Farewell Sermon - Revision history

Lightyears at 21:58, 20 March 2026

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	</ref>.		</ref>.

	2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith tradition ~~clarifiea~~ this.		2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith tradition clarified this.

	3-The sermon in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim is part of a long report by Jābir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.		3-The sermon in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim is part of a long report by Jābir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.
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	3- Another apologetic translation that appears on many websites such as the international Islamic university in Malysia.<ref>https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html</ref>		3- Another apologetic translation that appears on many websites such as the international Islamic university in Malysia.<ref>https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html</ref>

	In this popular English translation of the sermon, ʿawān is translated as “partners and helpers” which is not what the words mean. This mistranslation might have originated from the misconception that the word ʿawān is derived from the word ʿawn عون which means help. Whereas all classical sources affirm the word ʿawān is derived from ʿanā which means to ~~subumit~~ in captivity . And not a single classical source says that ʿawān has anything to do with “help”.		In this popular English translation of the sermon, ʿawān is translated as “partners and helpers” which is not what the words mean. This mistranslation might have originated from the misconception that the word ʿawān is derived from the word ʿawn عون which means help. Whereas all classical sources affirm the word ʿawān is derived from ʿanā which means to submit in captivity . And not a single classical source says that ʿawān has anything to do with “help”.

	== Related Text ==		== Related Text ==

Asmith: /* Introduction */ cleaned up language and changed language score

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Introduction: cleaned up language and changed language score

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

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	== Related Text ==		== Related Text ==
	Note that while translations of the following hadiths of the farewell sermon differ, the same Arabic text occurs in the line about beating without severity. In Arabic, 'beat them, but not severely' is ''fa-idribuhunna darban ghayra mubarrihin'' (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ), which literally translates to mean 'beat them, a beating without violence/severity/sharpness/vehemence<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000219.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Book I page 182</ref>'.{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|~~1900~~\|~~Hasan~~}}\|[...] Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. [...]}}The version of the farewell sermon in Sunan Abu Dawud was collected also in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim.		Note that while translations of the following hadiths of the farewell sermon differ, the same Arabic text occurs in the line about beating without severity. In Arabic, 'beat them, but not severely' is ''fa-idribuhunna darban ghayra mubarrihin'' (فَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ ضَرْبًا غَيْرَ مُبَرِّحٍ), which literally translates to mean 'beat them, a beating without violence/severity/sharpness/vehemence<ref>[http://www.studyquran.org/LaneLexicon/Volume1/00000219.pdf Lane's Lexicon] Book I page 182</ref>'.{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|1905\|darussalam}}\|[...] Fear Allaah regarding women for you have got them under Allah’s security and have the right to intercourse with them by Allaah’s word. It is a duty from you on them not to allow anyone whom you dislike to lie on your beds but if they do beat them, but not severely. [...]}}The version of the farewell sermon in Sunan Abu Dawud was collected also in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim.
	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|7\|~~2803~~}}\|[...] Fear Allah concerning women! Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah, and intercourse with them has been made lawful unto you by words of Allah. You too have right over them, and that they should not allow anyone to sit on your bed whom you do not like. But if they do that, you can chastise them but not severely. [...]}}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|1218a\|reference}}\|[...] Fear Allah concerning women! Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah, and intercourse with them has been made lawful unto you by words of Allah. You too have right over them, and that they should not allow anyone to sit on your bed whom you do not like. But if they do that, you can chastise them but not severely. [...]}}

	The translations of Al-Ṭabarī and Ibn Isḥāq add that the women possess nothing for themselves or lack control over their persons, respectively.{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|2\|10\|1163}}\|Sulaiman bin Amr bin Al-Ahwas said:		The translations of Al-Ṭabarī and Ibn Isḥāq add that the women possess nothing for themselves or lack control over their persons, respectively.{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|2\|10\|1163}}\|Sulaiman bin Amr bin Al-Ahwas said:

Asmith: /* The correct translation of ʿawān عوان */

2023-10-11T01:41:02Z

The correct translation of ʿawān عوان

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	== The correct translation of ʿawān عوان ==		== The correct translation of ʿawān عوان ==

	The sermon as reported by Ibn Isḥāq and many other sources includes the following ~~part~~:		The sermon as reported by Ibn Isḥāq and many other sources includes the following portion:

	“Treat women well, for they are ʿawān with you”.		“Treat women well, for they are ʿawān with you”.

