==Източници ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]

[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]
{{page_title|Хадж}}

Хадж

2015-05-14T00:38:28Z

Damaskin: Created page with "<metadesc>Хадж</metadesc> ''' Хадж ''' (حج) е поклонничество на мюсюлманите в Мекка. То е неотменимо задължен..."

<metadesc>Хадж</metadesc>
''' Хадж ''' (حج) е поклонничество на мюсюлманите в Мекка. То е неотменимо задължение (''фард'' الفرض) и представлява един от Петте стълба на исляма. Поклонничеството се извършва през 12-ия месец в ислямския календар, от 7-ия до 13- ия ден на Ду ал-Хиджа.

Основните ритуали включват обикаляне на Кааба седем пъти, докосване на Черния камък, пътуване седем пъти между планините Сафа и Марва и символично хвърляне на камък по дявола в Мина.<ref>Hoiberg (2000), p.237–238</ref> Хаджът наред с Кааба, черния камък и доста други аспекти в исляма има езически корени.

==Инциденти и злополуки==

Кааба се вярва, че е „Домът на Аллах“ и Коранът ни казва, че това е „сигурно убежище за хората“,<ref>"... Аллах стори Кааба, Свещения дом, и Свещените месеци, и жертвеното животно, и венците да бъдат опора за хората. То е, за да разберете, че Аллах знае какво е на небесата и какво е на земята, и че Аллах всяко нещо знае.''..." - [http://www.islamforbulgaria.com/koran/quran/5.Al-Maida.htm "Коран 5:97"]</ref> следователно би било логично Аллах да предотвратява всякакви катаклизми в дома Му по време на Хадж. Обаче това не е така

От 1987 г. насам са регистрирани официално поне 3315 смъртни случая, както и други 1500 случаи на контузии, резултат от различни злополуки по време на поклонничеството. Тези цифри са крайно занижени, като се вземе предвид например масовото паническо бягство през 1994 г. в Мекка. Само 250 са били жертвите според официалните данни вследствие на паническото бягство, но според The Saudi Press Agency общо 829 поклонници са загинали по време на поклонението по различни причини, включително от „старост, инфаркти“ и както заради „тежки стълпотворения при хвърлянето на камъни в понеделник.“ Обаче според свидетели, лекари и един висш азиатски дипломат само броят на смъртните случаи от паническото бягство е бил над 1,000.<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/25/world/at-least-250-muslims-die-in-mecca-stampede.html|2=2011-11-05}} Най-малко 250 мюсюлмани починаха в Мекка по време на паническо бягство] - The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г.</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width = "100%"
|-
! Брой смъртни случаи
! Събитие
! Година
|-
| 200
| Пожар в селището от шатри <ref name="Time_Hajj">Michael Brunton - [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1149340,00.html Опасен Хадж] - TIME, Издание от 15-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 1975
|-
| 382
| Превземането на Голямата джамия <ref>Robin Wright - [http://www.amazon.com/Sacred-Rage-Wrath-Militant-Islam/dp/0743233425 Свещена ярост: гнева на войнстващия ислям (p.148)] – Публикувано от Touchstone; Upd Sub edition, 4-ти Декември, 2001г.1, ISBN: 978-0743233422</ref>
| 1979
|-
| 402
| Клането в Мекка <ref>Keith McLachlan - [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v65256l8v247t718/ Иран и продължаващата криза в Персийския залив] - GeoJournal, 28-ма Глава, Издание 3, Ноември 1992г., Стр.359</ref>
| 1987
|-
| 1,426
| Паническо бягство в тунела Ал Маасим (най-смъртоносното паническо бягство в историята)<ref>Nobert Bermosa - [http://www.listzblog.com/top_ten_deadly_accident_disaster_history_list.html Топ 10 смъртни злополуки и бедствия](Английски език) - (The List Blog), 7-ми Октомври, 2009г.</ref>
| 1990
|-
| 250
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола<ref name="The New York Times, 25-ти Май , 1994г."></ref>
| 1994
|-
| 343
| Пожар в шатрите в Мина <ref name="Time_Hajj"/>
| 1997
|-
| 118
| Инцидент при моста Джамарат<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/76348.stm Саудитци, идентифицират националностите на 118 мъртви поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 9-ти Април, 1998г.</ref>
| 1998
|-
| 35
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни по дявола <ref>Amr Nabil - [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/35+die+in+pilgrimage+stampede+Tragedy+once+again+strikes+as+2+million...-a071328895 35 починали от трагично паническо бягство си струва отново2 милиона посещения за поклонение на мюсюлманския Хадж](Английски език) - The Free Library (originally from The Seattle Times), 6-ти Март, 2001г.</ref>
| 2001
|-
|14
| Паническо бягство на Хаджа<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2749231.stm Четиринадесет убит на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 11-ти Февруари, 2003г.</ref>
|2003
|-
| 251
| Паническо бягство при ритуала Хвърляне на камъни в Мина <ref name="bbc_hajj">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3448779.stm Стотици загинали на Хадж при паническо бягство](Английски език) - BBC News, 1-ви февруари, 2004г.</ref>
| 2004
|-
|346
| Паническо бягство по време на ритуала Ал Джамарат в последния ден на Хаджа<ref name="bbc_hajj"/>
| 2006
|-
| 76
| Рухването на хотела Ал Газа <ref>John Esterbrook - [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/06/world/main1182962.shtml Мекка починалите жертви са 76: Смъртоносна сграда рухнав началото на Хаджа](Английски език) - CBS News, 12-ти Януари, 2006г.</ref>
| 2006
|-
| 77
| Наводнения в Саудитска Арабия <ref>Jason Ramsey - [http://topnews.us/content/28575-77-muslims-killed-while-performing-hajj-saudi-floods 77 мюсюлмани, убити по време на изпълнение на Хадж от саудитските наводнения](Английски език) - Top News, 27-ми Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|-
| 5
| Смъртни случаи следствие на свински грип по време на Хаджа <ref>Edward Yeranian - [http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/Saudi-Health-Minister-Five-Swine-Flu-Deaths-During-Hajj-78091802.html Саудитска министър на здравеопазването: Пет са смъртните случаи отсвински грип по време на Хаджа] - VOA News, 29-ти Ноември, 2009г.</ref>
| 2009
|}

