Race and Tribe in Islam - Revision history

Asmith: /* References */

2025-12-11T20:21:00Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:21, 11 December 2025
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />
			[[Category:Stubs]]
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}

Asmith at 06:38, 15 November 2025

2025-11-15T06:38:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:38, 15 November 2025
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />
			{{stub}}

Zhothaqquah: Scored for renovations

2025-10-21T21:48:31Z

Scored for renovations

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 21 October 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=1\|Content=1\|Language=1\|References=1}}

	[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]		[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
	[[Category:Race]]		[[Category:Race]]

Asmith at 00:26, 22 February 2021

2021-02-22T00:26:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:26, 22 February 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Category:Islamic Law]]		[[Category:Shariah (Islamic Law)]]
	[[Category:Race]]		[[Category:Race]]

IbnPinker: Replaced content with "Category:Islamic Law Category:Race ==See also== *Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Race and Tribe ==References== "

2021-01-17T19:30:31Z

Replaced content with "Category:Islamic Law Category:Race ==See also== *Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Race and Tribe ==References== <references />"

Show changes

IbnPinker: /* Race and Tribe in scripture */

2021-01-17T19:08:56Z

Race and Tribe in scripture

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:08, 17 January 2021
Line 40:		Line 40:
	I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3605}}\|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3927}}\|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3928}}\|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan:		I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3605}}\|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3927}}\|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3928}}\|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan:

	that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if ~~(Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3905}}\|Narrated Sa'd: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever wishes to humiliate the Quraish then Allah will humiliate him."''' <br>Grade: Hasan~~ (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Muwatta\|45\|\|17}}\|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, ''''May Allah fight the jews and the christians.''' They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}		that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Muwatta\|45\|\|17}}\|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, ''''May Allah fight the jews and the christians.''' They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}{{Quote\|{{Tabari\|9\|p. 69}}\|'''Arabs are the most noble people in lineage, the most prominent, and the best in deeds.''' We were the first to respond to the call of the Prophet. We are Allah’s helpers and the viziers of His Messenger. We fight people until they believe in Allah. He who believes in Allah and His Messenger has protected his life and possessions from us. As for one who disbelieves, we will fight him forever in Allah’s Cause. Killing him is a small matter to us.}}{{Quote\|Ibn Sa'd, Vol. 1, p. 12\| Ali Ibn Abi Talib, said: Verily the Prophet said: God divided the earth in two halves and placed (me) in the better of the two, then He divided the half in three parts, and I was in the best of them, then '''He chose the Arabs from among the people''', then He chose the Quraysh from among the Arabs, then He chose the children of ‘Abd al-Muttalib from among the Banu Hashim, then he chose me from among the children of ‘Abd al-Muttalib, and from them he chose me.<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad. Kitab al-Tabaqat, vol i. Translated in English by S. Moinul Haq, Kitab Bhavan, 1784, Kalan Mahal, Daraya Ganj, New Delhi, India, 1972, p12.</ref>}}{{Quote\|Ibn Taymiyya, Vol. 31, pp. 376-377\|"A man married a maid-slave who bore him a child. Would that child be free or would he be an owned slave?" "Her child whom she bore from him would be the property of her master according to all the Imams (heads of the four Islamic schools of law) because the child follows the (status) of his mother in freedom or slavery. If the child is not of the race of Arabs, then he is definitely an owned slave according to the scholars, but the scholars disputed (his status) among themselves if he was from the Arabs - whether he must be enslaved or not because '''when A'isha (Muhammad's wife) had a maid-slave who was an Arab, Muhammad said to A'isha, `Set this maid free because she is from the children of Ishmael.''''"}}