Asmith: /* Importance of the Sermon */

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Importance of the Sermon

Asmith at 00:04, 11 October 2023

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}
	'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʕ) is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE, 10 H. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Isḥāq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Isḥāq while Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding beating in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.		'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʕ) is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE, 10 H. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Isḥāq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Isḥāq while Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding the beating of women in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==

Iarabi at 07:29, 5 October 2023

2023-10-05T07:29:48Z

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Iarabi at 07:13, 5 October 2023

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}
	'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Ishaq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Ishaq while Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding beating in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.		'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadā') is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE, 10 H. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Ishaq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Ishaq while Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding beating in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
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	The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon that’s long and includes many different points making it the only one that resembles a full sermon. This sermon has its significance to Muslims since that Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying he might not be here ever again then he died three months later. He preached important points in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the abolishing of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands and finally stating that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.		The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon that’s long and includes many different points making it the only one that resembles a full sermon. This sermon has its significance to Muslims since that Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying he might not be here ever again then he died three months later. He preached important points in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the abolishing of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands and finally stating that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.

	The sermon has impacted practiced Islam in the following ways:		What adds more significance to the sermon is the reports that the following verse was revealed on that day<ref>Tafsir of Ibn Kathir. Al-ʕilmiyyah publication. vol.3 p.22</ref>:

			{{Quote\| {{Quran\|5\|3}} \|This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion.}}The sermon has impacted practiced Islam in the following ways:

	1-Following the footsteps of Muhammad, delivering a public sermon by an Imam became a ritual part of the Hajj. It’s called the sermon of Arafah and it’s delivered in Arafah. In modern times this sermon is delivered by a prominent Imam chosen by the Saudi government. The grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul Aziz Al-Shikh used to be chosen to deliver the sermon every year for over 3 decades until 2015 when he fell ill<ref>بعد ذلك تم تكليف الشيخ عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله آل الشيخ، حفيد أول خطيب لجامع نمرة (في الدولة السعودية الثالثة)، بالخطابة، واستمر الشيخ عبدالعزيز في الخطابة في منبر مسجد نمرة أطول فترة؛ إذ خطب منذ موسم حج عام 1402هـ حتى موسم حج عام 1436هـ.		1-Following the footsteps of Muhammad, delivering a public sermon by an Imam became a ritual part of the Hajj. It’s called the sermon of Arafah and it’s delivered in Arafah. In modern times this sermon is delivered by a prominent Imam chosen by the Saudi government. The grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul Aziz Al-Shikh used to be chosen to deliver the sermon every year for over 3 decades until 2015 when he fell ill<ref>بعد ذلك تم تكليف الشيخ عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله آل الشيخ، حفيد أول خطيب لجامع نمرة (في الدولة السعودية الثالثة)، بالخطابة، واستمر الشيخ عبدالعزيز في الخطابة في منبر مسجد نمرة أطول فترة؛ إذ خطب منذ موسم حج عام 1402هـ حتى موسم حج عام 1436هـ.
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	2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith clarified this.		2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith clarified this.

	3-The sermon in Sahih ~~Muslim’s~~ is part of a long report by Jabir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.		3-The sermon in Sahih Muslim is part of a long report by Jabir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.

	4-Muhammad ended the sermon by saying “Haven't I conveyed to you? O Allah bear witness”. This expression is sometimes used by religious and public speakers at the end of an important speech.		4-Muhammad ended the sermon by saying “Haven't I conveyed to you? O Allah bear witness”. This expression is sometimes used by religious and public speakers at the end of an important speech.