; Други мюсюлмански поклоннически инциденти:
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4199618.stm 2005: В Ирак смъртните случая на поклонници убити след паническо бягство е близо 1000] (3-то най-смъртоносно паническо бягство в историята)

== Здраве и хигиена ==

Едно от първите приготовления на мюсюлманските поклонници за Хаджа включва ваксинация срещу болести. Броят на чуждестранните поклонници достига милиони, а и самият брой на хората, както и тяхната близост един до друг на пренаселени места улесняват разпространението на болести между поклонниците. През 1987 г. международният бум на менингит се превърна в голям проблем. Поради възникването на огнища от някои видове менингит след хаджа в предишни години, днес едно от изискванията за издаване на виза е имунизацията с ваксина ACW135Y преди пристигане. Използват се и други ваксини за поклонници, които често биват инжектирани с различни серуми. Ако по пътя към Мекка възникне огнище на някаква болест, поклонниците биха обострили проблема, когато се върнат по родните си места и заразят с инфекцията си други хора.<ref>Science correspondent, Ania Lichtarowicz - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2196598.stm Ваксина покана за Хадж поклонници](Английски език) - BBC News, 16-ти Август, 2002г.</ref><ref>[http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page5.aspx Повече от 2,3 милиона поклонници извършват Хадж тази година](Английски език) - Посолството на Кралство Саудитска Арабия, 30-ти Декември, 2006г.</ref>

Изпълняването на хаджа е също така изтощително усилие и мнозина от по-немощните поклонници са умирали заради него. През 2011 г. двадесет бременни жени помятат през първия ден на ритуалите заради изтощение. Д-р Уалид Ал Омари, директор на Акушеро-гинекологичната болница в Мекка казва, че „помятанията са причинени главно от изтощение, защото тези жени е трябвало да извървят дълга дистанция.. Друга причина е, че те са били заобиколени от огромна тълпа и това ги е направило уязвими на натиск и физически контузии.".<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.emirates247.com/news/region/20-miscarriage-cases-in-haj-2011-11-05-1.426972|2=2011-11-05}} 20 спонтанни случая на Хадж](Английски език) - Emirates 24/7 News, Nove5-ти Ноември, 2011г.</ref>

