WikiIslam - Recent changes [en]

Qurandakı elmi xətalar

Qorqud — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 14:50:57 GMT

Həmçinin bax

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 ==== Yer yataq kimi ====
 Quranda ([https://quran.az/20/53 20:53]) və bənzər şəkildə digər bir ayədə ([https://quran.az/43/10 43:10]) Yer kürəsi "beşik" (və ya Yusuf Ali tərcüməsində "xalça") kimi təsvir olunur. Ərəbcə olan bu söz (məhdən) tamamilə düz və yerə sərilmiş, yayılmış bir şeyi ifadə edir (məsələn, saxlanılmaq üçün " bükülmüş" və ya "yığılmış" bir şeyi deyil).<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000267.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2739 مَهْدًا]</ref>{{Quote|{{Quran|20|53}}|O (Rəbb) ki, yer üzünü sizin üçün '''beşik etdi''', orada sizin üçün yollar saldı və göydən su endirdi. Onunla da (yerdən) müxtəlif növ bitkilərdən cüt-cüt çıxartdıq.}}Bəzən eyni ərəb sözü Quranda ([https://quran.az/78 78]:6-7) "enli sahə" və ya "düzənlik" kimi tərcümə olunur. Növbəti ayə ilə birlikdə nəzər yetirdikdə, burada Yer kürəsi yayılmış və dağlarla yerə bərkidilmiş bir şey kimi təsvir edilir.{{Quote|{{Quran-range|78|6|7}}|Biz yer üzünü '''döşəmədikmi'''?! Dağları da dirəklər etmədikmi?!}}Eyni kökdən gələn söz, Quranda (51:48) ayənin sonunda feli sifət formasında istifadə olunur.{{Quote|{{Quran|51|48}}|Yeri də Biz döşədik. Nə gözəl '''döşəyənlərik''' Biz!}}
 == Həmçinin bax ==
 {{Translation-links-azerbaijani|1=[[Scientific Errors in the Quran|İngilis]]}}

Sun and light word count in the Qur'an

Asmith — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 03:37:01 GMT

changing language score

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	This article lists all occurrences of the words sun (ٱلشَّمْس, ''ash-shams'') and light (ٱلنُّور, ''al-noor'') in the Qur'an to consider the claim that they both appear 33 times.		This article lists all occurrences of the words sun (ٱلشَّمْس, ''ash-shams'') and light (ٱلنُّور, ''al-noor'') in the Qur'an to consider the claim that they both appear 33 times.
	==Sun==		==Sun==