Iarabi at 05:09, 5 October 2023

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	The sermon took place ten years after Muhammad’s ''Hijra'' (هِجْرَة Migration) to [[Medina]], meaning it was after conquering Mecca.		The sermon took place ten years after Muhammad’s ''Hijra'' (هِجْرَة Migration) to [[Medina]], meaning it was after conquering Mecca.

	~~Before we begin our analysis of the Farewell Sermon, we must note that as an~~ event~~, it~~ took place following this [[Qur'an\|Qur'anic]] [[Revelation\|revelation]]:		This event took place following this [[Qur'an\|Qur'anic]] [[Revelation\|revelation]]:

	{{Quote\| {{Quran\|9\|28}} \| O ye who believe! Truly the Mushrikuns (Pagans and all unbelievers) are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. }}		{{Quote\| {{Quran\|9\|28}} \| O ye who believe! Truly the Mushrikuns (Pagans and all unbelievers) are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. }}
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	==Text of the Farewell Sermon==		==Text of the Farewell Sermon==


	'''<big>Ibn Ishaq's version which is the earliest report of the sermon:</big>'''{{Quote\|The History of al-Tabari, Volume 9 The Last Years of the Prophet (Translated by Ismail K. Poonawala), pp. 112-113\|O people, listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you again in this place after this year. O people, your blood and your property are sacrosanct until you meet your Lord, just as this day and this month of yours are sacred. Surely you will meet your Lord and He will question you about your deeds. I have [already] made this known. Let he who has a pledge return it to the one who entrusted him with it; all usury is abolished, but your capital belongs to you. Wrong not and you shall not be wronged. Allah has decreed that there will be no usury, and the usury of Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib is abolished, all of it. All blood shed in the pre-Islamic days is to be left unavenged. The first such claim I revoke is that of Ibn Rabiah b. al-Harith b. Abd al-Muttalib, who was nursed among the Banu Layth and was slain by the Banu Hudhayl. His is the first blood shed in the pre-Islamic days with which I shall set an example. O people, indeed Satan despairs of ever being worshipped in this land of yours. He will be pleased, however, if he is obeyed in a thing other than that, in matters you minimize. So beware of him in your religion, O people, intercalculating a month is an increase in unbelief whereby the unbelievers go astray; one year they make it profane, and hallow it another [in order] to agree with the number that Allah has hallowed, and so profane what Allah has hallowed, and hallow what Allah has made profane. Time has completed its cycle [and is] as it was on the day that Allah created the heavens and the earth. The number of the months with Allah is twelve; [they were] in the Book of Allah on the day He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are sacred, the three consecutive [months] and the Rajab [which is the month of] Mudar, which is between Jumada and Sha’ban.<BR><BR>Now then, O people, you have a right over your wives and they have a right over you. You have [the right] that they should not cause anyone of whom you dislike to tread on your beds; and that they should not commit any open indecency. If they do, then Allah permits you to shut them in separate rooms and to beat them, but not severely. If they abstain from [evil], they have the right to their food and clothing in accordance with the custom. Treat women well, for they are [like] domestic animals with you and do not possess anything for themselves. You have taken them only as a trust from Allah, and you have made the enjoyment of their persons lawful by the word of Allah, so understand and listen to my words, O people. I have conveyed the Message, and have left you with something which, if you hold fast to it, you will never go astray; that is, the Book of Allah and the sunnah of his Prophet. Listen to my words, O people, for I have conveyed the Message and understand [it]. Know for certain that every Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, and that all Muslims are brethren. It is not lawful for a person [to take] from his brother except that which he has given him willingly, so do not wrong yourselves. O Allah, have I not conveyed the message?}}		'''<big>Ibn Ishaq's version which is the earliest report of the sermon:</big>'''{{Quote\|The History of al-Tabari, Volume 9 The Last Years of the Prophet (Translated by Ismail K. Poonawala), pp. 112-113\|O people, listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you again in this place after this year. O people, your blood and your property are sacrosanct until you meet your Lord, just as this day and this month of yours are sacred. Surely you will meet your Lord and He will question you about your deeds. I have [already] made this known. Let he who has a pledge return it to the one who entrusted him with it; all usury is abolished, but your capital belongs to you. Wrong not and you shall not be wronged. Allah has decreed that there will be no usury, and the usury of Abbas b. Abd al-Muttalib is abolished, all of it. All blood shed in the pre-Islamic days is to be left unavenged. The first such claim I revoke is that of Ibn Rabiah b. al-Harith b. Abd al-Muttalib, who was nursed among the Banu Layth and was slain by the Banu Hudhayl. His is the first blood shed in the pre-Islamic days with which I shall set an example. O people, indeed Satan despairs of ever being worshipped in this land of yours. He will be pleased, however, if he is obeyed in a thing other than that, in matters you minimize. So beware of him in your religion, O people, intercalculating a month is an increase in unbelief whereby the unbelievers go astray; one year they make it profane, and hallow it another [in order] to agree with the number that Allah has hallowed, and so profane what Allah has hallowed, and hallow what Allah has made profane. Time has completed its cycle [and is] as it was on the day that Allah created the heavens and the earth. The number of the months with Allah is twelve; [they were] in the Book of Allah on the day He created the heavens and the earth. Four of them are sacred, the three consecutive [months] and the Rajab [which is the month of] Mudar, which is between Jumada and Sha’ban.<BR><BR>Now then, O people, you have a right over your wives and they have a right over you. You have [the right] that they should not cause anyone of whom you dislike to tread on your beds; and that they should not commit any open indecency. If they do, then Allah permits you to shut them in separate rooms and to beat them, but not severely. If they abstain from [evil], they have the right to their food and clothing in accordance with the custom. Treat women well, for they are [like] domestic animals with you and do not possess anything for themselves. You have taken them only as a trust from Allah, and you have made the enjoyment of their persons lawful by the word of Allah, so understand and listen to my words, O people. I have conveyed the Message, and have left you with something which, if you hold fast to it, you will never go astray; that is, the Book of Allah and the sunnah of his Prophet. Listen to my words, O people, for I have conveyed the Message and understand [it]. Know for certain that every Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, and that all Muslims are brethren. It is not lawful for a person [to take] from his brother except that which he has given him willingly, so do not wrong yourselves. O Allah, have I not conveyed the message?}}

