Relationships with non-Muslims in Islamic Law - Revision history

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-14T21:11:13Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:11, 14 November 2025
Line 45:		Line 45:
	Abraham's people, whom he declared enemies in the above verse, did nothing besides idolatry according to the tafsirs. But it should be noted that a softening of this stance occurs a few verses later in the same surah. It says that Allah may put love / affection between the Muslims and those who had been their enemies, that they are permitted to show kindness and deal justly with them so long as they had not made war on the Muslims and had not helped drive them out. It is only those who did do such things that the believers should not take as guardians / allies (awliyaa).		Abraham's people, whom he declared enemies in the above verse, did nothing besides idolatry according to the tafsirs. But it should be noted that a softening of this stance occurs a few verses later in the same surah. It says that Allah may put love / affection between the Muslims and those who had been their enemies, that they are permitted to show kindness and deal justly with them so long as they had not made war on the Muslims and had not helped drive them out. It is only those who did do such things that the believers should not take as guardians / allies (awliyaa).

	The tafsirs say that verse 60:7 was uttered because the previous verses were hard for the Muslims, telling them to disown their own relatives in Mecca, even their children in verse {{Quran\|60\|3}}. Regarding verse 60:8, ibn Kathir cites {{Bukhari\|8\|73\|9}} that it was revealed after Asma' bint Abu Bakr rejected her idolatress mother when she tried to visit her in Medina. He says that 'A'isha asked Muhammad's opinion on this.<ref>[http://m.qtafsir.com/Surah-Al-Mumtahina/The-Permissibility-of-being-Ki--- qtafsir.com] - Tafsir of ibn Kathir on verse 60:8. The comment about 'A'isha is also found in Wahidi's [https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=86&tSoraNo=60&tAyahNo=8&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Asbab Al-Nuzul]</ref> Al-Tabari in his tafsir records disagreement as to whether the exemption applies only to believers who did not migrate from Mecca, or to polytheists who did not fight nor expel the believers. He also records one narration that the verse was abrogated by later commands to fight the disbelievers, while others disagreed.<ref>[https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=60&tAyahNo=8&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1 altafsir.com] - Tafsir al-Tabari for verse 60:8</ref>		The tafsirs say that verse 60:7 was uttered because the previous verses were hard for the Muslims, telling them to disown their own relatives in Mecca, even their children in verse {{Quran\|60\|3}}. Regarding verse 60:8, ibn Kathir cites {{Bukhari\|\|\|5978\|darussalam}} that it was revealed after Asma' bint Abu Bakr rejected her idolatress mother when she tried to visit her in Medina. He says that 'A'isha asked Muhammad's opinion on this.<ref>[http://m.qtafsir.com/Surah-Al-Mumtahina/The-Permissibility-of-being-Ki--- qtafsir.com] - Tafsir of ibn Kathir on verse 60:8. The comment about 'A'isha is also found in Wahidi's [https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=86&tSoraNo=60&tAyahNo=8&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=2 Asbab Al-Nuzul]</ref> Al-Tabari in his tafsir records disagreement as to whether the exemption applies only to believers who did not migrate from Mecca, or to polytheists who did not fight nor expel the believers. He also records one narration that the verse was abrogated by later commands to fight the disbelievers, while others disagreed.<ref>[https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=0&tTafsirNo=1&tSoraNo=60&tAyahNo=8&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1 altafsir.com] - Tafsir al-Tabari for verse 60:8</ref>

	{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|7\|9}}\|It may be that Allah will ordain love [mawaddatan]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> between you and those of them with whom ye are at enmity. Allah is Mighty, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them [tawallawhum]. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|7\|9}}\|It may be that Allah will ordain love [mawaddatan]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> between you and those of them with whom ye are at enmity. Allah is Mighty, and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo! Allah loveth the just dealers. Allah forbiddeth you only those who warred against you on account of religion and have driven you out from your homes and helped to drive you out, that ye make friends of them [tawallawhum]. Whosoever maketh friends of them - (All) such are wrong-doers.}}
Line 68:		Line 68:
	===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends===		===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends===