	====Quraysh====		====Quraysh====
	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|704}}\|Narrated Muhammad bin Jubair bin Mut`im: That while he was with a delegation from Quraish to Muawiya, the latter heard the news that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that there would be a king from the tribe of Qahtan. On that Muawiya became angry, got up and then praised Allah as He deserved, and said, "Now then, I have heard that some men amongst you narrate things which are neither in the Holy Book, nor have been told by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Those men are the ignorant amongst you. Beware of such hopes as make the people go astray, for I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, ''''Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, and whoever bears hostility to them, Allah will destroy him''' as long as they abide by the laws of the religion.' "}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|705}}; see also {{muslim\|20\|4476}}\|Narrated Ibn `Umar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, even if only two of them remained."'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4473}}\|It has been narrarted on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|704}}\|Narrated Muhammad bin Jubair bin Mut`im: That while he was with a delegation from Quraish to Muawiya, the latter heard the news that `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-`As said that there would be a king from the tribe of Qahtan. On that Muawiya became angry, got up and then praised Allah as He deserved, and said, "Now then, I have heard that some men amongst you narrate things which are neither in the Holy Book, nor have been told by Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Those men are the ignorant amongst you. Beware of such hopes as make the people go astray, for I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, ''''Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, and whoever bears hostility to them, Allah will destroy him''' as long as they abide by the laws of the religion.' "}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|705}}; see also {{muslim\|20\|4476}}\|Narrated Ibn `Umar: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Authority of ruling will remain with Quraish, even if only two of them remained."'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4473}}\|It has been narrarted on the authority of Abu Huraira that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
	'''People are subservient to the Quraish''': the Muslims among them being subservient to the Muslims among them, and the disbelievers among the people being subservient to the disbelievers among them.}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4475}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. 'Abdullah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:		'''People are subservient to the Quraish''': the Muslims among them being subservient to the Muslims among them, and the disbelievers among the people being subservient to the disbelievers among them.}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4475}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. 'Abdullah that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:
	'''People are the followers of Quraish in good as well as evil'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4477}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I joined the company of the Prophet (ﷺ) with my father and I heard him say: '''This Caliphate will not end until there have been twelve Caliphs among them'''. The narrator said: Then he (the Holy Prophet) said something that I could not follow. I said to my father: What did he say? He said: He has said: '''All of them will be from the Quraish.'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4480}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: '''Islam will continue to be triumphant until there have been twelve Caliphs.''' Then the Prophet (ﷺ) said something which I could not understand. I asked my father: What did he say? He said: He has said that '''all of them (twelve Caliphs) will be from the Quraish'''.}}{{Quote\|{{bukhari\|4\|56\|801}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "'''This branch from Quraish''' will ruin the people." The companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) asked, "What do you order us to do (then)?" He said, '''"I would suggest that the people keep away from them.'''''}}		'''People are the followers of Quraish in good as well as evil'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4477}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I joined the company of the Prophet (ﷺ) with my father and I heard him say: '''This Caliphate will not end until there have been twelve Caliphs among them'''. The narrator said: Then he (the Holy Prophet) said something that I could not follow. I said to my father: What did he say? He said: He has said: '''All of them will be from the Quraish.'''}}{{Quote\|{{muslim\|20\|4480}}\|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir b. Samura who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: '''Islam will continue to be triumphant until there have been twelve Caliphs.''' Then the Prophet (ﷺ) said something which I could not understand. I asked my father: What did he say? He said: He has said that '''all of them (twelve Caliphs) will be from the Quraish'''.}}{{Quote\|{{bukhari\|4\|56\|801}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "'''This branch from Quraish''' will ruin the people." The companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) asked, "What do you order us to do (then)?" He said, '''"I would suggest that the people keep away from them.'''''}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3905}}\|Narrated Sa'd: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever wishes to humiliate the Quraish then Allah will humiliate him."''' <br>Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)}}

	====Bedouins====		====Bedouins====
	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|703}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|703}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:
Line 157:		Line 155:

	‎“And as for deed, this is based on morals, which are based on natural instincts in the ‎soul. And their instincts are more obedient to the good than those of others, for '''they are ‎closest to generosity, gentleness, courage, loyalty, and other such praiseworthy moral ‎traits'''.” End.‎		‎“And as for deed, this is based on morals, which are based on natural instincts in the ‎soul. And their instincts are more obedient to the good than those of others, for '''they are ‎closest to generosity, gentleness, courage, loyalty, and other such praiseworthy moral ‎traits'''.” End.‎
	‎''Iqtida Sirat al-Mustaqim'' p. 148-162‎}}		‎''Iqtida Sirat al-Mustaqim'' p. 148-162‎}}{{Quote\|{{cite web quotebox\|url= http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=9427&CATE=1\|title= Arabs preferred over other nations\|publisher= SunniPath\|author= Shaykh Amjad Rasheed, Ustadha Shazia Ahmad (trans.)\|series=Question ID:9427\|date= \|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fqa.sunnipath.com%2Fissue_view.asp%3FHD%3D7%26ID%3D9427%26CATE%3D1&date=2014-01-01 \|deadurl=no}}\|'''The fact that Allah Most High has chosen the Arabs over other nations is affirmed in rigorously authenticated hadiths of the Prophet''', may Allah bless him and give him peace; related by Bukhari and Muslim in their “Sahih” in the beginning of the chapter of merits, # 5897, on the authority of Wathilah ibn al-Asqa` who said, “I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say, ‘Verily Allah has chosen Kinanah from the son of Isma`il, and He has chosen Quraysh from among Kinanah and He has chosen Hashim from among Quraysh and He has chosen me from the Bani Hashim.’”

			So this hadith is a primary text about '''the preference of Arabs over others and the preference of some Arabs over other Arabs'''. And this is what the Imams have chosen from the………of their books, and even in individual books such as the book of Qurb about the merit of Arabs, authored by the great Imam al-Hafiz Zayn al-din al-`Iraqi. And it was summarized by Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami and others.

			'''Therefore the preference of Arabs over other nations, and the preference of some Arabs over other Arabs is affirmed in the Sacred Law.''' Allah has even preferred some months over other months and some days and nights of over others, as well as places. So in the same way, Allah Glorious and Exalted is He, has chosen some men over others, such as the prophets over others and even some prophets over other prophets. Muslims should not have any objection to this, because all of this returns to the wisdom of the Most Wise, Glorious is He, who is not asked about what He does, but rather, they are the ones who are asked. So after a Muslim has believed in Allah as his Lord, the Truth, and that there is no God but Him, then he should know that this is from among His matters, Blessed and High is He, and there is nothing but magnificent wisdom in it that we might see or that we might not see. Either way, we are only responsible for submitting to His rule, Glorious is He. And among His rulings is that Arabs are preferred over others and that some Arabs are better than other Arabs, as the above hadith clearly explained. '''So it is not appropriate for anyone to disagree in this when the proof is perfectly valid.'''