Taliban

Asmith — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 03:18:04 GMT

updated page score

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	The '''Taliban''' is an Islamist terrorist and political group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 until it was overthrown in late 2001. It regrouped in 2004 as an insurgency movement governing local Pashtun areas and fighting a guerrilla war against the governments of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They seized control of Afghanistan in 2021 again as soon as the ISAF started withdrawing from there. The Washington Post claimed that the Taliban seizure was "inextricably linked to Pakistan".<ref name="WaPoPak">{{cite news\|title=Pakistan’s hand in the Taliban’s victory \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/18/pakistan-hand-taliban-victory/ \|work=Washington Post \|location=Washington, D.C. \|date=18 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> According to the New York Times, "Afghan tribal leaders said that the Pakistani military waved a surge of new fighters across the border from sanctuaries inside Pakistan".<ref name="NYTPak">{{cite news\|title=The Real Winner of the Afghan War? It’s Not Who You Think \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-taliban.html \|work=The New York Times \|location=New York \|date=26 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Many Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) cadres were released after the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its terrorist activities in India.<ref>{{cite news\|title=JeM planning attacks in India, say reports \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jem-planning-attacks-in-india-say-reports/article36120687.ece \|work=The Hindu \|location=New Delhi \|date=26 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Pakistan, "supported the Taliban when the latter was being hounded in Afghanistan, the militants said they would return the favour by helping Pakistan in making Kashmir a part of its country", according to a Government of Pakistan person.<ref>{{cite news \|title=‘Taliban with us to free Kashmir from India’: Pak govt leader on TV news debate \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/taliban-with-us-to-free-kashmir-from-india-pak-govt-leader-on-tv-news-debate-101629818453064.html \|work=The Hindustan Times \|location=New Delhi \|date=24 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Pakistan's Prime Minister, Imran Khan, said that the Afghans have broken the "shackles of slavery" after the Taliban seized Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640988\|title=PM Imran talks about overpowering 'shackles of slavery' at Single National Curriculum launch\|work=Dawn\|date=16 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=16 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164203/https://www.dawn.com/news/1640988\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece\|title=Afghans have broken 'shackles of slavery': Pakistan PM Imran Khan\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=16 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230623/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-pakistan-imran-khan-afghanistan-b1903821.html\|title=Taliban have broken 'the shackles of slavery,' says Pakistan PM Imran Khan\|work=The Independent\|first=Maroosha\|last=Muzaffar\|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=17 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223340/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-pakistan-imran-khan-afghanistan-b1903821.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> The chief of Pakistan's Intelligence Agency (ISI), Faiz Hameed, visited Kabul and met with the Taliban leadership as well as other Afghan leaders including former prime minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The meeting was seen as an unconventional means of contact between the two countries in the absence of a government in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Reporter\|first=The Newspaper's Staff\|date=2021-09-06\|title=ISI chief’s visit to Kabul: Fawad sees ‘unconventional contacts’ imperative\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1644708\|access-date=2021-09-15\|website=DAWN.COM\|language=en}}</ref> The visit was purportedly to get berths for the Haqqanis in the new Government, demonstrating their, "clout" over the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news \|title=As Taliban factions bicker, ISI chief in Kabul to find berths for Haqqanis \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/pakistan-powerful-intel-chief-arrives-in-kabul-7488925/ \|work=Indian Express\|location=Kabul \|date=5 September 2021 \|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> According to the Carnegie Endowment Center, the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate shares an undeniable link with the Taliban, especially the Haqqani group.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Dealing With the Taliban - India’s Strategy in Afghanistan {{!}} After U.S. Withdrawal \|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Chaudhuri_Shende_-_Afghanistan.pdf \|work=Carnegie Endowment \|location=India \|date=June 2020\|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> The movement is primarily made up of members belonging to ethnic Pashtun tribes, along with volunteers from nearby Islamic countries such as Uzbeks, Tajiks, Chechens, Arabs, Pakistanis and others. It operates in Afghanistan and Pakistan, mostly around the Durand Line regions. United States officials say their headquarters is in or near Quetta, Pakistan, and that Pakistan and Iran provide support, although both nations deny this.		The '''Taliban''' is an Islamist terrorist and political group that governed Afghanistan from 1996 until it was overthrown in late 2001. It regrouped in 2004 as an insurgency movement governing local Pashtun areas and fighting a guerrilla war against the governments of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). They seized control of Afghanistan in 2021 again as soon as the ISAF started withdrawing from there. The Washington Post claimed that the Taliban seizure was "inextricably linked to Pakistan".<ref name="WaPoPak">{{cite news\|title=Pakistan’s hand in the Taliban’s victory \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/08/18/pakistan-hand-taliban-victory/ \|work=Washington Post \|location=Washington, D.C. \|date=18 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> According to the New York Times, "Afghan tribal leaders said that the Pakistani military waved a surge of new fighters across the border from sanctuaries inside Pakistan".<ref name="NYTPak">{{cite news\|title=The Real Winner of the Afghan War? It’s Not Who You Think \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/world/asia/afghanistan-pakistan-taliban.html \|work=The New York Times \|location=New York \|date=26 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Many Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) cadres were released after the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan, the JeM and Taliban have held meetings and the JeM has been assured of all support in carrying out its terrorist activities in India.<ref>{{cite news\|title=JeM planning attacks in India, say reports \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jem-planning-attacks-in-india-say-reports/article36120687.ece \|work=The Hindu \|location=New Delhi \|date=26 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Pakistan, "supported the Taliban when the latter was being hounded in Afghanistan, the militants said they would return the favour by helping Pakistan in making Kashmir a part of its country", according to a Government of Pakistan person.<ref>{{cite news \|title=‘Taliban with us to free Kashmir from India’: Pak govt leader on TV news debate \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/taliban-with-us-to-free-kashmir-from-india-pak-govt-leader-on-tv-news-debate-101629818453064.html \|work=The Hindustan Times \|location=New Delhi \|date=24 August 2021 \|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> Pakistan's Prime Minister, Imran Khan, said that the Afghans have broken the "shackles of slavery" after the Taliban seized Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1640988\|title=PM Imran talks about overpowering 'shackles of slavery' at Single National Curriculum launch\|work=Dawn\|date=16 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=16 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164203/https://www.dawn.com/news/1640988\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece\|title=Afghans have broken 'shackles of slavery': Pakistan PM Imran Khan\|work=The Hindu\|date=16 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=16 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816230623/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghans-have-broken-shackles-of-slavery-pak-pm-imran-khan/article35939794.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-pakistan-imran-khan-afghanistan-b1903821.html\|title=Taliban have broken 'the shackles of slavery,' says Pakistan PM Imran Khan\|work=The Independent\|first=Maroosha\|last=Muzaffar\|date=17 August 2021\|access-date=17 August 2021\|archive-date=17 August 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223340/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-pakistan-imran-khan-afghanistan-b1903821.html\|url-status=live}}</ref> The chief of Pakistan's Intelligence Agency (ISI), Faiz Hameed, visited Kabul and met with the Taliban leadership as well as other Afghan leaders including former prime minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The meeting was seen as an unconventional means of contact between the two countries in the absence of a government in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Reporter\|first=The Newspaper's Staff\|date=2021-09-06\|title=ISI chief’s visit to Kabul: Fawad sees ‘unconventional contacts’ imperative\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1644708\|access-date=2021-09-15\|website=DAWN.COM\|language=en}}</ref> The visit was purportedly to get berths for the Haqqanis in the new Government, demonstrating their, "clout" over the Taliban.<ref>{{cite news \|title=As Taliban factions bicker, ISI chief in Kabul to find berths for Haqqanis \|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/pakistan-powerful-intel-chief-arrives-in-kabul-7488925/ \|work=Indian Express\|location=Kabul \|date=5 September 2021 \|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> According to the Carnegie Endowment Center, the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate shares an undeniable link with the Taliban, especially the Haqqani group.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Dealing With the Taliban - India’s Strategy in Afghanistan {{!}} After U.S. Withdrawal \|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Chaudhuri_Shende_-_Afghanistan.pdf \|work=Carnegie Endowment \|location=India \|date=June 2020\|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> The movement is primarily made up of members belonging to ethnic Pashtun tribes, along with volunteers from nearby Islamic countries such as Uzbeks, Tajiks, Chechens, Arabs, Pakistanis and others. It operates in Afghanistan and Pakistan, mostly around the Durand Line regions. United States officials say their headquarters is in or near Quetta, Pakistan, and that Pakistan and Iran provide support, although both nations deny this.

