Black Stone - Revision history

Asmith at 02:55, 20 February 2026

2026-02-20T02:55:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:55, 20 February 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=4\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=4}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=4\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=4}}
	[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.		[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.

Lightyears at 21:47, 11 November 2025

2025-11-11T21:47:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:47, 11 November 2025
Line 65:		Line 65:
	{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|\|\|1597\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|1587\|darussalam}} and {{Muslim\|\|1270a\|reference}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}		{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|\|\|1597\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|1587\|darussalam}} and {{Muslim\|\|1270a\|reference}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|\|1271a\|reference}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}		{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|\|1271a\|reference}} and {{Muslim\|\|1271b\|reference}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}

	==External Links==		==External Links==

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-11T21:47:11Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:47, 11 November 2025
Line 63:		Line 63:
	{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}		{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|2\|26\|~~667~~}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|2\|26\|~~657~~}} and {{Muslim\|7\|~~2912~~}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}		{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|\|\|1597\|darussalam}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|\|\|1587\|darussalam}} and {{Muslim\|\|1270a\|reference}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|7\|~~2916~~}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}		{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|\|1271a\|reference}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}

	==External Links==		==External Links==

Lightyears at 00:17, 15 June 2023

2023-06-15T00:17:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:17, 15 June 2023
Line 14:		Line 14:
	According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], one of the earliest biographers of Muhammad, the Black Stone was important to the Arabian polytheists prior to Muhammad's prophethood. In a famous tale from the [[sira]], Muhammad was requested by the Quraysh to help mediate on how the Black Stone was to be restored to the Ka'bah as it was being reconstructed.		According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], one of the earliest biographers of Muhammad, the Black Stone was important to the Arabian polytheists prior to Muhammad's prophethood. In a famous tale from the [[sira]], Muhammad was requested by the Quraysh to help mediate on how the Black Stone was to be restored to the Ka'bah as it was being reconstructed.