==Вижте също==
* [[Статии на Български - Articles in Bulgarian|Статии на Български (Articles in Bulgarian)]]

'''Английски'''
{{Hub4|Paganism|Islam and Paganism}}
* [[Accidents and Natural Disasters in the Muslim World]]

{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[Hajj |Английски]]}}

==Външни препратки(Английски)==
*[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices/hajj-pilgrimage.htm Хадж: Поклонение в Мекка]''- За допълнителна информация относно Хадж''
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1619902.stm Противоречия в Египет - Хадж и целуването на черен камък са останки от езичеството]
*[http://undhimmi.com/2010/11/16/muslim-hajis-cry-death-to-america-and-death-to-israel-at-annual-pilgrimage/ Плачейки мюсюлмани на Хадж казват: ‘Смърт на Америка! или ‘Смърт на Израел!’ по време на годишно поклонение]

==Източници ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Islam and Paganism]]

[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]
{{page_title|Хадж}}

УикиИслям

2015-05-10T11:42:16Z

Damaskin: Created page with "link=Category:WikiIslam ''' УикиИслям ''' е свободно редактируем уебсайт (А..."

[[Image:Infosymbol.png|91px|thumb|right|link=Category:WikiIslam]]
''' УикиИслям ''' е свободно редактируем [[websites| уебсайт]] (Англ.) чиято цел е критиката на [[Islam| исляма]] (Англ.), като също така позволява [[:Category:Pro-Islamic Content| про-ислямски]] (Англ.) отговори в отделни статии. Използва се същият софтуеър, с който работи [[Wikipedia|Уикипедия]] (Англ.) и подобните му сайтове.

== Относно ==

Целта на УикиИслям е да стане най-пространния и точен източник на информация за исляма. Тази информация е базирана главно върху свои собствени източници, както и върху [[Qur'an| Корана]] (Англ.), [[hadith| Хадисите]] (Англ.) и мненията на ислямски учени. Сайтът възприема един рационален подход при разглеждането на исляма и също така се отличава с обстойни изследвания върху [[Islam and Propaganda| фалшивата пропаганда]] (Англ.) и [[Islam and Science| ислямската псевдонаука]] (Англ.).

Сайтът цели да остане неутрален спрямо другите религии, мирогледи и спорни въпроси от политическо естество, като имиграцията, мултикултуризма, както и Израело-Палестинския конфликт, а също така да стои далече от екстремистките, сензанционните или емоционални коментари като просто се оставят фактите да говорят сами за себе си.

Противно на това което понякога се твърди,<ref name="Criticism"></ref> сайтът [[WikiIslam:Reliable Sources#Sources to Avoid| насърчава редакторите]] (Англ.) си да използват не-полемични и вторични научни източници, както и да се позовават в твърденията си, където е възможно. Повсеместно са използвани авторитетни първични и вторични про-ислямски източници, такива като [[Compendium of Muslim Texts| Кратко изложение на мюсюлманските текстове]] (Англ.), [[Sirat Rasul Allah| Сира]] (Англ.) литература и [[fatwa| Фетви]] (Англ.) от някои сред най-популярните общоприети ислямски сайтове в мрежата.

Това е международен сайт с редактори и сътрудници от цял свят, което се отразява от политиката и съдържанието му. Така например, редакторите биват съветвани, че не трябва да се дава предимство на един регион пред друг, както и че развитието, свързано с исляма в [[Asia| Азия]] (Англ.) или [[Africa| Африка]] (Англ.) е също толкова важно както и развитието му в [[Europe| Европа]] (Англ.) и [[Americas| Америка]] (Англ.).

== История ==

УикиИслям е създаден на 27 Октомври 2005 г. в сътрудничество с различни личности от [[Faith Freedom International]] (Англ.) които осигуриха на сайта сървърно пространство, техническа помощ и дизайн. Сайтът беше оставен в изпитателна фаза за около година и на 4 Септември 2006 г., той беше открит за публиката.

През септември 2007 г., сървърът, който даваше хостинг на сайта, беше разбит, а и поради редица други проблеми със сървъра, свободното редактиране на УикиИслям беше спряно за почти година.