			And there should be no disagreement in what has just preceded nor any disagreement in what appears in the Magnificent Book and in the sunna where we find that the real source of Allah’s preference is God-fearingness (taqwa) which result in the good deeds that people earn and that they are accounted for. So whoever sends forth good for himself, Allah has preferred him over those who have sent forth evil. As for the preference of an Arab over a non-Arab, and the preference of some Arabs over others, this is not a deed that one can earn. Rather, it is a bounty that Allah gives to whom He wills. So he may will something for these people, and there is no objection to your Lord’s rule. This is like the preference of some days over others, because the mind reasons that all days are the same in and of themselves, and there is no distinction that might appear between them. However, the mind can understand why something is better if there is not ……….. So the Sacred law came and affirmed the preference of some over others, and for some of those things there were reasons and wisdoms, such as the preference of the night of Power over others because the Majestic Qur’an was revealed during it. And in some of these things, the wisdom is not apparent to us and so this falls into the chapter of absolute obedience, such as the number of cycles (rak`ahs) in the prayer.

			'''It is obligatory on a Muslim to believe that Arabs are preferred over other nations because there is a proof for it.''' However, this is not one of the pillars of our religion such that if someone rejected this, they would be considered outside of Islam. But if one does reject this, one has sinned for not believing in it because it is an affirmed matter according to a clear rigorously authenticated hadith. Also, this issue is not something that is commonly known among most Muslims, so for this, one should not hasten to blame one who disagrees with it. It is necessary, rather, to tell him about the issue.

			And the fact that Arabs are preferred over others does not mean that a non-Arab can not have a higher merit in the religion than an Arab, because a person earns the good deeds that Allah has recommended we compete for. This is the highest merit of God-fearingness and this will be the basis upon which things are decided in the hereafter. However, '''the merit of the Arabs will still remain, in terms of their respect and exaltation being higher than others'''. And from this some hadiths have come to us about the Quraysh being put first for the caliphate before others, such as the hadith in Bukhari (#3500) on the authority of Mu`awiyah, may Allah be well pleased with him who said, ” I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say, ‘This matter of government belongs to the Quraysh. Anyone who takes a hostile attitude to them will be thrown on his face, as long as they are true to the faith.” And Bukhari also related (#3501) on the authority of Ibn `Umar from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and give him peace, that he said, “Government continues to belong to the Quraysh, even if they are (no more than) two.”

			So I say that the merit of God-fearingness is what counts, according to the rigorously authenticated hadith, “And he who is slow in doing good deeds, his noble lineage will not quicken him (into entering Paradise).}}
	==In the Muslim world today==		==In the Muslim world today==
	==See also==		==See also==

IbnPinker: /* Blacks */

2021-01-17T19:03:26Z

Blacks

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 17 January 2021
Line 40:		Line 40:
	I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3605}}\|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3927}}\|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3928}}\|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan:		I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying: Verily '''Allah granted eminence to Kinana from amongst the descendants of Isma'il, and he granted eminence to the Quraish amongst Kinana, and he granted eminence to Banu Hashim amonsgst the Quraish''', and he granted me eminence from the tribe of Banu Hashim.}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3605}}\|Narrated Wathilah bin Al-Asqa': that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Indeed '''Allah has chosen [''istafa''; lit. "taken 'the best' from"<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h619,ll=1750,ls=h5,la=h2468,sg=h604,ha=h412,br=h554,pr=h93,aan=h337,mgf=h517,vi=h225,kz=h1360,mr=h364,mn=h783,uqw=h934,umr=h614,ums=h516,umj=h459,ulq=h1085,uqa=h249,uqq=h195,bdw=h524,amr=h371,asb=h550,auh=h897,dhq=h318,mht=h517,msb=h138,tla=h65,amj=h450,ens=h893,mis=h1231 Lane's Lexicon اصطفاه]</ref>] Isma'il from the children of Ibrahim, and He chose Banu Kinanah from the children of Isma'il, and He chose the Quraish from Banu Kinanah, and He chose Banu Hashim from Quraish''', and He chose me from Banu Hashim." <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3927}}\|Narrated Salman: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to me: 'O Salman! Do not detest me and thereby leave your religion.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah! How could I detest you while Allah guided us by you.' He said: ''''You will detest the Arabs and thereby detest me.''''" <br> Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3928}}\|Narrated 'Uthman bin 'Affan:

	that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3905}}\|Narrated Sa'd: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever wishes to humiliate the Quraish then Allah will humiliate him."''' <br>Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Muwatta\|45\|\|17}}\|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, 'May Allah fight the jews and the christians. They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}		that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever cheats the Arabs, he will not be included in my intercession, and my love shall not reach him."''' <br>Grade: Da'if (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3905}}\|Narrated Sa'd: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: '''"Whoever wishes to humiliate the Quraish then Allah will humiliate him."''' <br>Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Muwatta\|45\|\|17}}\|Yahya related to me from Malik from Ismail ibn Abi Hakim that he heard Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz say, "One of the last things that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said was, ''''May Allah fight the jews and the christians.''' They took the graves of their Prophets as places of prostration. '''Two deens shall not co-exist in the land of the Arabs.''''"}}