	{{Quote\|1=Tafsir of ibn Kathir on Surat al-Baqarah (Surah 2) Ayah (verse) 126\|2=قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْقَبَائِلَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ جَمَعت الْحِجَارَةَ لِبِنَائِهَا، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تَجْمَعُ عَلَى حِدَةٍ، ثُمَّ بَنَوْهَا، حَتَّى بَلَغَ الْبُنْيَانُ مَوْضِعَ الرُّكْنِ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ -فَاخْتَصَمُوا فِيهِ، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَرْفَعَهُ إِلَى مَوْضِعِهِ دُونَ الْأُخْرَى، حَتَّى تَحَاوَرُوا وَتَخَالَفُوا، وَأَعَدُّوا لِلْقِتَالِ. فَقَرَّبَتْ بَنُو عَبْدِ الدَّارِ جَفْنَةً مَمْلُوءَةً دَمًا، ثُمَّ تَعَاقَدُوا هُمْ وَبَنُو عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، وَأَدْخَلُوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ الدَّمِ فِي تِلْكَ الْجَفْنَةِ، فَسُمُّوا: لعَقَة الدَّمِ. فَمَكَثَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَ لَيَالٍ أَوْ خَمْسًا. ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمُ اجْتَمَعُوا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ فَتَشَاوَرُوا وَتَنَاصَفُوا.		{{Quote\|1=Tafsir of ibn Kathir on Surat al-Baqarah (Surah 2) Ayah (verse) 126<BR />See alternatively {{citation\|page=86\|trans_title=The Life of Muhammad\|title=Sirat Rasul Allah\|author1=Ibn Ishaq\|author2=Ibn Hisham\|editor=A. Guillaume\|year=1955\|publisher=Oxford UP\|ISBN=0196360331\|location=Karachi\|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n65/mode/2up}}\|2=قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْقَبَائِلَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ جَمَعت الْحِجَارَةَ لِبِنَائِهَا، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تَجْمَعُ عَلَى حِدَةٍ، ثُمَّ بَنَوْهَا، حَتَّى بَلَغَ الْبُنْيَانُ مَوْضِعَ الرُّكْنِ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ -فَاخْتَصَمُوا فِيهِ، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَرْفَعَهُ إِلَى مَوْضِعِهِ دُونَ الْأُخْرَى، حَتَّى تَحَاوَرُوا وَتَخَالَفُوا، وَأَعَدُّوا لِلْقِتَالِ. فَقَرَّبَتْ بَنُو عَبْدِ الدَّارِ جَفْنَةً مَمْلُوءَةً دَمًا، ثُمَّ تَعَاقَدُوا هُمْ وَبَنُو عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، وَأَدْخَلُوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ الدَّمِ فِي تِلْكَ الْجَفْنَةِ، فَسُمُّوا: لعَقَة الدَّمِ. فَمَكَثَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَ لَيَالٍ أَوْ خَمْسًا. ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمُ اجْتَمَعُوا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ فَتَشَاوَرُوا وَتَنَاصَفُوا.
	فَزَعَمَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الرِّوَايَةِ: أَنَّ أَبَا أُمِّيَّةَ بْنَ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَر بْنِ مَخْزُومٍ -وكان عامئذ أسن قُرَيْشٍ كُلِّهِمْ -قَالَ(١١٠) : يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ، اجْعَلُوا بَيْنَكُمْ فِيمَا تَخْتَلِفُونَ فِيهِ أَوَّلَ مَنْ يَدْخُلُ مِنْ بَابِ هَذَا الْمَسْجِدِ، يَقْضِي بَيْنَكُمْ، فِيهِ. فَفَعَلُوا، فَكَانَ أَوَّلُ دَاخِلٍ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَلَمَّا رَأَوْهُ قَالُوا: هَذَا الْأَمِينُ رَضِينَا، هَذَا مُحَمَّدٌ، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِمْ وَأَخْبَرُوهُ الْخَبَرَ، قَالَ [رَسُولُ اللَّهِ](١١١) ﷺ: "هَلُمَّ إليَّ ثَوْبًا" فَأُتِي بِهِ، فَأَخَذَ الرُّكْنَ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ-فَوَضَعَهُ فِيهِ بِيَدِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: "لِتَأْخُذْ كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ بِنَاحِيَةٍ مِنَ الثَّوْبِ"، ثُمَّ [قَالَ](١١٢) : "ارْفَعُوهُ جَمِيعًا". فَفَعَلُوا، حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُوا بِهِ مَوْضِعَهُ، وَضَعَهُ هُوَ بِيَدِهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ بَنَى عَلَيْهِ.		فَزَعَمَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الرِّوَايَةِ: أَنَّ أَبَا أُمِّيَّةَ بْنَ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَر بْنِ مَخْزُومٍ -وكان عامئذ أسن قُرَيْشٍ كُلِّهِمْ -قَالَ(١١٠) : يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ، اجْعَلُوا بَيْنَكُمْ فِيمَا تَخْتَلِفُونَ فِيهِ أَوَّلَ مَنْ يَدْخُلُ مِنْ بَابِ هَذَا الْمَسْجِدِ، يَقْضِي بَيْنَكُمْ، فِيهِ. فَفَعَلُوا، فَكَانَ أَوَّلُ دَاخِلٍ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَلَمَّا رَأَوْهُ قَالُوا: هَذَا الْأَمِينُ رَضِينَا، هَذَا مُحَمَّدٌ، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِمْ وَأَخْبَرُوهُ الْخَبَرَ، قَالَ [رَسُولُ اللَّهِ](١١١) ﷺ: "هَلُمَّ إليَّ ثَوْبًا" فَأُتِي بِهِ، فَأَخَذَ الرُّكْنَ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ-فَوَضَعَهُ فِيهِ بِيَدِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: "لِتَأْخُذْ كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ بِنَاحِيَةٍ مِنَ الثَّوْبِ"، ثُمَّ [قَالَ](١١٢) : "ارْفَعُوهُ جَمِيعًا". فَفَعَلُوا، حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُوا بِهِ مَوْضِعَهُ، وَضَعَهُ هُوَ بِيَدِهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ بَنَى عَلَيْهِ.
	وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ تُسَمِّي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ الْوَحْيُ: الْأَمِينُ.		وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ تُسَمِّي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ الْوَحْيُ: الْأَمِينُ.