Tawaatur

Asmith — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 02:59:46 GMT

updated language and language score

Qurandakı elmi xətalar

Qorqud — Sun, 26 Apr 2026 12:52:29 GMT

Yer xalça kimi

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 26 April 2026
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	==== Yer xalça kimi ====		==== Yer xalça kimi ====
	Burada işlədilən ərəbcə söz (bisaatan) yayılmış, sərilmiş və ya açılmış bir şeyi, xüsusilə də xalçanı ifadə edir.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 204 بِسَاطًا]</ref>{{Quote\|{{Quran\|71\|19}}\|Allah yer üzünü sizin üçün döşəmişdir ki,}}		Burada işlədilən ərəbcə söz (bisaatan) yayılmış, sərilmiş və ya açılmış bir şeyi, xüsusilə də xalçanı ifadə edir.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000241.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 204 بِسَاطًا]</ref>{{Quote\|{{Quran\|71\|19}}\|Allah yer üzünü sizin üçün döşəmişdir ki,}}

			==== Yer divan kimi ====
			Yer kürəsi, yerə oturmaq və ya uzanmaq üçün sərilən bir şeyi ifadə edən ərəb sözü (firaşən) ilə təsvir edilmişdir.<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume6/00000155.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2371 فِرَٰشًا]</ref>{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|22}}\|O Allah sizin üçün yer üzünü döşədi, göyü də tavan olaraq yaratdı. O, göydən yağış endirdi və onunla sizin üçün ruzi olan müxtəlif meyvələr yetişdirdi. Elə isə, bilə-bilə Allaha şərik qoşmayın!}}Quranda ([https://quran.az/2/22 2:22]) "çarpayı" (və ya döşək) mənasında işlədilən eyni kökdən gələn söz, digər bir ayədə ([https://quran.az/51/48 51:48]) "yaymaq" və ya "sərmək" mənasında fel kimi istifadə olunur (burada "yaymaq" kimi tərcümə olunan ilk sözdür).{{Quote\|{{Quran\|51\|48}}\|Biz yeri də '''döşədik'''. Biz necə də gözəl döşəyirik!}}