През август 2008 г., сайтът беше преместен на нов сървър и от тогава действа независимо, като си остава несвързан към никоя организация. Противно на непрестанните твърдения, разпространявани от ислямски апологети,<ref> Например Шийла Мусаджи от [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanmuslim.org%2Ftam.php%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2Fali_sina%2F&date=2014-01-26 TheAmericanMuslim] (Англ.), с която въпреки че се свързахме, но отказа да поправи грешката, твърди, че УикиИслям се управлява от Али Сина и Faith Freedom и „публикува единствено материал, който е негативен към исляма.“ И двете твърдения са грешни. УикиИслям съхранява множество [[:Category:Pro-Islamic Content| про-ислямски статии]] (Англ.) написани от мюсюлмански редактори.</ref> УикиИслям не е собственост нито на [[Ali Sina| Али Сина]] (Англ.), нито на FFI, нито на Робърт Спенсър, нито на [[Jihad Watch]] (Англ.) или нито на която и да е друга организация.<ref> Забележете, че никоя от тези личности или техните уебсайтове не се считат като надеждни източници в УикиИслям. Според [[WikiIslam:Reliable_Sources#Other_Sources_2| УикиИслям:Надеждни източници]] (Англ.), ''"Фактически твърдения, засягащи исляма от полемични източници като книги, статии или коментари на личности като Робърт Спенсър, Памела Гелар, Аян Хирси Али, Марк А. Гейбриъл, Уафа Султан, Али Сина, Уалид Шубат, Бриджит Гейбриъл и др. не могат да бъдат използвани при никакви обстоятелства като позовавания в УикиИслям. Ако попаднете случайно на някое подобно твърдение, премахнете го незабавно."''</ref>

== Възприемане ==

=== Не-мюсюлмани===

През декември 2006 г. Горан Ларсон представи доклад за УикиИслям на конференция в [[Sweden| Швеция]] (Англ.). По това време, сайтът беше едва в своето начало, като беше открит за публиката само от три месеца и Ларсон беше много критичен. Днес със своята нова политика, нови ръководни принципи, с повече от хиляда страници и включването на про-ислямско съдържание, насочено към представянето на една по-позитивна представа за исляма, УикиИслям е същият само по наименованието си. Но дори и тогава, когато сайтът беше все още в своята първоначална форма, Ларсон призна, че не би трябвало той да се етикетира целия сайт като „ислямофобски” по природа.<ref>Göran Larsson, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/p02g0g86387j4t62/ "Cyber-Islamophobia? The case of WikiIslam"](Англ.), Contemporary Islam: Volume 1, Number 1, 53-67, DOI: 10.1007/s11562-007-0002-2</ref>

Противно на това, което се твърди понякога,<ref name="Criticism"></ref> УикиИслям не е получавал каквото и да е внимание от новинарски агенции като Associated Press (AP); обаче неговият безпристрастен подход към критиката доведе до това, че към сайта имаше линкове или се позоваваха на него различни големи сайтове като''RichardDawkins.net''<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://richarddawkins.net/links?page=5|2=2012-02-07}} "About/ Links"](Англ.), RichardDawkins.net, accessed February 7, 2012.</ref> и ''GreenProphet.com''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/12/rain-prayers-sunny-friday/|title= Muslim President Calls for Rain Prayers on Sunny Friday|publisher= Green Prophet|author= Tafline Laylin|date= December 28, 2011|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/12/rain-prayers-sunny-friday/&date=2012-02-07|deadurl=no}}</ref> Също така беше цитиран от проф. д-р Г. Хюсеин Расол в своята книга, ''Cultural Competence in Caring for Muslim Patients'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=r5nJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT141&lpg=PT141&dq=Cultural+Competence+in+Caring+for+Muslim+Patients+wikiislam&source=bl&ots=oFOauH3oPg&sig=5Vtne1TY1qwgdldumOa-T9K6atU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UHENVIfmLY_lauWagZAO&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cultural%20Competence%20in%20Caring%20for%20Muslim%20Patients%20wikiislam&f=false|title= Cultural Competence in Caring for Muslim Patients|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|author= G. Hussein Rassool (Ed.)|date= April 25, 2014|isbn= 9781137358424|archiveurl= https://archive.today/AR6Nr|deadurl=no}}</ref> д-р Хийтър Дийгън в своята книга, ''Africa Today: Culture, Economics, Religion, Security'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/Africa-Today-Economics-Religion-Security/dp/0415418844/|title= Africa Today: Culture, Economics, Religion, Security|publisher= Routledge|author= Heather Deegan|date=December 26, 2008 |page= 100|isbn= 978-0415418843|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FAfrica-Today-Economics-Religion-Security%2Fdp%2F0415418844%2F&date=2013-07-20|deadurl=no}}</ref> проф. Карлос Бреба в своята книга, ''Disaster Management and Human Health Risk III: Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/Disaster-Management-Human-Health-Risk/dp/1845647386|title= Disaster Management and Human Health Risk III: Reducing Risk, Improving Outcomes|publisher= Wit Pr/Computational Mechanics|author= C. A. Brebbia|date= July 9, 2013|page= 366|isbn= 978-1845647384|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDisaster-Management-Human-Health-Risk%2Fdp%2F1845647386&date=2013-07-25|deadurl=no}}</ref> и д-р Щефан Кирхнер доклада си, публикуван в ''Baltic Journal of Law & Politics''.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bjlp.2011.4.issue-1/v10076-011-0003-6/v10076-011-0003-6.xml|2=2013-07-20}} "Faith, Ethics and Religious Norms in a Globalized Environment: Freedom of Religion as a Challenge to the Regulation of Islamic Finance in Europe"](Англ.). Baltic Journal of Law & Politics. Volume 4, Issue 1, Pages 52–82, ISSN (Online) 2029-0454, ISSN (Print) , DOI: 10.2478/v10076-011-0003-6, August 2011.</ref>