Asmith at 01:19, 29 January 2023

2023-01-29T01:19:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:19, 29 January 2023
Line 80:		Line 80:
	[[Category:Heaven]]		[[Category:Heaven]]
	[[Category:Sirah]]		[[Category:Sirah]]
			[[ar:الحجر_الأسود]]

Vixen: /* Hadith */

2022-03-05T22:11:09Z

Hadith

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:11, 5 March 2022
Line 63:		Line 63:
	{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}		{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|2\|26\|667}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|2\|26\|657}} and {{Muslim\|7\|2912~~-2915~~}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}		{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|2\|26\|667}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|2\|26\|657}} and {{Muslim\|7\|2912}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|7\|2916}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}		{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|7\|2916}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}

Asmith: /* As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs */

2022-03-05T05:53:41Z

As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:53, 5 March 2022
Line 14:		Line 14:
	According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], one of the earliest biographers of Muhammad, the Black Stone was important to the Arabian polytheists prior to Muhammad's prophethood. In a famous tale from the [[sira]], Muhammad was requested by the Quraysh to help mediate on how the Black Stone was to be restored to the Ka'bah as it was being reconstructed.		According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], one of the earliest biographers of Muhammad, the Black Stone was important to the Arabian polytheists prior to Muhammad's prophethood. In a famous tale from the [[sira]], Muhammad was requested by the Quraysh to help mediate on how the Black Stone was to be restored to the Ka'bah as it was being reconstructed.

	{{Quote\|1=[~~http~~:~~//www~~.~~tafsir~~.~~com/default~~.~~asp?sid=2&tid=3608 The Dispute regarding Who should place the Black Stone in Its Place]<BR>Tafsir Ibn Kathir\|2=~~Ibn Ishaq said, "The tribes of Quraysh collected stones to rebuild the House, each tribe collecting on their own. They started rebuilding it, until the rebuilding of the Ka`bah reached the point where the Black Stone was to be placed in its designated site. A dispute erupted between the various tribes of Quraysh, each seeking the honor of placing the Black Stone for their own tribe. The dispute almost led to violence between the leaders of Quraysh in the area of the Sacred House. Banu `Abd Ad-Dar and Banu `Adi bin Ka`b bin Lu'ay, gave their mutual pledge to fight until death. However, five or four days later, Abu Umayyah bin Al-Mughirah bin `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Makhzum, the oldest man from Quraysh then intervened at the right moment. Abu Umayyah suggested that Quraysh should appoint the first man to enter the House from its entrance to be a mediator between them. They agreed.		{{Quote\|1=Tafsir of ibn Kathir on Surat al-Baqarah (Surah 2) Ayah (verse) 126\|2=قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْقَبَائِلَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ جَمَعت الْحِجَارَةَ لِبِنَائِهَا، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تَجْمَعُ عَلَى حِدَةٍ، ثُمَّ بَنَوْهَا، حَتَّى بَلَغَ الْبُنْيَانُ مَوْضِعَ الرُّكْنِ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ -فَاخْتَصَمُوا فِيهِ، كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَرْفَعَهُ إِلَى مَوْضِعِهِ دُونَ الْأُخْرَى، حَتَّى تَحَاوَرُوا وَتَخَالَفُوا، وَأَعَدُّوا لِلْقِتَالِ. فَقَرَّبَتْ بَنُو عَبْدِ الدَّارِ جَفْنَةً مَمْلُوءَةً دَمًا، ثُمَّ تَعَاقَدُوا هُمْ وَبَنُو عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، وَأَدْخَلُوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ الدَّمِ فِي تِلْكَ الْجَفْنَةِ، فَسُمُّوا: لعَقَة الدَّمِ. فَمَكَثَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَ لَيَالٍ أَوْ خَمْسًا. ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمُ اجْتَمَعُوا فِي الْمَسْجِدِ فَتَشَاوَرُوا وَتَنَاصَفُوا.
			فَزَعَمَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الرِّوَايَةِ: أَنَّ أَبَا أُمِّيَّةَ بْنَ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَر بْنِ مَخْزُومٍ -وكان عامئذ أسن قُرَيْشٍ كُلِّهِمْ -قَالَ(١١٠) : يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ، اجْعَلُوا بَيْنَكُمْ فِيمَا تَخْتَلِفُونَ فِيهِ أَوَّلَ مَنْ يَدْخُلُ مِنْ بَابِ هَذَا الْمَسْجِدِ، يَقْضِي بَيْنَكُمْ، فِيهِ. فَفَعَلُوا، فَكَانَ أَوَّلُ دَاخِلٍ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَلَمَّا رَأَوْهُ قَالُوا: هَذَا الْأَمِينُ رَضِينَا، هَذَا مُحَمَّدٌ، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِمْ وَأَخْبَرُوهُ الْخَبَرَ، قَالَ [رَسُولُ اللَّهِ](١١١) ﷺ: "هَلُمَّ إليَّ ثَوْبًا" فَأُتِي بِهِ، فَأَخَذَ الرُّكْنَ -يَعْنِي الْحَجَرَ الْأَسْوَدَ-فَوَضَعَهُ فِيهِ بِيَدِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: "لِتَأْخُذْ كُلُّ قَبِيلَةٍ بِنَاحِيَةٍ مِنَ الثَّوْبِ"، ثُمَّ [قَالَ](١١٢) : "ارْفَعُوهُ جَمِيعًا". فَفَعَلُوا، حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغُوا بِهِ مَوْضِعَهُ، وَضَعَهُ هُوَ بِيَدِهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ بَنَى عَلَيْهِ.
			وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ تُسَمِّي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَنْزِلَ عَلَيْهِ الْوَحْيُ: الْأَمِينُ.