	====Quraysh====		====Quraysh====
Line 50:		Line 50:
	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|703}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|703}}\|Narrated Abu Huraira:

	I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "'''Pride and arrogance are characteristics of the rural bedouins''' while calmness is found among the owners of sheep. Belief is Yemenite, and wisdom is also Yemenite i.e. the Yemenites are well-known for their true belief and wisdom)." Abu `Abdullah (Al-Bukhari) said, "Yemen was called so because it is situated to the right of the Ka`ba, and Sham was called so because it is situated to the left of the Ka`ba."}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|702}}\|Narrated Abi Mas`ud: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "From this side from the east, afflictions will appear. '''Rudeness and lack of mercy are characteristics of the rural bedouins''' who are busy with their camels and cows (and pay no attention to religion). Such are the tribes of Rabi`a and Mudar."}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3946}}\|Narrated Abu Hurairah: "A man from Banu Fazarah gave a gift to the Prophet (ﷺ) of she-camel from his camels which they had taken at Al-Ghabah. So he reciprocated for it with something in return, but he was upset with it. So I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), upon [this] Minbar saying: ''''Indeed one of the men from the Bedouins gave me a gift so I reciprocated for it to the extent of what I had. Then he became very upset with me. By Allah! After my experience with this Bedouin man, I shall not accept a gift from anyone except from a Quraishi, Ansari, Thaqafi, or Dawsi.''''" <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3953}}\|Narrated Ibn 'Umar: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd [the Najd is the land of the Bedouins]" He said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd" He said: "Earthquakes are there, and tribulations are there." Or he said: "The horn of Shaitan comes from there." <br>Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}		I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "'''Pride and arrogance are characteristics of the rural bedouins''' while calmness is found among the owners of sheep. Belief is Yemenite, and wisdom is also Yemenite i.e. the Yemenites are well-known for their true belief and wisdom)." Abu `Abdullah (Al-Bukhari) said, "Yemen was called so because it is situated to the right of the Ka`ba, and Sham was called so because it is situated to the left of the Ka`ba."}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|702}}\|Narrated Abi Mas`ud: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "From this side from the east, afflictions will appear. '''Rudeness and lack of mercy are characteristics of the rural bedouins''' who are busy with their camels and cows (and pay no attention to religion). Such are the tribes of Rabi`a and Mudar."}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3946}}\|Narrated Abu Hurairah: "A man from Banu Fazarah gave a gift to the Prophet (ﷺ) of she-camel from his camels which they had taken at Al-Ghabah. So he reciprocated for it with something in return, but he was upset with it. So I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), upon [this] Minbar saying: ''''Indeed one of the men from the Bedouins gave me a gift so I reciprocated for it to the extent of what I had. Then he became very upset with me. By Allah! After my experience with this Bedouin man, I shall not accept a gift from anyone except from a Quraishi, Ansari, Thaqafi, or Dawsi.''''" <br> Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3953}}\|Narrated Ibn 'Umar: that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd [the Najd is the land of the Bedouins]" He said: "O Allah bless us in our Sham! O Allah bless us in our Yemen." They said: "And in our Najd" He said: '''"Earthquakes are there, and tribulations are there." Or he said: "The horn of Shaitan comes from there."''' <br>Grade: Sahih (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{cite web\|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/25/32 \|title=Sunan Abu Dawud 25:32 \|publisher= \|author= \|date= \|archiveurl= \|deadurl=no}} See also [https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/13/60 Sunan ibn Majah 13:60].\|Narrated AbuHurayrah: The Prophet said: '''The testimony of a nomad Arab against a townsman is not allowable.'''}}

	====Ethiopians====		====Ethiopians====
	{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3691}}\|Narrated 'Aishah:		{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3691}}\|Narrated 'Aishah:
Line 57:		Line 56:

	====Blacks====		====Blacks====
	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|9\|87\|161}}, {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|162}}, {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|163}}\|Narrated `Abdullah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "'''I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair''' going out of Medina and settling at Mahai'a, i.e., Al-Juhfa. '''I interpreted that as a symbol of epidemic''' of Medina being transferred to that place (Al-Juhfa).}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|author=Ibn Ishaq\|page=243\|editor=A. Guillaume\|trans_title=The Life of Muhammad\|title=Sirat Rasul Allah\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|ISBN= 0 19 636033 1\|year=2004}}\|I have heard that it was of him that the apostle said, ''''Whoever wants to see Satan let him take a look at Nabtal b. al-Harith!' He was a sturdy black man with long flowing hair, inflamed eyes, and dark ruddy cheeks.'''}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|pages=471-472\|title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet\|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar-Alhamdulillah-library.blogspot.in.pdf/page/n399/mode/2up\|author=Saifur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri\|page=399\|publisher=Darussalam\|year=1996\|edition=1st}}\|He [the prophet] sent Khalid bin al-Walid in Ramadan 8 A.H., to '''a spot called Nakhlah ‎where there was a goddess called Al-‘Uzza''' venerated by the Quraish and Kinanah . . . On ‎his return, the Prophet asked him if he had seen anything there, to which Khalid gave a ‎negative answer . . . He went back again and there '''he saw a black woman, naked with torn ‎hair. Khalid struck her with his sword into two parts.''' He returned and narrated the story ‎to the Prophet, who then confirmed the fulfillment of the task.‎}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|pages=471-472\|title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet\|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar-Alhamdulillah-library.blogspot.in.pdf/page/n399/mode/2up\|author=Saifur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri\|page=400\|publisher=Darussalam\|year=1996\|edition=1st}}\|Sa’d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and '''on the same mission to Al-‎Mushallal to destroy an idol, Manat''', respected by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. '''Here ‎also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. ‎Sa’d immediately killed her''' . . .‎}}		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|9\|87\|161}}, {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|162}}, {{Bukhari\|9\|87\|163}}\|Narrated `Abdullah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "'''I saw (in a dream) a black woman with unkempt hair''' going out of Medina and settling at Mahai'a, i.e., Al-Juhfa. '''I interpreted that as a symbol of epidemic''' of Medina being transferred to that place (Al-Juhfa).}}{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|10\|3901}}\|Jabir (Allah be pleased with him) reported: There came a slave and pledg- ed allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) on migration; he (the Holy Prophet) did not know that he was a slave. Then there came his master and demanded him back, whereupon Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) said: '''Sell him to me. And he bought him for two black slaves''', and he did not afterwards take allegiance from anyone until he had asked him whether he was a slave (or a free man)}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|author=Ibn Ishaq\|page=243\|editor=A. Guillaume\|trans_title=The Life of Muhammad\|title=Sirat Rasul Allah\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|ISBN= 0 19 636033 1\|year=2004}}\|I have heard that it was of him that the apostle said, ''''Whoever wants to see Satan let him take a look at Nabtal b. al-Harith!' He was a sturdy black man with long flowing hair, inflamed eyes, and dark ruddy cheeks.''' He used to come and talk with the Prophet and listen to him. He would carry what he had said to the hypocrites. Nabtal said, 'Muhammad is all ears. If anyone tells him something he believes it.' Allah sent down concerning him: 'To those who annoy the Prophet and say that he is all ears, say, 'Good ears for you.' For those who annoy the Apostle there is a painful punishment."}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|pages=471-472\|title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet\|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar-Alhamdulillah-library.blogspot.in.pdf/page/n399/mode/2up\|author=Saifur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri\|page=399\|publisher=Darussalam\|year=1996\|edition=1st}}\|He [the prophet] sent Khalid bin al-Walid in Ramadan 8 A.H., to '''a spot called Nakhlah ‎where there was a goddess called Al-‘Uzza''' venerated by the Quraish and Kinanah . . . On ‎his return, the Prophet asked him if he had seen anything there, to which Khalid gave a ‎negative answer . . . He went back again and there '''he saw a black woman, naked with torn ‎hair. Khalid struck her with his sword into two parts.''' He returned and narrated the story ‎to the Prophet, who then confirmed the fulfillment of the task.‎}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|pages=471-472\|title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet\|url=https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar-Alhamdulillah-library.blogspot.in.pdf/page/n399/mode/2up\|author=Saifur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri\|page=400\|publisher=Darussalam\|year=1996\|edition=1st}}\|Sa’d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali was also sent in the same month and '''on the same mission to Al-‎Mushallal to destroy an idol, Manat''', respected by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes. '''Here ‎also a black woman, naked with messy hair appeared wailing and beating on her chest. ‎Sa’d immediately killed her''' . . .‎}}{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|5\|2334}}\|'Ubaidullah b. Abu Rafi', the freed slave of the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him), said: When Haruria (the Khwarij) set out and as he was with 'Ali b. Abu Talib (Allah be pleased with him) they said," There is no command but that of Allah." Upon this 'Ali said: The statement is true but it is intentionally applied (to support) a wrong (cause). The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him described their characteristics and I found these characteristics in them. They state the truth with their tongue, but it does not go beyond this part of their bodies (and the narrator pointed towards his throat). '''The most hateful among the creation of Allah is one black man among them (Khwarij). One of his hand is like the teat of a goat or the nipple of the breast.''' When 'Ali b. Abu Talib (Allah be pleased with him) killed them, he said: Search (for his dead body). They searched for him, but they did not find it (his dead body). Upon this he said: Go (and search for him). By Allah, neither I have spoken a lie nor has the lie been spoken to me. 'Ali said this twice and thrice. They then found him (the dead body) in a rain. They brought (his dead) body till they placed it before him (Hadrat 'Ali). 'Ubaidullah said: And, I was present at (that place) when this happened and when 'Ali said about them. A person narrated to me from Ibn Hanain that he said: I saw that black man.}}{{Quote\|{{Tabari\|2\|p. 11}}\|Shem, the son of Noah was the father of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Greeks; Ham was the father of the Black Africans; and Japheth was the father of the Turks and of Gog and Magog who were cousins of the Turks. Noah prayed that the prophets and apostles would be descended from Shem and kings would be from Japheth. '''He prayed that the African’s color would change so that their descendants would be slaves to the Arabs and Turks.'''}}{{Quote\|{{Tabari\|2\|p. 21}}\|'''Ham [Africans] begat all those who are black and curly-haired''', while Japheth [Turks] begat all those who are full-faced with small eyes, and Shem [Arabs] begat everyone who is handsome of face with beautiful hair. Noah prayed that the hair of Ham’s descendants would not grow beyond their ears, and that whenever his descendants met Shem’s, '''the latter would enslave them.'''}}{{Quote\|Ishaq:450\|It is your folly to fight the Apostle, for Allah’s army is bound to disgrace you. We brought them to the pit. Hell was their meeting place. '''We collected them there, black slaves, men of no descent.'''}}{{Quote\|Ishaq:374\|The black troops and slaves of the Meccans cried out and the Muslims replied, ‘Allah destroy your sight, you impious rascals.’}}{{Quote\|Mishkat, Vol. 3, p. 117. ''Al-Tirmidhi No. 38'', Alim.org ([https://web-beta.archive.org/web/20120512074140/http://www.alim.org/library/hadith/TIR/38 Archived]).\|"Abu Darda reported that the Holy Prophet said: Allah created Adam when he created him (sic). Then He stroke (sic) his right shoulder and took out a white race as if they were seeds, and He stroke (sic) his left shoulder and took out a black race as if they were coals. Then He said to those who were in his right side: Towards paradise and I don't care. He said to those who were on his left shoulder: Towards Hell and I don't care. - Ahmad"}}