			==== Yer yataq kimi ====
			Quranda ([https://quran.az/20/53 20:53]) və bənzər şəkildə digər bir ayədə ([https://quran.az/43/10 43:10]) Yer kürəsi "beşik" (və ya Yusuf Ali tərcüməsində "xalça") kimi təsvir olunur. Ərəbcə olan bu söz (məhdən) tamamilə düz və yerə sərilmiş, yayılmış bir şeyi ifadə edir (məsələn, saxlanılmaq üçün " bükülmüş" və ya "yığılmış" bir şeyi deyil).<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume7/00000267.pdf Lane's Lexicon p. 2739 مَهْدًا]</ref>{{Quote\|{{Quran\|20\|53}}\|O (Rəbb) ki, yer üzünü sizin üçün '''beşik etdi''', orada sizin üçün yollar saldı və göydən su endirdi. Onunla da (yerdən) müxtəlif növ bitkilərdən cüt-cüt çıxartdıq.}}Bəzən eyni ərəb sözü Quranda ([https://quran.az/78 78]:6-7) "enli sahə" və ya "düzənlik" kimi tərcümə olunur. Növbəti ayə ilə birlikdə nəzər yetirdikdə, burada Yer kürəsi yayılmış və dağlarla yerə bərkidilmiş bir şey kimi təsvir edilir.{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|78\|6\|7}}\|Biz yer üzünü '''döşəmədikmi'''?! Dağları da dirəklər etmədikmi?!}}Eyni kökdən gələn söz, Quranda (51:48) ayənin sonunda feli sifət formasında istifadə olunur.{{Quote\|{{Quran\|51\|48}}\|Yeri də Biz döşədik. Nə gözəl '''döşəyənlərik''' Biz!}}
	== Həmçinin bax ==		== Həmçinin bax ==
	{{Translation-links-azerbaijani\|1=[[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|İngilis]]}}		{{Translation-links-azerbaijani\|1=[[Scientific Errors in the Quran\|İngilis]]}}

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Asmith — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:05:59 GMT

updating score

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	{{Infobox_Person		{{Infobox_Person
	\| name = Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī		\| name = Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī

Muhammad in the Dasatir-i-Asmani

Asmith — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 05:59:06 GMT

Updating page score

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	The '''Dasātīr-i-Asmani''' is a work of the Zoroastrian school of ''Ešrāqī'' (Illuminationists), founded by Āzar Kayvān (b. between 1529 and 1533; d. between 1609 and 1618).<ref>H. Corbin - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azar-kayvan-priest\|2=2011-09-12}} Āzar Kayvān] - Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition, December 15, 1987</ref> It contains fifteen sections which are said to have been revealed to fifteen successive prophets, and each section except the last concludes with a prophecy about the next prophet.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasatir-i-Asmani&oldid=404240404 Dasatir-i-Asmani] - Wikipedia, accessed September 3, 2011</ref>		The '''Dasātīr-i-Asmani''' is a work of the Zoroastrian school of ''Ešrāqī'' (Illuminationists), founded by Āzar Kayvān (b. between 1529 and 1533; d. between 1609 and 1618).<ref>H. Corbin - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azar-kayvan-priest\|2=2011-09-12}} Āzar Kayvān] - Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition, December 15, 1987</ref> It contains fifteen sections which are said to have been revealed to fifteen successive prophets, and each section except the last concludes with a prophecy about the next prophet.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasatir-i-Asmani&oldid=404240404 Dasatir-i-Asmani] - Wikipedia, accessed September 3, 2011</ref>

Muhammad in the Kalachakra Tantra

Asmith — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 05:56:40 GMT

fixing language and updating score

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	The '''Kālachakra Tantra''' is a 9<sup>th</sup> century Tibetan Buddhist text that contains passages which discuss the religion of [[Islam]] in a negative manner and refer to a man named Madhumati (i.e. Prophet [[Muhammad]]) who would be a "false impostor, wreaking havoc" on the Buddhist world.<ref>H. Hoffman, "Kalacakra Studies. I. Manichaeism, Islam, and Christianity in the Kalacakra Tantra", Central Asiatic Journal, 13, 1969, pp. 52-73.</ref><ref name="David Scott">David Scott, "[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3270172?uid=3738032&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101205016087 Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons]", Numen, Vol. 42, No. 2, (May, 1995), pp. 141-155</ref>		The '''Kālachakra Tantra''' is a 9<sup>th</sup> century Tibetan Buddhist text that contains passages which discuss the religion of [[Islam]] in a negative manner and refer to a man named Madhumati (i.e. the Prophet [[Muhammad]]) who would be a "false impostor, wreaking havoc" on the Buddhist world.<ref>H. Hoffman, "Kalacakra Studies. I. Manichaeism, Islam, and Christianity in the Kalacakra Tantra", Central Asiatic Journal, 13, 1969, pp. 52-73.</ref><ref name="David Scott">David Scott, "[http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3270172?uid=3738032&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101205016087 Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons]", Numen, Vol. 42, No. 2, (May, 1995), pp. 141-155</ref>