=== Мюсюлмани ===

Поради фокуса на сайта, най-очевидните реакции от мюсюлманите бяха негативни.<ref name="Criticism"> За отговори на различни критики към УикиИслям , посетете секцията ''[http://islamo-criticism.blogspot.com/p/criticism-of-wikiislam.html Критика на УикиИслям]''(Англ.) в блога ''[http://islamo-criticism.blogspot.com/ IslamoCriticism]''. (Англ.) </ref> Някои призоваваха сайтът да бъде свален чрез незаконни средства като хакване,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?398571|title= Muslims should DDOS anti muslim websites|publisher= Ummah Forum|author= |date= April 19, 2014|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ummah.com%2Fforum%2Fshowthread.php%3F398571&date=2014-04-24|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>''" Някой трябва да го изключи. Има ли хакери наоколо?"'' - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php?365182-Solving-the-Wiki-islam-problem|2=2013-05-24}} Решаване на проблема с УикиИслям], DamirK, Ummah Forum, 24 май 2013 г.</ref><ref>''" Тъжно е, че саудитците имат хакери, които могат да хакнат и свалят много излишни неща в интернет, но изглежда, че те никога не забелязват това, за което трябва да се погрижат."'' - [http://lostinriyadh.blogspot.com/2012/03/for-my-readers-in-saudi-infact-for.html За читателите ми в Саудитска, факт за всеки] (Англ.), LostInRiyadh.blogspot.com (коментар от Dentographer, 4 март 2012 г)</ref> като преди това той беше [[Websites Censored by Islamic Governments|забранен]] (Англ.) в [[Saudi Arabia| Саудитска Арабия]] (Англ.) и поместен в черния [[pornography|порнографски]] (Англ.) списък на страната, макар сайтът да не съдържа нищо с порнографско естество.<ref> Скрийншот може да се гледа [[:File:Wikiislam com-aug-2011-ksa.png|тук]]</ref>

Постоянният вандализъм, смъртните заплахи и несъгласието с ръководните принципи на мюсюлманските редактори, доведоха до това УикиИслям, подобно на германската Wikipedia, да използва режим на “[[WikiIslam:Pending Changes Protection| защита на висящите промени]]” (Англ.), което означава, че редактирането остава отворено за всички, включително и за IP потребителите, но промените, трябва да бъдат одобрени преди да станат видими за читателите.