Iarabi at 05:02, 5 October 2023

2023-10-05T05:02:31Z

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	Although the Hadith corpus is full of reports that are considered misogynistic in modern standards, the farewell sermon is the only Hadith that describes wives as prisoners with their husbands. This description is mentioned in the version by Ibn Ishaq, Al-Waqidi and several other sources such as Ibn Majah and Al-Tirmidhi. But it isn’t mentioned in Sahih Muslim’s version. The version of Sahih Bukhari drops the women part from the sermon altogether.		Although the Hadith corpus is full of reports that are considered misogynistic in modern standards, the farewell sermon is the only Hadith that describes wives as prisoners with their husbands. This description is mentioned in the version by Ibn Ishaq, Al-Waqidi and several other sources such as Sunan Ibn Majah<ref>Sunan Ibn Majah » The Chapters on Marriage - كتاب النكاح » Hadith 1851

			<nowiki>https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:1851</nowiki></ref> and Al-Tirmidhi<ref>Jami` at-Tirmidhi » Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم » Hadith 3087

			https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3087</ref>. But it isn’t mentioned in Sahih Muslim’s version. The version of Sahih Bukhari drops the women part from the sermon altogether.

	== Authenticity of the Sermon ==		== Authenticity of the Sermon ==

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	{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=3\|References=2}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=3\|Structure=3\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=2}}
	'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʕ) is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE, 10 H. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Isḥāq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Isḥāq while Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding the beating of women in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.		'''The Farewell Sermon''' (خطبة الوداع‎, Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʕ) is purported to be the Prophet [[Muhammad\|Muhammad's]] final [[Farewell Sermon\|sermon]] to his followers before [[Muhammad's Death\|his death]] in 632 CE, 10 H. However like most elements of the Islamic tradition our sources for this are late, with the earliest mention coming from Ibn Isḥāq who was born 70 years after the death of the prophet. The entirety of the supposed speech shows up in Ibn Isḥāq while Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī report shorter versions. Other sources in Hadith repeat isolated fragments of the speech, one of which reminds men to treat their wives well given that they are prisoners to their husbands. It also echoes [[Qur'an]] 4:34 in commanding the beating of women in the case of disobedience. It should be noted that [[List_of_Fabricated_Hadith#Muhammad.27s_Farewell_Sermon\|a more recent retelling of the speech]] which omits this injunction is a recent fabrication and not part of the attested classical tradition.