	====Other hierarchies, races, and tribes====		====Other hierarchies, races, and tribes====
	{{Quote\|{{bukhari\|4\|56\|718}}; see also {{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3950}}\|Narrated Abu Bakra: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Do you think that the tribes of Juhaina, Muzaina, Aslam and Ghifar are better than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa?"''' A man said, "They were unsuccessful and losers." The Prophet (ﷺ) added, "'''(Yes), they are better''' than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa."}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|726}}; see also\|Narrated Abu Hurairah (ra):		{{Quote\|{{bukhari\|4\|56\|718}}; see also {{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3950}}\|Narrated Abu Bakra: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, '''"Do you think that the tribes of Juhaina, Muzaina, Aslam and Ghifar are better than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa?"''' A man said, "They were unsuccessful and losers." The Prophet (ﷺ) added, "'''(Yes), they are better''' than the tribes of Bani Tamim, Bani Asad, Bani `Abdullah bin Ghatafan and Bani Amir bin Sasaa."}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|4\|56\|726}}; see also\|Narrated Abu Hurairah (ra):

IbnPinker: /* Ethiopians */

2021-01-17T18:48:50Z

Ethiopians

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 17 January 2021
Line 54:		Line 54:
	====Ethiopians====		====Ethiopians====
	{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3691}}\|Narrated 'Aishah:		{{Quote\|{{Al Tirmidhi\|\|6\|46\|3691}}\|Narrated 'Aishah:
	that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sitting and we heard a scream and the voices of children. So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) arose, and it was '''an Ethiopian woman, prancing around while the children played around her'''. So he said: 'O 'Aishah, come (and) see.' So I came, and I put my chin upon the shoulder of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and I began to watch her from between his shoulder and his head, and he said to me: 'Have you had enough, have you had enough?'" She said: "So I kept saying: 'No,' to see my status with him. '''Then 'Umar appeared.'''" She said: '''"So they dispersed."''' She said: "So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: ''''Indeed I see the Shayatin among men and jinn have run from 'Umar.' She said: 'So I returned.''''"<br>Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|1\|11\|664}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet (ﷺ) said to Abu-Dhar, '''"Listen and obey (your chief) even if he is an Ethiopian with a head like a raisin."'''}}		that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sitting and we heard a scream and the voices of children. So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) arose, and it was '''an Ethiopian woman, prancing around while the children played around her'''. So he said: 'O 'Aishah, come (and) see.' So I came, and I put my chin upon the shoulder of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and I began to watch her from between his shoulder and his head, and he said to me: 'Have you had enough, have you had enough?'" She said: "So I kept saying: 'No,' to see my status with him. '''Then 'Umar appeared.'''" She said: '''"So they dispersed."''' She said: "So the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: ''''Indeed I see the Shayatin among men and jinn have run from 'Umar.' She said: 'So I returned.''''"<br>Grade: Hasan (Darussalam)}}{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|1\|11\|664}}, {{Bukhari\|9\|89\|256}}, {{Bukhari\|1\|11\|662}}\|Narrated Anas bin Malik: The Prophet (ﷺ) said to Abu-Dhar, '''"Listen and obey (your chief) even if he is an Ethiopian with a head like a raisin."'''}}