	{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|1\|~~417~~}}\|'Amr b. 'As reported: I heard it from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) quite audibly and not secretly: Behold! the posterity of my fathers, that is, so and so, are not my friends. Verily Allah and the pious believers are my friends.[awliya]}}		{{Quote\|{{Muslim\|\|215\|reference}}\|'Amr b. 'As reported: I heard it from the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) quite audibly and not secretly: Behold! the posterity of my fathers, that is, so and so, are not my friends. Verily Allah and the pious believers are my friends.[awliya]}}

	===Muhammad used to visit a sick Jewish servant===		===Muhammad used to visit a sick Jewish servant===
Line 74:		Line 74:
	Contemporary scholars often cite this hadith as an example of Muhammad showing friendship to a Jewish persion.		Contemporary scholars often cite this hadith as an example of Muhammad showing friendship to a Jewish persion.

	{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|2\|23\|~~438~~}}\|Narrated Anas:		{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|\|\|1356\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Anas:

	A young Jewish boy used to serve the Prophet (ﷺ) and he became sick. So the Prophet (ﷺ) went to visit him. He sat near his head and asked him to embrace Islam. The boy looked at his father, who was sitting there; the latter told him to obey Abul-Qasim and the boy embraced Islam. The Prophet (ﷺ) came out saying: "Praises be to Allah Who saved the boy from the Hell-fire."}}		A young Jewish boy used to serve the Prophet (ﷺ) and he became sick. So the Prophet (ﷺ) went to visit him. He sat near his head and asked him to embrace Islam. The boy looked at his father, who was sitting there; the latter told him to obey Abul-Qasim and the boy embraced Islam. The Prophet (ﷺ) came out saying: "Praises be to Allah Who saved the boy from the Hell-fire."}}
Line 88:		Line 88:
	===A man follows the religion of his friend===		===A man follows the religion of his friend===

	{{Quote\|{{~~Abudawud~~\|41\|~~4815~~}}\|Narrated AbuHurayrah:		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|4833\|darussalam}}\|Narrated AbuHurayrah:

	The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man follows the religion of his friend [Khalil]; so each one should consider whom he makes his friend.[Khalil]}}		The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: A man follows the religion of his friend [Khalil]; so each one should consider whom he makes his friend.[Khalil]}}
Line 94:		Line 94:
	===Only stay with believers===		===Only stay with believers===

	{{Quote\|{{~~Abudawud~~\|41\|~~4814~~}}\|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri:		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|4832\|darussalam}}\|Narrated AbuSa'id al-Khudri:

	The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals.		The Prophet (ﷺ) said: Associate only with a believer, and let only a God-fearing man eat your meals.
Line 101:		Line 101:
	===Whoever joins a polytheist is like him===		===Whoever joins a polytheist is like him===

	{{Quote\|{{~~Abudawud~~\|14\|~~2781~~}}\|Narrated Samurah ibn Jundub:		{{Quote\|{{Abu Dawud\|\|2787\|darussalam}}\|Narrated Samurah ibn Jundub:

	To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him.		To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him.

Lightyears: misquoted the source

2023-08-06T14:47:50Z

misquoted the source

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 6 August 2023
Line 105:		Line 105:
	To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him.		To proceed, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: Anyone who associates with a polytheist and lives with him is like him.
	}}		}}

	~~===Muhammad was sent to stop friendship===~~

	{{Quote\|Ibn Ishaq p.262\|Some Muslims remained friends with the Jews, so Allah sent down a Qur'an forbidding them to take Jews as friends. From their mouths hatred has already shown itself and what they conceal is worse}}

	==Scholars==		==Scholars==

Lightyears at 18:27, 2 August 2023

2023-08-02T18:27:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:27, 2 August 2023
Line 7:		Line 7:
	Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions] Islamic Law Journal, Vol. 85, pp. 756-759</ref>		Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions] Islamic Law Journal, Vol. 85, pp. 756-759</ref>