	Like the Hindu [[Bhavishya Purana]], it describes Muslims as invading "barbarians" (Skt. ''mleccha'', from two words "Malina" meaning lowly, dirty, filthy, impure, wretched, unchaste, unclean, admixed, adulterated, contaminated, corrupt, immoral, decadent, infected, obscene, tainted and "CCha/CCheetkara" meaning abhorrence, loathing, disgust, abomination, repugnance)<ref>[{{Reference archive\|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleccha\|2=2012-09-08}} Mleccha] - Wikipedia, accessed September 8, 2012</ref> and contains the prophecy of a holy war between the followers of Islam and Buddhism.		Like the Hindu [[Bhavishya Purana]], it describes Muslims as invading "barbarians" (Skt. ''mleccha'', from two words "Malina" meaning lowly, dirty, filthy, impure, wretched, unchaste, unclean, admixed, adulterated, contaminated, corrupt, immoral, decadent, infected, obscene, tainted and "CCha/CCheetkara" meaning abhorrence, loathing, disgust, abomination, repugnance)<ref>[{{Reference archive\|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleccha\|2=2012-09-08}} Mleccha] - Wikipedia, accessed September 8, 2012</ref> and contains the prophecy of a holy war between the followers of Islam and Buddhism.

	It refers to Islam as "mleccha-dharma", the barbarian religion, ~~describing~~ it as a religion of violence ("himsa-dharma") that advocates savage behavior ("raudra-karman"), and characterizes [[Allah]] as a barbarian god, who is a merciless deity of death ("mara-devata"), a god of darkness comparable to Rahu, the demon who devours the sun and the moon.<ref name="John Newman">John Newman, "[{{Reference archive\|1=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8878/2785\|2=2012-09-08}} Islam in the Kālacakra Tantra]", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1998</ref>		It refers to Islam as "mleccha-dharma", the barbarian religion, descri-bing it as a religion of violence ("himsa-dharma") that advocates savage behavior ("raudra-karman"), and characterizes [[Allah]] as a barbarian god, who is a merciless deity of death ("mara-devata"), a god of darkness comparable to Rahu, the demon who devours the sun and the moon.<ref name="John Newman">John Newman, "[{{Reference archive\|1=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8878/2785\|2=2012-09-08}} Islam in the Kālacakra Tantra]", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1998</ref>

	One passage of the Kalachakra states that the powerful, merciless idol of the barbarians, the demonic incarnation (i.e. Muhammad) lives in Mecca.<ref>Shri Kalachakra I. 154</ref> Another reads, "The Chakravartin (i.e. universal ruler) shall come out at the end of the age, from the city the gods fashioned on Mount Kailasa. He shall smite the barbarians in battle with his own four-division army, on the entire surface of the earth."<ref>Shri Kalachakra I. 161</ref>		One passage of the Kalachakra states that the powerful, merciless idol of the barbarians, the demonic incarnation (i.e. Muhammad) lives in Mecca.<ref>Shri Kalachakra I. 154</ref> Another reads, "The Chakravartin (i.e. universal ruler) shall come out at the end of the age, from the city the gods fashioned on Mount Kailasa. He shall smite the barbarians in battle with his own four-division army, on the entire surface of the earth."<ref>Shri Kalachakra I. 161</ref>

Muhammad's Marriages

Asmith — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 05:52:31 GMT

fixing language

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	In addition, Hafsah was one of only four Muslim women in the whole of Medina who knew how to write.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Conquest of the Lands'', cited in [http://english.sahartv.ir/media/pdf/The%20Unschooled%20Prophet.pdf/ Mutahhari, S. A. M. ''The Unschooled Prophet''. Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization.] There were also eleven Muslim men who could write. The other seven names on Baladhuri’s list are of people who did not convert to Islam until after Hafsah had married Muhammad.</ref> If she had wanted (or been permitted, for Umar was famously opposed to this line of work for women) to set herself up as a career woman, she would have been in demand as a clerk.		In addition, Hafsah was one of only four Muslim women in the whole of Medina who knew how to write.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Conquest of the Lands'', cited in [http://english.sahartv.ir/media/pdf/The%20Unschooled%20Prophet.pdf/ Mutahhari, S. A. M. ''The Unschooled Prophet''. Tehran: Islamic Propagation Organization.] There were also eleven Muslim men who could write. The other seven names on Baladhuri’s list are of people who did not convert to Islam until after Hafsah had married Muhammad.</ref> If she had wanted (or been permitted, for Umar was famously opposed to this line of work for women) to set herself up as a career woman, she would have been in demand as a clerk.