	====Blacks====		====Blacks====
Line 164:		Line 164:
	==See also==		==See also==

	*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:~~Racism~~]]		*[[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Race and Tribe]]

	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

IbnPinker at 17:53, 17 January 2021

2021-01-17T17:53:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 17 January 2021
Line 67:		Line 67:
	===''Kafa'ah'' ("equivalence") in marriage<ref name=":0">{{Citation\|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam\|publisher=E.J. Brill\|volume=4 IRAN-KHA\|editor1=E. van Donzel\|editor2=B. Lewis\|editor3=Ch. Pellat\|editor4=C.E. Bosworth\|edition=New Edition [2nd]\|location=Leiden\|chapter=Kafa'a\|publication-date=1997\|isbn=90 04 05745 5\|page=404}}</ref>===		===''Kafa'ah'' ("equivalence") in marriage<ref name=":0">{{Citation\|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam\|publisher=E.J. Brill\|volume=4 IRAN-KHA\|editor1=E. van Donzel\|editor2=B. Lewis\|editor3=Ch. Pellat\|editor4=C.E. Bosworth\|edition=New Edition [2nd]\|location=Leiden\|chapter=Kafa'a\|publication-date=1997\|isbn=90 04 05745 5\|page=404}}</ref>===

	====Companions views====		====Companions' views====
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila\|title=Musannaf\|author=Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/13174\|volume=6\|page=152\|chapter=Bab al-Akfa\|trans_chapter=Chapter of Equivalence, no. 10324}}; translated in {{citation\|author=Susan A. Spectorsky\|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law\|publisher=Brill\|page=75\|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1\|year=2010}}\|'''‘Umar b. al-Khatṭāb said: “We forbid the private parts of noble women ̣to anyone except their equals.”'''}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila\|title=Musannaf\|author=Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanani\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/13174\|volume=6\|page=152\|chapter=Bab al-Akfa\|trans_chapter=Chapter of Equivalence, no. 10324}}; translated in {{citation\|author=Susan A. Spectorsky\|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law\|publisher=Brill\|page=75\|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1\|year=2010}}\|'''‘Umar b. al-Khatṭāb said: “We forbid the private parts of noble women ̣to anyone except their equals.”'''}}

IbnPinker: /* Imam Malik */

2021-01-17T03:30:13Z

Imam Malik

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:30, 17 January 2021
Line 95:		Line 95:
	He [Ibn al-Qasim, Imam Malik’s companion for twenty years] said: Yes [the hadd will be ‎implemented].‎		He [Ibn al-Qasim, Imam Malik’s companion for twenty years] said: Yes [the hadd will be ‎implemented].‎

	I said: What if he said to a non-Arab, ‘Oh Persian!’, while he is a Roman? Or he ~~said~~ to a ~~‎Berber~~, ‘Oh Ethiopian!’ or ‘Oh Persian!’? Or he said to a Persian, ‘Oh Roman!’ or ~~‘Oh ‎Nabatean~~!’? Will the hadd be implemented in this case according to Imam Malik or ~~not~~?‎		I said: What if he said to a non-Arab [''mawla''], ‘Oh Persian!’, while he is a Roman? Or he ‎said to a Berber, ‘Oh Ethiopian!’ or ‘Oh Persian!’? Or he said to a Persian, ‘Oh Roman!’ or ‎‎‘Oh Nabatean!’? Will the hadd be implemented in this case according to Imam Malik or ‎not?‎