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	{{Quote\| {{Quran\|9\|28}} \| O ye who believe! Truly the Mushrikuns (Pagans and all unbelievers) are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. }}		{{Quote\| {{Quran\|9\|28}} \| O ye who believe! Truly the Mushrikuns (Pagans and all unbelievers) are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. }}

	Accordingly, the listeners were all strictly Muslim. Muhammad was addressing his own people, since no others were allowed to enter the area of the Sacred Mosque, which includes the Plain of Arafat.		Accordingly, according to the tradition the listeners of the Farewell Sermon were all strictly Muslim. Muhammad was addressing his own people, since no others were allowed to enter the area of the Sacred Mosque, which includes the Plain of Arafat.

	== Sources of the Sermon ==		== Sources of the Sermon ==
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	Sahih Muslim. Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi. Vol.2 p.886</ref>		Sahih Muslim. Tahqiq by Abdul Baqi. Vol.2 p.886</ref>

	Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī reports a short version that lacks the ~~part~~ about women. (see next section)		Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī reports a short version that lacks the portion about women. (see next section)

	==Text of the Farewell Sermon==		==Text of the Farewell Sermon==
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	== Importance of the Sermon ==		== Importance of the Sermon ==
	The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon that is long and includes many different points making it the only one that resembles a full sermon. This sermon is significant to Muslims since Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying that he might not be here ever again, and he died just three months later. He preached several important lessons in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the abolition of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands, and finally that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.		The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon that is long and includes many different points, making it the only one that resembles a full sermon one would hear in a mosque. This sermon is significant to Muslims since Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying that he might not be here ever again, and he died just three months later. He preached several important lessons in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the abolition of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands, and finally that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.

	What adds more significance to the sermon is the reports that the following verse was revealed on that day<ref>Tafsir of Ibn Kathir. Al-ʕilmiyyah publication. vol.3 p.22</ref>:		What adds more significance to the sermon is the reports that the following verse was revealed on that day<ref>Tafsir of Ibn Kathir. Al-ʕilmiyyah publication. vol.3 p.22</ref>:
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	</ref>.		</ref>.

	2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith ~~clarified~~ this.		2-The sermon clarified that the beating mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for wives with ill-conduct shouldn’t be severe. No other Hadith tradition clarifiea this.

	3-The sermon in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim is part of a long report by Jābir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.		3-The sermon in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim is part of a long report by Jābir where he detailed the events of Muhammad's pilgrimage. This detailed report became an important source for how the Hajj should be conducted.
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	Ibn Isḥāq’s version adds to it: “and the sunnah of his Prophet.”		Ibn Isḥāq’s version adds to it: “and the sunnah of his Prophet.”

	The mention of "the Sunnah of the prophet" is ~~clearly~~ apocryphal, as Patricia Crone ~~has shown~~ in ''God's Caliph'', since such a concept did not exist in actual khalifal/Islamic jurisprudence until well into the Abbassid period. Other renditions such as that of Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim don’t mention the Sunnah of the prophet.		The mention of "the Sunnah of the prophet" is seems to be apocryphal, as Patricia Crone showed in her book ''God's Caliph'', since such a concept did not exist in actual khalifal/Islamic jurisprudence until well into the Abbassid period. Other renditions such as that of Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim don’t mention the Sunnah of the prophet.

	== The correct translation of ʿawān عوان ==		== The correct translation of ʿawān عوان ==
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	“Treat women well, for they are ʿawān with you”.		“Treat women well, for they are ʿawān with you”.