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|221}}\|Wed not idolatresses till they believe; for lo! a believing bondwoman is better than an idolatress though she please you; '''and give not your daughters in marriage to idolaters till they believe''', for lo! a believing slave is better than an idolater though he please you. These invite unto the Fire, and Allah inviteth unto the Garden, and unto forgiveness by His grace, and expoundeth His revelations to mankind that haply they may remember.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|221}}\|'''Wed not idolatresses till they believe;''' for lo! a believing bondwoman is better than an idolatress though she please you; '''and give not your daughters in marriage to idolaters till they believe''', for lo! a believing slave is better than an idolater though he please you. These invite unto the Fire, and Allah inviteth unto the Garden, and unto forgiveness by His grace, and expoundeth His revelations to mankind that haply they may remember.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|60\|10}}\|O ye who believe! '''When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them'''. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|60\|10}}\|O ye who believe! '''When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them'''. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. '''And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women;''' and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|5}}\|This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. '''And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions''' and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|5}}\|This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. '''And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions''' and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter.}}

Lightyears at 18:27, 1 August 2023

2023-08-01T18:27:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:27, 1 August 2023
Line 3:		Line 3:

	==Quran==		==Quran==
			===Interfaith marriage===
	=== Interfaith marriage ===
	The Quran forbids believers from marrying those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun). After the conquest of Mecca believing men were permitted to marry believing women and women from the People of the Book (Jews and Christians). There is no similar verse explicitly permitting the same for believing women, and they had been explicitly forbidden to marry disbelieving men (Kuffar) in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah. These verses led scholars to conclude that Muslim women may only marry Muslim men. The relevant verses are {{Quran\|2\|221}}, {{Quran\|60\|10}}, and {{Quran\|5\|5}}. Another justification given by scholars was that a non-Muslim husband may compell his believing wife to compromise her faith or their children's faith. The prominent reformist scholar, Dr. Abou El Fadl, professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, notes, “I am not aware of a single dissenting opinion on this, which is rather unusual for Islamic jurisprudence because Muslim jurists often disagreed on many issues, but this is not one of them". Today, there are some discenting opinions among Islamic modernists, arguing that there is some ambiguity in the relevant verses and using arguments such as that women have greater legal protections in the modern world, though this is very much a minority view. Such marriages are considered void under Islamic law. Moreover, if in a married non-Muslim couple the wife but not the husband converts to Islam, the marriage in annulled. It is also annulled if the husband becomes Muslim but the wife is neither Christian nor Jew. If a Muslim husband abandons his faith, his marriage to his Muslim wife is similarly annulled, and perhaps vice versa.<ref>Alex B. Leeman [https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal		The Quran forbids believers from marrying those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun). After the conquest of Mecca believing men were permitted to marry believing women and women from the People of the Book (Jews and Christians). There is no similar verse explicitly permitting the same for believing women, and they had been explicitly forbidden to marry disbelieving men (Kuffar) in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah. These verses led scholars to conclude that Muslim women may only marry Muslim men. The relevant verses are {{Quran\|2\|221}}, {{Quran\|60\|10}}, and {{Quran\|5\|5}}. Another justification given by scholars was that a non-Muslim husband may compell his believing wife to compromise her faith or their children's faith. The prominent reformist scholar, Dr. Abou El Fadl, professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, notes, “I am not aware of a single dissenting opinion on this, which is rather unusual for Islamic jurisprudence because Muslim jurists often disagreed on many issues, but this is not one of them". Today, there are some discenting opinions among Islamic modernists, arguing that there is some ambiguity in the relevant verses and using arguments such as that women have greater legal protections in the modern world, though this is very much a minority view. Such marriages are considered void under Islamic law. Moreover, if in a married non-Muslim couple the wife but not the husband converts to Islam, the marriage in annulled. It is also annulled if the husband becomes Muslim but the wife is neither Christian nor Jew. If a Muslim husband abandons his faith, his marriage to his Muslim wife is similarly annulled, and perhaps vice versa.<ref>Alex B. Leeman [https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal
	Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions] Islamic Law Journal, Vol. 85, pp. 756-759</ref>		Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions] Islamic Law Journal, Vol. 85, pp. 756-759</ref>
Line 66:		Line 65:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|31\|14\|15}}\|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|31\|14\|15}}\|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}

	===Hadiths===		==Hadiths==
	===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends===		===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends===