			Ibn Ishaq said, "The tribes of Quraysh collected stones to rebuild the House, each tribe collecting on their own. They started rebuilding it, until the rebuilding of the Ka`bah reached the point where the Black Stone was to be placed in its designated site. A dispute erupted between the various tribes of Quraysh, each seeking the honor of placing the Black Stone for their own tribe. The dispute almost led to violence between the leaders of Quraysh in the area of the Sacred House. Banu `Abd Ad-Dar and Banu `Adi bin Ka`b bin Lu'ay, gave their mutual pledge to fight until death. However, five or four days later, Abu Umayyah bin Al-Mughirah bin `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Makhzum, the oldest man from Quraysh then intervened at the right moment. Abu Umayyah suggested that Quraysh should appoint the first man to enter the House from its entrance to be a mediator between them. They agreed.

	The Messenger - Muhammad - was the first person to enter the House. When the various leaders of Quraysh realized who the first one was, they all proclaimed, `This is Al-Amin (the Honest one). We all accept him; This is Muhammad.' When the Prophet reached the area where the leaders were gathering and they informed him about their dispute, he asked them to bring a garment and place it on the ground. He placed the Black Stone on it. He then requested that each of the leaders of Quraysh hold the garment from one side and all participate in lifting the Black Stone, moving it to its designated area. Next, the Prophet carried the Black Stone by himself and placed it in its designated position and built around it. The Quraysh used to call the Messenger of Allah `Al-Amin' even before the revelation came to him."}}		The Messenger - Muhammad - was the first person to enter the House. When the various leaders of Quraysh realized who the first one was, they all proclaimed, `This is Al-Amin (the Honest one). We all accept him; This is Muhammad.' When the Prophet reached the area where the leaders were gathering and they informed him about their dispute, he asked them to bring a garment and place it on the ground. He placed the Black Stone on it. He then requested that each of the leaders of Quraysh hold the garment from one side and all participate in lifting the Black Stone, moving it to its designated area. Next, the Prophet carried the Black Stone by himself and placed it in its designated position and built around it. The Quraysh used to call the Messenger of Allah `Al-Amin' even before the revelation came to him."}}

Ngrewal: Grammar and spellings

2022-02-04T13:01:38Z

Grammar and spellings

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 4 February 2022
Line 2:		Line 2:
	[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.		[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.

	During the ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrimage, while circumambulating the Ka'bah (''tawaf''), Muslims are instructed by scripture to kiss, touch, or ~~are~~ least point to the black stone if possible in order to secure blessings. In addition to the wear from this practice by hundreds of ~~million~~, the Black Stone has been victim to the structural fate of the Ka'bah, which, throughout history, ~~was~~ been demolished, bombarded, and reconstructed several times. At one point, the Black Stone was struck by a stone launched from a catapult and smashed to pieces.<ref>Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi; Hilmi Aydın(2004) - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=9781932099720 The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul] - Tughra Books, ISBN 9781932099720</ref> On other occasions, the Black Stone is reported to have been defiled with excrement, robbed by the Qarmatians, and otherwise deliberately abused.<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1856) - [http://www.archive.org/details/personalnarrati03burtgoog Personal narrative of a pilgrimage to El-Madinah and Meccah] - G. P. Putnam & Co., p. 394</ref><ref>Francis E. Peters (1994) - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=9780691032672 Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land] - Princeton University Press, pp. 125–126, ISBN 9780691032672</ref><ref>Cyril Glasse - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=0759101906 New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam (p. 245)] - Rowman Altamira, 2001, ISBN 0759101906</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68328/Black-Stone-of-Mecca Black Stone of Mecca] - Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007</ref>		During the ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrimage, while circumambulating the Ka'bah (''tawaf''), Muslims are instructed by scripture to kiss, touch, or at least point to the black stone if possible in order to secure blessings. In addition to the wear from this practice by hundreds of millions of pilgrims, the Black Stone has been victim to the structural fate of the Ka'bah, which, throughout history, has been demolished, bombarded and reconstructed several times. At one point, the Black Stone was struck by a stone launched from a catapult and smashed to pieces.<ref>Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi; Hilmi Aydın(2004) - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=9781932099720 The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul] - Tughra Books, ISBN 9781932099720</ref> On other occasions, the Black Stone is reported to have been defiled with excrement, robbed by the Qarmatians, and otherwise deliberately abused.<ref>Burton, Richard Francis (1856) - [http://www.archive.org/details/personalnarrati03burtgoog Personal narrative of a pilgrimage to El-Madinah and Meccah] - G. P. Putnam & Co., p. 394</ref><ref>Francis E. Peters (1994) - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=9780691032672 Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land] - Princeton University Press, pp. 125–126, ISBN 9780691032672</ref><ref>Cyril Glasse - [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/books/product.aspx?isbn=0759101906 New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam (p. 245)] - Rowman Altamira, 2001, ISBN 0759101906</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/68328/Black-Stone-of-Mecca Black Stone of Mecca] - Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007</ref>