	All Hadith exegesis and classical Arabic dictionaries agree that ʿawān mentioned in this Hadith means captives or prisoners. Despite this unanimous agreement, ~~the~~ word ~~is mistranslated~~ in some English translations into ~~one of the following~~:		All Hadith exegesis and classical Arabic dictionaries agree that ʿawān mentioned in this Hadith means captives or prisoners. Despite this unanimous agreement, some modern Muslims have mistranslated this word in some English translations into as follows:

	1-“Domestic animals” which appears in Ismail K. Poonawala’s translation of Al-Ṭabarī’s history.		1-“Domestic animals” which appears in Ismail K. Poonawala’s translation of Al-Ṭabarī’s history.
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	2- Rizwi Faizer in her translation of Al-Wāqidī's ''Life of Muhammad, translated'' ʿawān as: “for they are bound to you and are dependent on you.”<ref>Rizwi Faizer (2011). ''The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi''. Routledge. p. 544</ref> This is ~~an apologetic translation that has no basis whatsoever~~.		2- Rizwi Faizer in her translation of Al-Wāqidī's ''Life of Muhammad, translated'' ʿawān as: “for they are bound to you and are dependent on you.”<ref>Rizwi Faizer (2011). ''The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi''. Routledge. p. 544</ref> This translation misses the vital meaning of the word, they are indeed dependent on their husbands but this is because they are captives.


	3- Another apologetic translation that appears on many websites such as the international Islamic university in Malysia.<ref>https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html</ref>		3- Another apologetic translation that appears on many websites such as the international Islamic university in Malysia.<ref>https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html</ref>

	In this popular English translation of the sermon, ʿawān is translated as “partners and helpers” which ~~has no basis whatsoever~~. It might have originated from the misconception that the word ʿawān is derived from the word ʿawn عون which means help. Whereas all classical sources affirm the word ʿawān is derived from ʿanā which means ~~(he) submitted (~~to). And not a single classical source says that ʿawān has anything to do with “help”.		In this popular English translation of the sermon, ʿawān is translated as “partners and helpers” which is not what the words mean. This mistranslation might have originated from the misconception that the word ʿawān is derived from the word ʿawn عون which means help. Whereas all classical sources affirm the word ʿawān is derived from ʿanā which means to subumit in captivity . And not a single classical source says that ʿawān has anything to do with “help”.

	== Related Text ==		== Related Text ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:28, 11 October 2023
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	== Importance of the Sermon ==		== Importance of the Sermon ==
	The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon ~~that’s~~ long and includes many different points making it the only one that resembles a full sermon. This sermon ~~has its significance~~ to Muslims since ~~that~~ Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying he might not be here ever again ~~then~~ he died three months later. He preached important ~~points~~ in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the ~~abolishing~~ of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands and finally ~~stating~~ that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.		The Hadith corpus mentions many sermons by Muhammad but they are very short and usually each sermon includes a single main point. The farewell sermon is the only reported sermon that is long and includes many different points making it the only one that resembles a full sermon. This sermon is significant to Muslims since Muhammad, in front of thousands of followers, bid farewell to his nation by saying that he might not be here ever again, and he died just three months later. He preached several important lessons in this farewell sermon: The sacredness of Muslims’ blood and properties, the abolition of everything pertaining to the pre-Islamic era, how women should be treated by their husbands, and finally that Muslims will never go astray if they hold fast to the book of Allah.

	What adds more significance to the sermon is the reports that the following verse was revealed on that day<ref>Tafsir of Ibn Kathir. Al-ʕilmiyyah publication. vol.3 p.22</ref>:		What adds more significance to the sermon is the reports that the following verse was revealed on that day<ref>Tafsir of Ibn Kathir. Al-ʕilmiyyah publication. vol.3 p.22</ref>:
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	{{Quote\| {{Quran\|5\|3}} \|This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion.}}The sermon has impacted practiced Islam in the following ways:		{{Quote\| {{Quran\|5\|3}} \|This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion.}}The sermon has impacted practiced Islam in the following ways:

	1-Following the footsteps of Muhammad, delivering a public sermon by an Imam became a ritual part of the Hajj. ~~It’s~~ called the sermon of Arafah and it’s delivered in Arafah. In modern times this sermon is delivered by a prominent Imam chosen by the Saudi government. The grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul Aziz Al-Shikh used to be chosen to deliver the sermon every year for over 3 decades until 2015 when he fell ill<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231005044425/https://sabq.org/saudia/8dwtlle5zt صحيفة سبق الألكترونية، مقالة بقلم فلاح الجوفان بعنوان: 14 في 100 عام عنقود خطباء عرفة]<nowiki><BR></nowiki>		1-Following in the footsteps of Muhammad, delivering a public sermon by an Imam became a ritual part of the Hajj. This sermon called the sermon of Arafah and it’s delivered in Arafah. In modern times this sermon is delivered by a prominent Imam chosen by the Saudi government. The grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Abdul Aziz Al-Shikh used to be chosen to deliver the sermon every year for over 3 decades until 2015 when he fell ill<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231005044425/https://sabq.org/saudia/8dwtlle5zt صحيفة سبق الألكترونية، مقالة بقلم فلاح الجوفان بعنوان: 14 في 100 عام عنقود خطباء عرفة]<nowiki><BR></nowiki>

	بعد ذلك تم تكليف الشيخ عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله آل الشيخ، حفيد أول خطيب لجامع نمرة (في الدولة السعودية الثالثة)، بالخطابة، واستمر الشيخ عبدالعزيز في الخطابة في منبر مسجد نمرة أطول فترة؛ إذ خطب منذ موسم حج عام 1402هـ حتى موسم حج عام 1436هـ.		بعد ذلك تم تكليف الشيخ عبدالعزيز بن عبدالله آل الشيخ، حفيد أول خطيب لجامع نمرة (في الدولة السعودية الثالثة)، بالخطابة، واستمر الشيخ عبدالعزيز في الخطابة في منبر مسجد نمرة أطول فترة؛ إذ خطب منذ موسم حج عام 1402هـ حتى موسم حج عام 1436هـ.
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	<nowiki>https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:1851</nowiki></ref> and Al-Tirmidhi<ref>Jami` at-Tirmidhi » Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم » Hadith 3087		<nowiki>https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:1851</nowiki></ref> and Al-Tirmidhi<ref>Jami` at-Tirmidhi » Chapters on Tafsir - كتاب تفسير القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم » Hadith 3087

	https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3087</ref>. But it isn’t mentioned in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim’s version. The version of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī drops the women ~~part~~ from the sermon altogether.		https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3087</ref>. But it isn’t mentioned in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim’s version. The version of Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī drops the portion about beating women from the sermon altogether.

	== Authenticity of the Sermon ==		== Authenticity of the Sermon ==
	Traditional Sunni Islam takes the sermon as authentic especially that large parts of it are reported in Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim which are deemed by Sunni Muslims as the most authentic collections of Hadith.		Traditional Sunni Islam takes the sermon as authentic especially that large parts of it are reported in Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim which are deemed by Sunni Muslims as the most authentic collections of Hadith.

	~~Away from traditional Islamic standards for Hadith authenticity~~, ~~it’s~~ apparent that the sermon includes two fabrications:		From a critical scholarly point of view, though, the narrations have a number of issues: apparent that the sermon includes two fabrications:

	1-In many versions of the sermon, including the earliest version by Ibn Isḥāq, Muhammad says “O people! listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you again in this place after this year.” The fact that Muhammad died 3 months later turns what he said into a prophecy, which means it was a fabrication as it’s the habit of historians to deem accounts of miracles and prophecies in any tradition as ahistorical. In the sermon's versions reported in Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, there’s no mention of this prophecy.		1-In many versions of the sermon, including the earliest version by Ibn Isḥāq, Muhammad says “O people! listen to my words. I do not know whether I shall ever meet you again in this place after this year.” The fact that Muhammad died 3 months later turns what he said into a prophecy, which means it was a fabrication as it’s the habit of historians to deem accounts of miracles and prophecies in any tradition as ahistorical. In the sermon's versions reported in Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, there’s no mention of this prophecy.