Lightyears at 18:26, 1 August 2023

2023-08-01T18:26:11Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{QualityScore|Lead=4|Structure=4|Content=3|Language=4|References=3}}
-The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran|60|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances. Interfaith marriage is severely restricted (and for women, completely forbidden) by scholarly consensus (''ijma''). The Quran states in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah that believing women and disbelieving men (Kuffar) are not lawful for each other, while a later verse states that believing men are permitted to marry believing women and people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Believers are forbidden to marry those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) in another verse.
+Interfaith marriage is severely restricted (and for Muslim women, completely forbidden) by Islamic scholarly consensus (''ijma''). The [[Quran]] states in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah that believing women and disbelieving men (Kuffar) are not lawful for each other, while a later verse states that believing men are permitted to marry believing women and people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Believers are forbidden to marry those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) in another verse. The Quran and other Islamic sources also prohibit certain degrees of close friendship/allied relationships with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some among the "[[People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran|60|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that close friendship/allied relationships with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances.
 ==Quran==
-===Prohibition on taking disbelievers as intimate friends or guardians / allies===
+=== Interfaith marriage ===
 {{Quote|{{Quran|3|28}}|Let not believers take disbelievers as allies [awliyaa] rather than believers. And whoever [of you] does that has nothing with Allah, except when taking precaution against them in prudence. And Allah warns you of Himself, and to Allah is the [final] destination.}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 66: @@
 {{Quote|{{Quran-range|31|14|15}}|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}
-===Interfaith marriage===
+===Hadiths===
 ===Only pious believers where Muhammad's friends===

Lightyears at 01:23, 13 May 2023

2023-05-13T01:23:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:23, 13 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=4\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}
	The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances. Interfaith marriage is severely restricted (and for women, completely forbidden) by scholarly consensus (''ijma''). The Quran states in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah that believing women and disbelieving men (Kuffar) are not lawful for each other, while a later verse states that believing men are permitted to marry believing women and people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Believers are forbidden to marry those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) in another verse.		The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances. Interfaith marriage is severely restricted (and for women, completely forbidden) by scholarly consensus (''ijma''). The Quran states in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah that believing women and disbelieving men (Kuffar) are not lawful for each other, while a later verse states that believing men are permitted to marry believing women and people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Believers are forbidden to marry those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) in another verse.

Lightyears: Added restrictions on interfaith marriage, sadly one of the most harmful aspects of the religion

2023-05-13T01:23:37Z

Added restrictions on interfaith marriage, sadly one of the most harmful aspects of the religion

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:23, 13 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}
	The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances.		The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances. Interfaith marriage is severely restricted (and for women, completely forbidden) by scholarly consensus (''ijma''). The Quran states in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah that believing women and disbelieving men (Kuffar) are not lawful for each other, while a later verse states that believing men are permitted to marry believing women and people of the book i.e. Jews and Christians. Believers are forbidden to marry those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun) in another verse.

	==Quran==		==Quran==
Line 54:		Line 54:
	An earlier (Meccan) surah tells believers to accompany their disbelieving parents with kindness / fairness in this world, even if they seek to make the believer commit shirk (which should be disobeyed):		An earlier (Meccan) surah tells believers to accompany their disbelieving parents with kindness / fairness in this world, even if they seek to make the believer commit shirk (which should be disobeyed):
	{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|31\|14\|15}}\|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|31\|14\|15}}\|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}

			===Interfaith marriage===
			The Quran forbids believers from marrying those who associate partners with Allah (mushrikun). After the conquest of Mecca believing men were permitted to marry believing women and women from the People of the Book (Jews and Christians). There is no similar verse explicitly permitting the same for believing women, and they had been explicitly forbidden to marry disbelieving men (Kuffar) in a verse about the treaty of Hudaybiyyah. These verses led scholars to conclude that Muslim women may only marry Muslim men. The relevant verses are {{Quran\|2\|221}}, {{Quran\|60\|10}}, and {{Quran\|5\|5}}. Another justification given by scholars was that a non-Muslim husband may compell his believing wife to compromise her faith or their children's faith. The prominent reformist scholar, Dr. Abou El Fadl, professor of law at the University of California, Los Angeles, notes, “I am not aware of a single dissenting opinion on this, which is rather unusual for Islamic jurisprudence because Muslim jurists often disagreed on many issues, but this is not one of them". Today, there are some discenting opinions among Islamic modernists, arguing that there is some ambiguity in the relevant verses and using arguments such as that women have greater legal protections in the modern world, though this is very much a minority view. Such marriages are considered void under Islamic law. Moreover, if in a married non-Muslim couple the wife but not the husband converts to Islam, the marriage in annulled. It is also annulled if the husband becomes Muslim but the wife is neither Christian nor Jew. If a Muslim husband abandons his faith, his marriage to his Muslim wife is similarly annulled, and perhaps vice versa.<ref>Alex B. Leeman [https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal
			Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions] Islamic Law Journal, Vol. 85, pp. 756-759</ref>