Все пак благодарение на широкото използване на УикиИслям от авторитетни първични и вторични про-ислямски източници, сайтът също така получи похвали от мюсюлманите, в т.ч. за статии като [[Sex Segregation in Islam| Половата дискриминация в исляма]] (Англ.) <ref>" Аз обикновено не одобрявам подобни сайтове, но в този случай всички източници бяха позовани в големи подробности.''" - [http://www.facebook.com/notes/abdul-malik-merchant/women-traveling-and-free-mixing-in-islam-/216934245018326 Women: Traveling and free-mixing in Islam …], Абдул-Малик Мърчант, студент в Umm al-Qura University, Мекка, Саудитска Арабия, 13 юли 2011 г.</ref> и [[Списък с убийствата, заповядани или подкрепени от Мухаммад]]<ref>"''Всъщност подигравките са основната причина за екзекуциите, заповядани от нашия пророк (Sm) … вече го споделих на @RiasatKhan.. тук е линкът, макар че е към анти-ислямски сайт.., но историческите факти/причини за екзекуциите посочени там са достоверни.. виж колона 4 в жълто, те са екзекутирани заради подигравки. Този Муса Ибрахим ислямски учен ли е???? Списък на убийствата, заповядани или одобрени от Мухаммад – УикиИслям. Съжалявам за анти-ислямския сайт… Не можах да намеря друг сайт, направен по толкова сбит и организиран начин.''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.defence.pk/forums/bangladesh-defence/233660-shahbagh-square-new-rise-65.html|2=2013-02-17}} SHAHBAGH SQUARE-A NEW RISE], Kobiraaz (потребител, доказан мюсюлманин, който се присъедини през октомври 2010 г. и му е благодарено 7867 пъти за 7237 публикации), Pakistan Defence forum, 17 Февруари 2013 г </ref>, а страници като [[List of Fabricated Hadith| Списък на фалшифицираните хадиси]] (Англ.) <ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://shehbaazmind.blogspot.com/2011/08/some-links-where-you-can-find-some-weak.html|2=2012-09-10}} "Some Links Where You Can Find Some Weak And Fabricated Hadeeths Exposed"](Англ.), ShehbaazMind, August 17, 2011.</ref><ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://beliefinunseen.blogspot.com/2012/09/weak-and-fabricated-hadith.html|2=2012-09-10}} "Weak and fabricated hadith"], Belief In The Unseen, September 7, 2012.</ref> и [[Chronological Order of the Qur'an| Хронологичният ред в Корана]]<ref>Dawud Israel, [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?107518-NOTES-from-Tafsir-Maariful-Qur-an-of-Mufti-Taqi-Shafi-Usmani|2=2013-06-01}} "NOTES from Tafsir Maariful Qur'an of Mufti Taqi/Shafi Usmani"], Sunni Forum, June 1, 2013.</ref> бяха използвани от мюсюлманите като източник.

== Публика ==

УикиИслям съдържа {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} статии. Понастоящем има средно над 250 000 посетители на месец, които генерират около 500 000 импресии. Към септември 2014 г. Аlеха.соm го поставя в рамките на топ 70 000 от най-посещаваните уебсайтове.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fwww.wikiislam.net&date=2014-09-03|title= Wikiislam.net|publisher= Alexa.com|author= |date= accessed October 19, 2013|archiveurl= |deadurl=no}}</ref>

За разлика от много други сайтове, които критикуват исляма, публиката на УикиИслям не е „евроцентрична”. Голям процент от читателите са от Близко-източните държави, както и от страни с мюсюлманско мнозинство като [[Pakistan| Пакистан]] (Англ.), [[Bangladesh| Бангладеш]] (Англ.), [[India| Индия]] (Англ.), [[Malaysia| Малайзия]] (Англ.), [[Egypt| Египет]] (Англ.), [[United Arab Emirates| Обединените Арабски Емирства]] (Англ.), and [[Singapore| Сингапур]] (Англ.).<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/www.wikiislam.net|2=2011-11-28}} "Wikiislam.net/ Audience"], Alexa.com, accessed November 28, 2011.</ref> По същия начин, много от администраторите и редакторите на сайта са с мюсюлманско потекло или пък са скептици от страните с мюсюлманско мнозинство.

Понастоящем сайтът [[WikiIslam:Join the Team#Ways_To_Help_Us|търси редактори]] (Англ.), за да се преведат някои от англоезичните статии на индонезийски, урду, бенгалски и [[Arabic| арабски]] (Англ.). В сайта вече има преводи от английски на [[:Category:Other_Languages| няколко езика |]](Англ.), включително [[Azərbaycanca Yazılar - Articles in Azerbaijani| азербайджански]] (Англ.), [[Les articles en francais - Articles in French| френски]] (Англ.), [[:Category:Türkçe (Turkish)| турски]] (Англ.) и [[Ozbekcha maqolalar - Articles in Uzbek| узбекски]] (Англ.). A [[:ru:Заглавная страница| Руски]] суб-домейн беше стартиран в началото на 2013 г., като също така там се съхраняват множество [[Translations of Arabic/Islamic Media| вестникарски статии и фетви]] (Англ.) от ислямския свят, преведени на английски от оригинален арабски.