	Beyond the assertions of the Saudi government, the continued existence of the original Black Stone, its origins, and the historicity of whatever is currently contained in the silver protrusion on the side of the Ka'bah have not been independently verified.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Meteorite/oiTNCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68&printsec=frontcover\|title=Meteorite: Nature and Culture\|publisher=Reaktion Books\|year=2015\|author=Maria Golia\|isbn=978-1780235479}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Natural Museum of History in the United Kingdom has suggested the stone is likely a pseudometeorite, or a terrestrial rock mistaken for a meteorite, that was first sacralized by the pagan Arabs.<ref>{{Citation\|author1=Monica M. Grady\|author2=A.L. Graham\|title=Catalogue of meteorites: with special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2000\|page=263\|isbn=978-0-521-66303-8}}</ref> There is likewise no historical evidence to suggest Ibrahim and Isma'il were responsible for the construction of the Ka'bah or, therefore, the original placement of the Black Stone.		Beyond the assertions of the Saudi government, the continued existence of the original Black Stone, its origins, and the historicity of whatever is currently remains contained in the silver protrusion on the side of the Ka'bah have not been independently verified.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Meteorite/oiTNCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68&printsec=frontcover\|title=Meteorite: Nature and Culture\|publisher=Reaktion Books\|year=2015\|author=Maria Golia\|isbn=978-1780235479}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Natural Museum of History in the United Kingdom has suggested that the stone is likely a pseudometeorite, or a terrestrial rock mistaken for a meteorite, that was first sacralized by the pagan Arabs.<ref>{{Citation\|author1=Monica M. Grady\|author2=A.L. Graham\|title=Catalogue of meteorites: with special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2000\|page=263\|isbn=978-0-521-66303-8}}</ref> There is likewise no historical evidence to suggest that Ibrahim and Isma'il were responsible for the construction of the Ka'bah or, therefore, the original placement of the Black Stone.
	==As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs==		==As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs==
	Most historians consider the Black Stone to be an Arabian baetyl from pre-Islamic times. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines "baetyl" as "In Greek religion, a sacred stone or pillar. The word ''baetylus'' is of Semitic origin (-bethel). Numerous holy, or fetish, stones existed in antiquity, generally attached to the cult of some particular god and looked upon as his abiding place or symbol.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48659/baetylus Baetylus]		Most historians consider the Black Stone to be an Arabian baetyl from pre-Islamic times. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines 'baetyl' as "In Greek religion, a sacred stone or pillar. The word ''baetylus'' is of Semitic origin (-bethel). Numerous holy, or fetish, stones existed in antiquity, generally attached to the cult of some particular god and looked upon as his abiding place or symbol".<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48659/baetylus Baetylus]

	Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009</ref> The Encyclopedia continues:		Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009</ref> The Encyclopedia continues:

IbnPinker at 21:56, 1 June 2021

2021-06-01T21:56:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:56, 1 June 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=2\|Content=3\|Language=2\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=4\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=4}}
	[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.		[[File:Blackstone.jpg\|thumb\|"''Its softness and moisture were such that the sinner would never remove his mouth from it, which phenomenon made the Prophet declare it to be the covenant of Allah on earth.''" - Ibn Jubayr\|alt=\|296x296px]]The '''Black Stone''' (ٱلْحَجَرُ ٱلْأَسْوَد‎, ''al-Hajr al-Aswad'') is a rock that was embedded into the east-facing corner of the [[Ka'bah]], which is located in [[Mecca]] and is the "house of God" towards which Muslims pray five times a day. According to historians, the Black Stone was one of many baetyls employed to [[Pagan Architecture and Art in Islamic Law\|idolatrous]] ends by [[Pagan Origins of Islam\|pre-Islamic Arab pagans]], who used the Ka'bah as a pagan shrine in which were housed some 360 idols. The hadith tradition agrees that the stone was already part of the Ka'bah before [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah\|Muhammad]] was born during the time of the pagan Arabs. The hadith tradition, however, asserts that the stone descended from heaven along with Adam and Eve and was incorporated into the structure of the Ka'bah when it was supposedly built by the prophet [[Ibrahim (Abraham)\|Ibrahim]] and his son [[Isma'il]].<ref>Sheikh Ahmad Kutty - [http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503543250 The Black Stone: History & Significance] - Islam Online, January 8, 2003</ref> Muhammad was said to have reset the stone into the Ka'bah when the Ka'bah had been destroyed and rebuilt by the Meccans prior to Muhammad's proclamation of prophethood.

Line 6:		Line 6:
	Beyond the assertions of the Saudi government, the continued existence of the original Black Stone, its origins, and the historicity of whatever is currently contained in the silver protrusion on the side of the Ka'bah have not been independently verified.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Meteorite/oiTNCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68&printsec=frontcover\|title=Meteorite: Nature and Culture\|publisher=Reaktion Books\|year=2015\|author=Maria Golia\|isbn=978-1780235479}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Natural Museum of History in the United Kingdom has suggested the stone is likely a pseudometeorite, or a terrestrial rock mistaken for a meteorite, that was first sacralized by the pagan Arabs.<ref>{{Citation\|author1=Monica M. Grady\|author2=A.L. Graham\|title=Catalogue of meteorites: with special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2000\|page=263\|isbn=978-0-521-66303-8}}</ref> There is likewise no historical evidence to suggest Ibrahim and Isma'il were responsible for the construction of the Ka'bah or, therefore, the original placement of the Black Stone.		Beyond the assertions of the Saudi government, the continued existence of the original Black Stone, its origins, and the historicity of whatever is currently contained in the silver protrusion on the side of the Ka'bah have not been independently verified.<ref>{{Citation\|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Meteorite/oiTNCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Wabar+meteorite+craters+black+stone&pg=PT68&printsec=frontcover\|title=Meteorite: Nature and Culture\|publisher=Reaktion Books\|year=2015\|author=Maria Golia\|isbn=978-1780235479}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Natural Museum of History in the United Kingdom has suggested the stone is likely a pseudometeorite, or a terrestrial rock mistaken for a meteorite, that was first sacralized by the pagan Arabs.<ref>{{Citation\|author1=Monica M. Grady\|author2=A.L. Graham\|title=Catalogue of meteorites: with special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2000\|page=263\|isbn=978-0-521-66303-8}}</ref> There is likewise no historical evidence to suggest Ibrahim and Isma'il were responsible for the construction of the Ka'bah or, therefore, the original placement of the Black Stone.
	==As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs==		==As a baetyl of the pagan Arabs==
	Most historians consider the Black Stone to be an Arabian baetyl from pre-Islamic times. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines "baetyl" as "In Greek religion, a sacred stone or pillar. The word baetylus is of Semitic origin (-bethel). Numerous holy, or fetish, stones existed in antiquity, generally attached to the cult of some particular god and looked upon as his abiding place or symbol.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48659/baetylus Baetylus]		Most historians consider the Black Stone to be an Arabian baetyl from pre-Islamic times. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines "baetyl" as "In Greek religion, a sacred stone or pillar. The word ''baetylus'' is of Semitic origin (-bethel). Numerous holy, or fetish, stones existed in antiquity, generally attached to the cult of some particular god and looked upon as his abiding place or symbol.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48659/baetylus Baetylus]

	Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009</ref> The Encyclopedia continues:		Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009</ref> The Encyclopedia continues:
Line 33:		Line 33:
	Elagabalus was generally considered to have been an exceptionally perverted ruler. He was reported to have prostituted himself in the imperial palace and had numerous wives and husbands at the same time. He was widely known as an unapologetic masochist, allowing everyone to beat him. Many of Elagabalus's attributed his debauchery and lack of decorum to what they considered to be the corrupting influence of the cult of the deity Eloh.		Elagabalus was generally considered to have been an exceptionally perverted ruler. He was reported to have prostituted himself in the imperial palace and had numerous wives and husbands at the same time. He was widely known as an unapologetic masochist, allowing everyone to beat him. Many of Elagabalus's attributed his debauchery and lack of decorum to what they considered to be the corrupting influence of the cult of the deity Eloh.