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|2\|221}}\|Wed not idolatresses till they believe; for lo! a believing bondwoman is better than an idolatress though she please you; '''and give not your daughters in marriage to idolaters till they believe''', for lo! a believing slave is better than an idolater though he please you. These invite unto the Fire, and Allah inviteth unto the Garden, and unto forgiveness by His grace, and expoundeth His revelations to mankind that haply they may remember.}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|60\|10}}\|O ye who believe! '''When believing women come unto you as fugitives, examine them. Allah is Best Aware of their faith. Then, if ye know them for true believers, send them not back unto the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them (the disbelievers), nor are they (the disbelievers) lawful for them'''. And give them (the disbelievers) that which they have spent (upon them). And it is no sin for you to marry such women when ye have given them their dues. And hold not to the ties of disbelieving women; and ask for (the return of) that which ye have spent; and let them (the disbelievers) ask for that which they have spent. That is the judgment of Allah. He judgeth between you. Allah is Knower, Wise.}}

			{{Quote\|{{Quran\|5\|5}}\|This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them. '''And so are the virtuous women of the believers and the virtuous women of those who received the Scripture before you (lawful for you) when ye give them their marriage portions''' and live with them in honour, not in fornication, nor taking them as secret concubines. Whoso denieth the faith, his work is vain and he will be among the losers in the Hereafter.}}

	==Hadiths==		==Hadiths==

Lightyears at 01:42, 10 February 2023

2023-02-10T01:42:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:42, 10 February 2023
Line 52:		Line 52:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|58\|22}}\|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [yuwaddoona]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|58\|22}}\|Thou wilt not find folk who believe in Allah and the Last Day loving [yuwaddoona]<ref name="mawadattan"></ref> those who oppose Allah and His messenger, even though they be their fathers or their sons or their brethren or their clan. As for such, He hath written faith upon their hearts and hath strengthened them with a Spirit from Him, and He will bring them into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, wherein they will abide. Allah is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased with Him. They are Allah's party. Lo! is it not Allah's party who are the successful?}}

			An earlier (Meccan) surah tells believers to accompany their disbelieving parents with kindness / fairness in this world, even if they seek to make the believer commit shirk (which should be disobeyed):
			{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|31\|14\|15}}\|And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is in two years. Be grateful to Me and to your parents; to Me is the [final] destination. But if they endeavor to make you associate with Me that of which you have no knowledge, do not obey them but accompany them in [this] world with appropriate kindness and follow the way of those who turn back to Me [in repentance]. Then to Me will be your return, and I will inform you about what you used to do.}}

	==Hadiths==		==Hadiths==

Lightyears at 23:00, 17 December 2022

2022-12-17T23:00:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 17 December 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=1\|Structure=4\|Content=3\|Language=4\|References=3}}
	The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers, including some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is ~~permitted~~ in ~~some~~ circumstances.		The [[Quran]] and other Islamic sources prohibit certain degrees of relationship with disbelievers in certain circumstances, including with some of those from the "[[People of the Book\|People of the Book]]". Its stance appears to have evolved over time at various stages of Muhammad's prophetic career, occurring in a context when the believers had been driven out from Mecca and there was a degree of enmity between them, as recorded in such verses as {{Quran\|60\|1}}. Some contemporary views emphasize contextual issues and use particular verses and examples from Muhammad's life to argue that friendship with disbelievers is not forbidden in most circumstances.