==Wikipedia/Уикипидия==

Основният фокус на УикиИслям е върху ислямската религия, докато Wikipedia представлява съкратено изложение на общи познания. Тези различаващи се цели имат като резултат различия в политиките и ръководни принципи.

Wikipedia не одобрява използването на първични и както те ги наричат „неизвестни/ненадеждни” източници. УикиИслям, от своя страна, насърчава използването на автентични религиозни текстове и определенията на авторитетни мюсюлмански учени, които може да са неизвестни за хората извън мюсюлманския свят, но са гиганти в неговите предели.

Wikipedia се съсредоточава върху " проверимостта, а не върху истината ".<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability,_not_truth|2=2012-02-10}} " Проверимостта, а не истината "], Wikipedia, accessed February 10, 2012.</ref> По отношение на исляма, това означава, че се дава предимство на всичко, което „известните/надеждните” западни коментатори казват за неговия религиозен текст и мюсюлманите пред това какво всъщност религиозният текст и мюсюлманите казват за себе си. Обратно, УикиИслям дава предимство на това, което религиозният текст и мюсюлманите казват пред мненията и интерпретациите на трета страна западни коментатори.

==Вижте също==

*[[WikiIslam:Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]
*[[What People Say About WikiIslam]]

{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[WikiIslam|Английски]]}}

==Информация за връзка==
{{Fb link}}
За да се свържете с УикиИслям с идеи и предложения, може да се остави съобщение по съответните [[WikiIslam:Discussions|дискусионни]] страници. За проблеми с авторските права, натиснете [[WikiIslam:Copyright Issues|тук]]. А за други важни проблеми, натиснете [[WikiIslam:Contact Us|тук]].

== Източници ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:WikiIslam]]
[[ru:ВикиИслам:Описание]]
[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]

УикиИслям: Често задавани въпроси

2015-05-10T10:49:00Z

Damaskin: Created page with "{{shortcut|WIFAQ}} == Обща информация== === Каква е целта на УикиИслям?=== Целта на УикиИслям е да предста..."

УикиИслям: Основни принципи

2015-05-10T09:15:13Z

Damaskin: Created page with "''' Основните принципи ''' представляват главната политика, чрез която работи WikiIslam и от която п..."

''' Основните принципи ''' представляват главната политика, чрез която работи [[WikiIslam]] и от която произлизат другите му [[WikiIslam:Policies and Guidelines|policies and guidelines]](Англ.) .
{{shortcut|[[WICPR]]}}
=== Съдържание ===

{|
|-
| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''1. Съдържанието трябва да се отнася до критиката или разбирането на исляма''' УикиИслям е безпристрастен уебсайт, като целта му е да стане безценен източник за всичко, което се отнася до критиката или разбирането на исляма. Цялото съдържание трябва да бъде фокусирано чисто и просто върху исляма и как той се практикува, а не върху неговото пропагандиране или върху въпроси, които са повече социо-политически по природа (такива като имиграцията, мултикултурализма или Израело-Палестинския конфликт).
|}

{|
|-
| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''2. Съдържанието трябва да се основава върху напълно съотнесени факти и общопризнати ислямски източници''' Всеки анализ върху исляма трябва да се основава върху неговите общопризнати правила и религиозни източници, което означава, че статиите не бива никога да прокламират (но могат просто да документират или оспорят) маргинални теории, които не са подкрепени от множеството доказателства. Не трябва да има лични мнения или абстрактни заключения, а всеки установен факт, трябва да бъде подкрепен от надеждни, официално оповестени източници.
|}

{|
|-
| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''3. Съдържанието трябва да бъде написано и представено по професионален начин и в научен стил ''' Човек не трябва да е професионалист или учен, за да пише по професионален начин или в научен стил. Това може да бъде постигнато просто чрез избягване употребата на някои неща като повторения на информация и многословие; съкратени форми на думите; писане от първо или второ лице, както и екстремистки, сензационен, саркастичен или емоционален език.
|}