	He said: Malik said: When it is said to a Persian, ‘Oh Roman!’, ‘Oh Ethiopian!’, or ‎something similar, then there is no hadd with regard to this. And it was differed upon ‎about Malik regarding whether or not the one who says to the Roman or Berber, ‘Oh ‎Ethiopian!’ would have the hadd upon him. And I think that there is no hadd upon him ‎‎[the criminal] except if he says to him [the victim], ‘Oh son of a black person!’ while he ‎‎[the victim] is white. If there are among his [the victim’s] forefathers none who are black, ‎then the hadd is implemented. And if he [the criminal] described him [the victim] as an ‎Ethiopian, saying, ‘Oh son of an Ethiopian!’, and he [the victim] was a Berber, then the ‎Ethiopian and the Roman [descriptions] in this case are the same [that is,] if he [the ‎victim] was a Berber – and it [i.e. this ruling] is the best of what I have heard from the ‎speech of Malik. And it [i.e. this ruling] was confirmed with me unless it were said to him ‎‎[the victim], ‘Oh son of a black person!’, for that would be clear slander if there were no ‎black person among his forefathers.‎		He said: Malik said: When it is said to a Persian, ‘Oh Roman!’, ‘Oh Ethiopian!’, or ‎something similar, then there is no hadd with regard to this. And it was differed upon ‎about Malik regarding whether or not the one who says to the Roman or Berber, ‘Oh ‎Ethiopian!’ would have the hadd upon him. And I think that there is no hadd upon him ‎‎[the criminal] except if he says to him [the victim], ‘Oh son of a black person!’ while he ‎‎[the victim] is white. If there are among his [the victim’s] forefathers none who are black, ‎then the hadd is implemented. And if he [the criminal] described him [the victim] as an ‎Ethiopian, saying, ‘Oh son of an Ethiopian!’, and he [the victim] was a Berber, then the ‎Ethiopian and the Roman [descriptions] in this case are the same [that is,] if he [the ‎victim] was a Berber – and it [i.e. this ruling] is the best of what I have heard from the ‎speech of Malik. And it [i.e. this ruling] was confirmed with me unless it were said to him ‎‎[the victim], ‘Oh son of a black person!’, for that would be clear slander if there were no ‎black person among his forefathers.‎
Line 133:		Line 133:
	I said: What if I [Sahnun, being a criminal] slandered a man and then that man [the ‎victim] left Islam, thereafter returned to Islam, and then demanded of [i.e. against] me ‎the hadd [that it should be imparted against Sahnun] - Would you smite [i.e. lash] me for ‎him or not?‎		I said: What if I [Sahnun, being a criminal] slandered a man and then that man [the ‎victim] left Islam, thereafter returned to Islam, and then demanded of [i.e. against] me ‎the hadd [that it should be imparted against Sahnun] - Would you smite [i.e. lash] me for ‎him or not?‎
	He said: There is no hadd upon his [the revert’s] slanderer [i.e. the criminal].‎		He said: There is no hadd upon his [the revert’s] slanderer [i.e. the criminal].‎
	He, Ibn al-Qasim, said: If he [the criminal] slandered him, and then he [the criminal] left ‎Islam, or if he [the criminal] slandered him while he [the criminal] was an apostate ‎‎[''murtad''], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] while he ‎‎[the criminal] was an apostate – and if he [the criminal] repented [i.e. returned to Islam], ‎then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] just as well. And if ‎someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] while he [the victim] was an ‎apostate, and then he [the victim] repented, then there would be no hadd upon him [the ‎criminal]. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] before he [the ‎victim] apostatized, and then he [the victim] apostatized, then there is no hadd upon the ‎slanderer [i.e. the criminal] if he [the victim] repents [i.e. returns to Islam] – and indeed ‎this is similar to the case of a man who was slandered with [the accusation of] ~~‎fornication~~ but was not taken thus for the hadd [i.e. not punished or ~~prosecuted~~] until he ‎‎[the victim] [actually] ~~fornicated~~, for ~~then~~ [also] there is no hadd upon whoever ~~‎slandered~~ him.‎}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=al-Shifa bi-ta'rif huquq al-Mustafa\|author=Qadi Iyad\|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/1753\|volume=2\|page=217, 234}}; translated in {{citation\|editor=Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley\|Publisher=Madinah Press Inverness\|location=Scotland\|year=2004\|title=Ash-Shifa of Qadi 'Iyad\|pages=375, 387\|url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadMessengerOfAllahAshShifaOfQadiIyad}}\|[Qadi Iyad repeats this twice:] Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, '''the companion of Sahnun, said, 'Anyone who says that the Prophet was black (''aswad'') should be killed.''''}}		He, Ibn al-Qasim, said: If he [the criminal] slandered him, and then he [the criminal] left ‎Islam, or if he [the criminal] slandered him while he [the criminal] was an apostate ‎‎[''murtad''], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] while he ‎‎[the criminal] was an apostate – and if he [the criminal] repented [i.e. returned to Islam], ‎then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] just as well. And if ‎someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] while he [the victim] was an ‎apostate, and then he [the victim] repented, then there would be no hadd upon him [the ‎criminal]. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] before he [the ‎victim] apostatized, and then he [the victim] apostatized, then there is no hadd upon the ‎slanderer [i.e. the criminal] if he [the victim] repents [i.e. returns to Islam] – and indeed ‎this is similar to the case of a man who was slandered with [the accusation of] ''zina'' ‎‎[fornication/adultery] but was not taken thus for the hadd [i.e. not punished or ‎prosecuted] until he [the victim] [actually] committed ''zina'' [fornication/adultery], for ‎then [also] there is no hadd upon whoever slandered him.‎}}{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=al-Shifa bi-ta'rif huquq al-Mustafa\|author=Qadi Iyad\|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila\|url=https://app.turath.io/book/1753\|volume=2\|page=217, 234}}; translated in {{citation\|editor=Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley\|Publisher=Madinah Press Inverness\|location=Scotland\|year=2004\|title=Ash-Shifa of Qadi 'Iyad\|pages=375, 387\|url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadMessengerOfAllahAshShifaOfQadiIyad}}\|[Qadi Iyad repeats this twice:] Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, '''the companion of Sahnun, said, 'Anyone who says that the Prophet was black (''aswad'') should be killed.''''}}
	==Race and Tribe in Islamic doctrine==		==Race and Tribe in Islamic doctrine==