	The young emperor brought his famous Black Stone to Rome. He wanted to make the worship of Eloh either supreme or the only religion of the Roman Empire. This caused uproar among Romans. Every year in summer a ~~bizarre~~ procession was ~~talking place~~. The Black Stone was placed on a chariot with reins ~~stick~~ to it (suggesting that the god himself was coaching). The emperor ~~was walking~~ afoot near the chariot. Senators, notable citizens, parade of soldiers, musicians and exotic animals followed.		The young emperor brought his famous Black Stone to Rome. He wanted to make the worship of Eloh either supreme or the only religion of the Roman Empire. This caused uproar among Romans. Every year in summer a procession foreign and unknown to locals was held. The Black Stone was placed on a chariot with reins attached to it (suggesting that the god himself was coaching). The emperor would walk afoot near the chariot. Senators, notable citizens, parade of soldiers, musicians and exotic animals followed.

	After four years of ~~insane~~ rule, Elogabalus was murdered by soldiers. His body was thrown to river Tiber. <ref>Poczet Cesarzy Rzymskich (In English: Roman Emperors), by Aleksander Krawczuk</ref>		After four years of rule which disturbed many Romans, Elogabalus was murdered by soldiers. His body was thrown to river Tiber. <ref>Poczet Cesarzy Rzymskich (In English: Roman Emperors), by Aleksander Krawczuk</ref>
	<center>		<center>
	<gallery>		<gallery>

IbnPinker at 21:13, 1 June 2021

2021-06-01T21:13:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:13, 1 June 2021
Line 24:		Line 24:
	{{Quote\|1=Gustave Edmund Von Grunebaum's ''Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.'' (pg 24)\|2=Ghaiman had a red stone and the Ka'ba of al-'Abalat (near Tabala) had a white stone.}}		{{Quote\|1=Gustave Edmund Von Grunebaum's ''Classical Islam: A History, 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.'' (pg 24)\|2=Ghaiman had a red stone and the Ka'ba of al-'Abalat (near Tabala) had a white stone.}}

	==~~God Eloh and his~~ Black Stone==		==The Black Stone of Eloh==
	Ancient writers Herodian and Cassius Dio mention a temple in Syrian city of Emesa (~~nowadays~~ known as Hims or Homs). ~~Why was this temple special and particularly interesting for us?~~ A local Semitic god named ''Eloh'' (meaning Lord) was worshipped there. He was ~~better~~ known to Romans and Greeks as Heliogabalus, a ~~corruption~~ of Eloh Gabal (Lord of Mountain, one of Eloh’s titles). Eloh was associated with sun and thus identified with Roman god Sol and Greek Helios.		Ancient writers Herodian and Cassius Dio mention a temple in Syrian city of Emesa (today known as Hims or Homs). A local Semitic god named ''Eloh'' (meaning Lord) was worshipped there. He was known to Romans and Greeks as Heliogabalus, a corrupted garbling of ''Eloh Gabal'' (Lord of Mountain, one of Eloh’s titles). Eloh was associated with sun and thus identified with Roman god Sol and Greek Helios.

	In the temple one of the holiest relics of antiquity, the Black Stone, was kept. It was believed to come from outside earth (possibly a meteorite) and to be a manifestation of Eloh himself. Faithful from the entire Roman orient ~~were flocking for a~~ pilgrimage ~~there~~. They ~~were bringing~~ valuable gifts and offerings. The followers of Eloh ~~had to obey~~ ritualistic rules. For ~~example~~ they ~~had~~ to be circumcised and were not allowed to eat pork.		In the temple one of the holiest relics of antiquity, the Black Stone, was kept. It was believed to come from outside earth (possibly a meteorite) and to be a manifestation of Eloh himself. Faithful from the entire Roman orient made pilgrimage to the stone. They brought valuable gifts and offerings. The followers of Eloh obeyed ritualistic rules. For instance, they were required to be circumcised and were not allowed to eat pork.