	By contrast, Muhammad could not afford to ~~keep~~ his wives. Aisha claimed that they never ate bread for more than three successive days, and sometimes the family did not light a fire for a month on end because they had nothing to cook but lived off dates and water.<ref>{{Muslim\|\|2970c\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970d\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970b\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970e\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2972a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2972c\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2974\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2976a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2976b\|reference}}.</ref> By marrying Muhammad, it then seems, Hafsah was accepting a significant cut in her standard of living. In fact, Umar later warned her never to ask her husband, Muhammad, for money: “If you need something, come and ask me.”<ref>{{Bukhari\|\|\|5191\|darussalam}}.</ref>		By contrast, Muhammad could not afford to support his wives. Aisha claimed that they never ate bread for more than three successive days, and sometimes the family did not light a fire for a month on end because they had nothing to cook but lived off dates and water.<ref>{{Muslim\|\|2970c\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970d\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970b\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2970e\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2972a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2972c\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2974\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2976a\|reference}}; {{Muslim\|\|2976b\|reference}}.</ref> By marrying Muhammad, it then seems, Hafsah was accepting a significant cut in her standard of living. In fact, Umar later warned her never to ask her husband, Muhammad, for money: “If you need something, come and ask me.”<ref>{{Bukhari\|\|\|5191\|darussalam}}.</ref>

	However, Muhammad did not marry Hafsah for her father’s money, for it seems he already had virtually unhampered access to Umar's wealth, since Umar was one of the most willing to spend his wealth "in the way of Allah".<ref>Guillaume/Ibn Ishaq 216.</ref>		However, Muhammad did not marry Hafsah for her father’s money, for it seems he already had virtually unhampered access to Umar's wealth, since Umar was one of the most willing to spend his wealth "in the way of Allah".<ref>Guillaume/Ibn Ishaq 216.</ref>
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	The massacre of the Banu Qurayzah had substantially fattened the Muslim treasury, a large portion of which Muhammad was personally entitled to,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> and he thus would have had no trouble maintaining his family at this point. Although Aisha claims, as noted above, that he failed to be consistent in doing this even hereafter, he would have, at least in theory and per his own law, had the means to support his wives. It is also nearly certain that the Muslim men no longer outnumbered the women, as the acquisition of hundreds of female slaves<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> should have amply redressed the gender imbalance.		The massacre of the Banu Qurayzah had substantially fattened the Muslim treasury, a large portion of which Muhammad was personally entitled to,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> and he thus would have had no trouble maintaining his family at this point. Although Aisha claims, as noted above, that he failed to be consistent in doing this even hereafter, he would have, at least in theory and per his own law, had the means to support his wives. It is also nearly certain that the Muslim men no longer outnumbered the women, as the acquisition of hundreds of female slaves<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq 466.</ref> should have amply redressed the gender imbalance.

	There is therefore at least some justification for the claim that, from 627 onwards, Muhammad was in a position to provide a home for the “excess women” who were unable to marry monogamously. This does not, tho, ~~mean~~ that all the following women were necessarily destitute or suffering.		There is therefore at least some justification for the claim that, from 627 onwards, Muhammad was in a position to provide a home for the “excess women” who were unable to marry monogamously. This does not, tho, necessarily imply

			that all the following women were necessarily destitute or suffering.