{|
|-
| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''4. Съдържанието трябва да бъде организирано така, че да е приспособено към универсалната аудитория ''' Статиите, никога не трябва да показват предпочитания или да обръщат прекалено внимание върху определени държави или демографски райони. Редакторите не бива да приемат, че публиката към която е насочено съдържанието, принадлежи само към определена държава или демографски райони. Това е особено важно, когато проблемът, който се обсъжда засяга в еднаква степен много или всички страни или възрасти.
|}

{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''5. Съдържанието трябва да остава неутрално спрямо другите религии, мирогледи и политическите позиции''' Препратките към другите религии, мирогледи, политическите позиции и онези, които се придържат към тях, трябва напълно да бъдат избягвани. Ако по някаква причина това стане необходимо, препратката трябва да остане абсолютно неутрална - нито да ги подкрепя, нито да ги критикува. Това ще рече, че всеки анализ върху исляма трябва да се базира върху науката (например еволюцията е приета като научен факт).
|}

=== Общност===

{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''6. Отнасяйте се към другите с уважение и равнопоставеност ''' Всички личности, без значение техния пол, сексуална ориентация, раса, етнос, националност, религиозни вярвания или политически възгледи са равни и би трябвало един към друг да се отнасят като такива. Редакторите трябва да направят всичко възможно да бъдат вежливи, услужливи и приятелски настроени към всеки един, с когото си взаимодействат. Ако има вероятност личното мнение или вяра да засегнат друг редактор, тогава мястото му не е тук и не трябва да бъде изразявано.
|}

{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''7. Избягвайте несправедливо да осъждате другите и прощавайте грешките ''' Редакторите могат понякога да сгрешат, като направят нещо, което е противоположно на политиката и ръководните принципи на сайта. Когато това се случи, другите редактори трябва да проявят добронамереност и да избегнат прибързано осъждане. Трябва да бъдат направени разумни опити да им се помогне да разберат какви са грешките им и да им се покаже как да ги отстранят.
|}

{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''8. Бъдете отворени за нови идеи и конструктивна критика ''' Редакторите трябва да оценяват идеите по самата им стойност, а не по това дали те са вече съществуващи или са нови идеи. Също така, редакторите трябва да бъдат отворени за конструктивна критика на същите тези идеи. Дискусията и компромисът могат да имат като резултат това, една „лоша” идея да се развие в добра такава или да не се развие. Най-важното е да се преценят всички възможности, преди да се достигне до окончателното заключение.
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{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''9. Оставайте спокойни и търсете начин да решавате нещата по рационален начин ''' Различия в мненията, засягащи съдържанието ще съществуват и редакторите трябва да бъдат подготвени да ги обсъждат рационално. Когато съществуват конфликтни гледни точки, всеки един трябва да запази спокойствие и да остане уравновесен. Никой не трябва да чувства, че е третиран по агресивен начин, персонално атакуван или критикуван заради своето мнение относно съдържанието.
|}

{|
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| [[File:Atom 1.png|40px]]
|'''10. Направете прекъсване, за да се успокоите, ако нещата са се разгорещили''' Ако един редактор започне да чувства раздразнение по време на дискусия или взаимодействайки си по някакъв друг начин с друг редактор, и двамата трябва да спрат своето редактиране и да се върнат към него след няколко минути или часа, когато се почувстват по-добре. Ако са се уморили поради продължителни сесии по редактирането, те трябва да си помислят дали да не прекарат няколко дни или седмици далеч от сайта, ако това е необходимо.
|}

==Вижте също==

* [[WikiIslam:Policies and Guidelines]]
* [[WikiIslam:Frequently Asked Questions]]

{{Translation-links-bulgarian|[[WikiIslam:Core Principles|Английски]]}}

==Информация за връзка==
{{Fb link}}
За да се свържете с УикиИслям с идеи и предложения, може да се остави съобщение по съответните [[WikiIslam:Discussions|дискусионни]] страници. За проблеми с авторските права, натиснете [[WikiIslam:Copyright Issues|тук]]. А за други важни проблеми, натиснете [[WikiIslam:Contact Us|тук]].

[[Category:Български (Bulgarian)]]