	This cult would ~~probably be~~ forgotten ~~among thousands of others if~~ not a dramatic ~~twist of its fortune~~. In 218 a young priest of that temple and a Roman citizen Varius Avitus Bassus was prompted by his power-hungry family ~~and usurped~~ the throne of Rome by claiming to be an illegitimate son of murdered emperor Caracalla (ruled 211-217). He ruled for ~~just~~ four years and is remembered ~~mostly~~ by his ~~nickname –~~ name of his ~~god – Elagabalus~~.		This cult was one of many thousands in the ancient Mediterranean and would likely have been forgotten were it not for a certain dramatic and favorable occurrence. In 218 AD, a young priest of that temple and a Roman citizen--Varius Avitus Bassus--was prompted by his power-hungry family to usurp the throne of Rome by claiming to be an illegitimate son of the murdered emperor Caracalla (who ruled 211-217). Successful in his usurpation, Varius Avitus Bassus ruled for four years and was thereafter remembered by his nickname–also the name of his god–Elagabalus.

	Elagabalus was a perverted ruler. He was reported to have prostituted himself in the imperial palace~~. He~~ had numerous wives and husbands at the same time. He was known ~~to be a~~ masochist ~~and allowed~~ everyone to beat him. ~~The young man was obsessed with sex, but~~ his ~~contemporaries were~~ of the ~~view that it was his~~ cult of Eloh ~~that depraved him~~.		Elagabalus was generally considered to have been an exceptionally perverted ruler. He was reported to have prostituted himself in the imperial palace and had numerous wives and husbands at the same time. He was widely known as an unapologetic masochist, allowing everyone to beat him. Many of Elagabalus's attributed his debauchery and lack of decorum to what they considered to be the corrupting influence of the cult of the deity Eloh.

	The young emperor brought his famous Black Stone to Rome. He wanted to make the worship of Eloh either supreme or the only religion of the Roman Empire. This caused uproar among Romans. Every year in summer a bizarre procession was talking place. The Black Stone was placed on a chariot with reins stick to it (suggesting that the god himself was coaching). The emperor was walking afoot near the chariot. Senators, notable citizens, parade of soldiers, musicians and exotic animals followed.		The young emperor brought his famous Black Stone to Rome. He wanted to make the worship of Eloh either supreme or the only religion of the Roman Empire. This caused uproar among Romans. Every year in summer a bizarre procession was talking place. The Black Stone was placed on a chariot with reins stick to it (suggesting that the god himself was coaching). The emperor was walking afoot near the chariot. Senators, notable citizens, parade of soldiers, musicians and exotic animals followed.

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:11, 5 March 2022
Line 63:		Line 63:
	{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}		{{Quote\|1=[http://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e54.html Problematic hadiths and various questions]<BR>Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad, Living Islam, April 11, 2000\|2='''"The Black Stone is the right hand of Allah Most High."''' Ibn Qutayba in Ta' wil Mukhtalif al-Hadith (1972 ed. p. 215=1995 ed. p. 198, 262) said that it was a saying of Ibn 'Abbas and relates a saying of 'A'isha that '''the Black Stone is the depository of the covenant of human souls with Allah on the Day of Promise''' (alastu bi rabbikum). He interprets the Black Stone as representing the place where one declares one's pledge of fidelity to the Sovereign. Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (1959 ed. 3:463 #1520) cites al-Khattabi's and al-Muhibb al-Tabari's similar interpretations. Al-Qurtubi said in al-Asna fi Sharh Asma' Allah al-Husna (2:90-91): "It means that '''the Black Stone has the standing (manzila) of the Right Hand of Allah.''' metaphorically speaking."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|2\|26\|667}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|2\|26\|657}} and {{Muslim\|7\|2912~~-2915~~}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}		{{Quote\|1={{Bukhari\|2\|26\|667}}, See also: {{Bukhari\|2\|26\|657}} and {{Muslim\|7\|2912}}\|2=Narrated 'Abis bin Rabia: 'Umar came near the Black Stone and kissed it and said "No doubt, I know that you are a stone and can neither benefit anyone nor harm anyone. Had I not seen Allah's Apostle kissing you I would not have kissed you."}}

	{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|7\|2916}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}		{{Quote\|1={{Muslim\|7\|2916}}\|2=Suwaid b. Ghafala reported: I saw Umar (Allah be pleased with him) kissing the Stone and clinging to it and saying: I saw Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) having great love for you. This hadith has been narrated on the authority of Sufyin with the same chain of transmitters (and the words are):" That he ('Umar) said: But I saw Abu'l-Qasim (way peace be upon him) having great love for you." And he did not mention about clinging to it.}}