	====Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith====		====Juwayriyah bint Al-Harith====
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Prophet [[Muhammad]] taught others to "run away from the leper as one runs away from a lion."<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, '(There is) no 'Adwa (no contagious disease is conveyed without Allah's permission). nor is there any bad omen (from birds), nor is there any Hamah, nor is there any bad omen in the month of Safar, and one should run away from the leper as one runs away from a lion ''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5707\|darussalam}}</ref> He also put an end to two of his relationships with women on account of them being afflicted with leprosy. Amra bint Yazid, whom he divorced in circa 631 before consummating the [[marriage]] when he saw she had symptoms.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref><ref>{{Tabari\|9\|p. 139}}; {{Tabari\|39\|pp. 187-188}}.</ref><ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref> And Jamra bint Al-Harith, whose own father informed Muhammad in circa 631 that she suffered from the disease, whereupon Muhammad broke off the engagement (later chroniclers claim her father lied but arrived home only to find that she really had been afflicted with leprosy).<ref>{{Tabari\|9\|pp. 140-141}}</ref>		The Prophet [[Muhammad]] taught others to "run away from the leper as one runs away from a lion."<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, '(There is) no 'Adwa (no contagious disease is conveyed without Allah's permission). nor is there any bad omen (from birds), nor is there any Hamah, nor is there any bad omen in the month of Safar, and one should run away from the leper as one runs away from a lion ''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5707\|darussalam}}</ref> He also put an end to two of his relationships with women on account of them being afflicted with leprosy. Amra bint Yazid, whom he divorced in circa 631 before consummating the [[marriage]] when he saw she had symptoms.<ref>Ibn Ishaq, cited in Guillaume, A. (1960). ''New Light on the Life of Muhammad'', p. 55. Manchester: Manchester University Press</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham note 918 (here he has apparently confused her with Asma bint Al-Numan).</ref><ref>{{Tabari\|9\|p. 139}}; {{Tabari\|39\|pp. 187-188}}.</ref><ref>Bewley/Saad 8:100-101.</ref> And Jamra bint Al-Harith, whose own father informed Muhammad in circa 631 that she suffered from the disease, whereupon Muhammad broke off the engagement (later chroniclers claim her father lied but arrived home only to find that she really had been afflicted with leprosy).<ref>{{Tabari\|9\|pp. 140-141}}</ref>

	==See Also==		==See Also==

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=1}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=1}}
	Tawaatur (تواتر) is a concept that seeks to classify hadith traditions into more or less reliable categories based on the multiplicity of attestation traditions standing behind them. Tawaatur means "succession" and in the "science" of hadiths (so called due to its Arabic designation, علم الحديث, "'ilm al-hadith", where "'ilm" meaning "knowledge" is also used in Arabic to mean "science" (compare Latin "scienta", "knowledge", source of the English word "science")) it means that there is a lot of isnaads (chains of narrators of an oral tradition). When a hadith has a lot of chains, the hadith is then called "mutawaatir" (متواتر). The mutawaatir hadiths are distinguished from hadiths that are called ahaad (آحاد) which have a "small" number of chains (although ahad literally means "singular" <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%d8%a2%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af</ref>).		Tawaatur (تواتر) is a concept that seeks to classify hadith traditions into more or less reliable categories based on the multiplicity of attestation traditions standing behind them. Tawaatur means "succession" and in the "science" of hadiths (so called due to its Arabic designation, علم الحديث, "'ilm al-hadith", where "'ilm" meaning "knowledge" is also used in Arabic to mean "science" (compare Latin "scienta", "knowledge", source of the English word "science")) it means that there are a lot of isnaads (chains of narrators of an oral tradition). When a hadith has a lot of chains, the hadith is then called "mutawaatir" (متواتر). The mutawaatir hadiths are distinguished from hadiths that are called ahaad (آحاد) which have a "small" number of chains (although ahad literally means "singular" <ref>https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%d8%a2%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af</ref>).

	==The number of chains==		==The number of chains==
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	Modern standards of forensics and oral tradition scholarship would not find this criterion ipso facto convincing. Some possible criticisms:		Modern standards of forensics and oral tradition scholarship would not find this criterion ipso facto convincing. Some possible criticisms:

	*There were thousands of Muslim transmitters available when the hadiths were written; even giving the the most generous assumptions of Muslim honesty, it wouldn't be hard to find 4, 5 or 70+ loose transmitters, liars, or persons willing to affirm a tradition they don't know to be true. Islamic scholars respond by pointing out that hadith scholars did more than just collect isnads, as they also analyzed the reliability of the transmitters. Consequently, it may well be the case that there are descriptions of the prophet that have been correctly transmitted - critical scholars admit that while the general bar of evidence for most hadiths considered authentic cannot be a source of certainty, there may still be some narrations that are reliable. As far as certainty is concerned - that is, ''knowing for a fact that a report is not fabricated or incorrect'' - this degree of certainty remains generally unattainable where empirical evidence is lacking (as a result, where a minted coin is found from the 8th century - determined using scientific methods - we may be relatively sure that this coin was minted at this time in history, but we can't be ''religiously certain'' it was minted by one or another person, and finding written evidence regarding someone's statements may not be sufficient, as there is always a chance that the scribe or report was mistaken, lying, or manipulating facts).		*There were thousands of Muslim transmitters available when the hadiths were written; even giving the the most generous assumptions of Muslim honesty, it wouldn't be hard to find 4, 5 or 70+ loose transmitters, liars, or persons willing to affirm a tradition they don't know to be true. Islamic scholars respond by pointing out that hadith scholars did more than just collect isnads, as they also analyzed the reliability of the transmitters. Consequently, it may well be the case that there are descriptions of the prophet that have been correctly transmitted - critical scholars admit that while the general bar of evidence for most hadiths considered authentic cannot be a source of certainty, there may still be some narrations that are reliable. As far as certainty is concerned - that is, ''knowing for a fact that a report is not fabricated or incorrect'' - this degree of certainty remains generally unattainable where empirical evidence is lacking.
	*Most sahih hadiths are not mutawaatir, but they are accepted anyway (because all people in the chain supposedly always ~~tell~~ the truth), which calls the entire framework into question		*Most sahih hadiths are not mutawaatir, but they are accepted as inherent by Sunni jurisprudents anyway (because all people in the chain supposedly always told the truth), which calls the entire framework into question.

	==False chains==		==False chains==
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	**This shows that a hadith can be mutawaatir even though it has 0 authentic chains, not even partially authentic		**This shows that a hadith can be mutawaatir even though it has 0 authentic chains, not even partially authentic
	*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people who narrate the oral traditions to the person who writes the hadiths make up false chains, the hadith will be called "mutawaatir"		*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people who narrate the oral traditions to the person who writes the hadiths make up false chains, the hadith will be called "mutawaatir"
	*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people who, narrated to the people who narrated to the person who ~~will write~~ the hadiths, made up false chains, the hadith will be called "mutawaatir"		*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people who, narrated to the people who narrated to the person who recorded the hadiths, made up false chains, the hadith will be called "mutawaatir"
	*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people heard an authentic report from Muhammad, but weren't sure what exactly he said and consulted each other and the most confident of them "assured" ~~them~~ that his version is correct (although it wasn't) and then they narrated it to the people etc.. it will be called "mutawaatir"		*If "many" (4, 5... or 70) people heard an authentic report from Muhammad, but weren't sure what exactly he said and consulted each other and the most confident of them "assured" the hadith recorder that his version is correct (although it wasn't) and then they narrated it to the people etc then it will be called "mutawaatir"
	*If 70 honest people heard from other honest people who heard from other honest people.. an authentic report from Muhammad and then they narrated it to the person who ~~will write~~ the hadiths, but they knew only the names of the people who told them and didn't know the names of the people who told to the people who told them, then the hadith is unreliable.		*If 70 honest people heard from other honest people who heard from other honest people etc an authentic report from Muhammad and then they narrated it to the person who wrote the hadiths down, but they knew only the names of the people who told them and didn't know the names of the people who told to the people who told them, then the hadith is unreliable.

	==Tawatur in transmission of the Quran==		==Tawatur in transmission of the Quran==
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	*Nafi‘ al-Madani - a famous rawi Warsh transmitted from him		*Nafi‘ al-Madani - a famous rawi Warsh transmitted from him

	And for every qari, there are two rawi's which also often differ, even though they had the same teacher. The most popular version of the Arabic Quran today is the version of Hafs, who was one of the students of Aasim. Since other versions of the Quran differ from Hafs' version, the most popular version of the Quran is ahad. And even if all 10 ~~qari~~ had exactly the same text of the Quran, according to some scholars mutawaatir requires 70 chains, so 60 chains would be missing.		And for every qari, there are two rawi's which also often differ, even though they had the same teacher. The most popular version of the Arabic Quran today is the version of Hafs, who was one of the students of Aasim. Since other versions of the Quran differ from Hafs' version, the most popular version of the Quran is ahad. And even if all 10 qaris had exactly the same text of the Quran, according to some scholars mutawaatir requires 70 chains, so 60 chains would be missing.

	On top of this, modern scholarship has uncovered variants such as the Sana'a palimpset which preserve readings not found in any of the qira'aat, further making it impossible to make the claim of being mutawattir of the text of the Quran.		On top of this, modern scholarship has uncovered variants such as the Sana'a palimpset which preserve readings not found in any of the qira'aat, further making it impossible to make the claim of being mutawattir of the text of the Quran.