	==Quran==		==Quran==
Line 41:		Line 41:
	===Prohibition on taking disbelieving family members as guardians / allies; believers disassociate from them and do not love them if they are enemies of Allah===		===Prohibition on taking disbelieving family members as guardians / allies; believers disassociate from them and do not love them if they are enemies of Allah===

	Surah 9 (at-Tawbah) ~~traditionally~~ came later chronologically than surah 60 in the section above, after the conquest of Mecca (though it is important to note that this is disputed by some modern academic scholars, who date the surah from internal and other evidence before that event). On the traditional chronology, it would seem that by this time Muhammad had hardened his stance again. ~~Now~~ even family could not be a Muslim's awliya if they love disbelief more than faith, and ~~a Muslim was~~ not allowed even to have love for ~~them~~ if they opposed Allah and Muhammad. Presumably ~~love was allowed if they don't oppose Allah and Muhammad~~, ~~though it seems that a Muslim still was forbidden to take them as awliya either way if they were disbelievers~~.		Surah 9 (at-Tawbah) came later chronologically than surah 60 quoted in the section above, after the conquest of Mecca. Here even family could not be a Muslim's awliya if they love disbelief more than faith, though in context and according to some commentaries this may concern those who had refused to emigrate. Believers were not allowed even to have love for their relatives if they opposed Allah and Muhammad. Presumably, these restrictions did not apply otherwise.

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|23}}\|O ye who believe! take not for protectors [yatawallahum] your fathers and your brothers if they love infidelity [kufra] above Faith: if any of you do so, they do wrong.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|9\|23\|24}}\|O ye who believe! take not for protectors [yatawallahum] your fathers and your brothers if they love infidelity [kufra] above Faith: if any of you do so, they do wrong. Say: If it be that your fathers, your sons, your brothers, your mates, or your kindred; the wealth that ye have gained; the commerce in which ye fear a decline: or the dwellings in which ye delight - are dearer [ahabba] to you than Allah, or His Messenger, or the striving in His cause;- then wait until Allah brings about His decision: and Allah guides not the rebellious.}}

	~~{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|24}}\|~~Say: If it be that your fathers, your sons, your brothers, your mates, or your kindred; the wealth that ye have gained; the commerce in which ye fear a decline: or the dwellings in which ye delight - are dearer [ahabba] to you than Allah, or His Messenger, or the striving in His cause;- then wait until Allah brings about His decision: and Allah guides not the rebellious.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|113}}\|It is not for the Prophet, and those who believe, to pray for the forgiveness of idolaters even though they may be near of kin (to them) after it hath become clear that they are people of hell-fire.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|9\|113}}\|It is not for the Prophet, and those who believe, to pray for the forgiveness of idolaters even though they may be near of kin (to them) after it hath become clear that they are people of hell-fire.}}
Line 116:		Line 114:
	==Contemporary views==		==Contemporary views==

	Some argue that friendship with non-Muslims is permitted in most situations today, appealing to verse 60:8 (see above) and certain aspects of Muhammad's life. His uncle Abu Talib was close to Muhammad and supported him throughout his life, despite remaining a polytheist. His uncle Abbas supported him in Mecca before his conversion to Islam. They also point to the non-Muslim Bedouin who ~~Muhammah~~ and Abu Bakr trusted to lead them through the desert when the Quraish plotted to kill Muhammad.		Some argue that friendship with non-Muslims is permitted in most situations today, appealing to verse 60:8 (see above) and certain aspects of Muhammad's life. His uncle Abu Talib was close to Muhammad and supported him throughout his life, despite remaining a polytheist. His uncle Abbas supported him in Mecca before his conversion to Islam. They also point to the non-Muslim Bedouin who Muhammad and Abu Bakr trusted to lead them through the desert when the Quraish plotted to kill Muhammad. In terms of the hadiths quoted above, it may be relevant that modernist muslim and academic scholars typically consider hadiths to often reflect later imperial circumstances.

	==See Also==		==See Also==

Lightyears at 22:17, 15 December 2022

2022-12-15T22:17:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 15 December 2022
Line 27:		Line 27:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|6\|70}}\|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|6\|70}}\|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|28\|86}}\|~~28:86~~ Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from thy Lord, so never be a helper [thaheeran] to the disbelievers.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|28\|86}}\|Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from thy Lord, so never be a helper [thaheeran] to the disbelievers.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|4-5}}\|There is for you an excellent example (to follow) in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people: "We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred for ever,- unless ye believe in Allah and Him alone": But not when Abraham said to his father: "I will pray for forgiveness for thee, though I have no power (to get) aught on thy behalf from Allah." (They prayed): "Our Lord! in Thee do we trust, and to Thee do we turn in repentance: to Thee is (our) Final Goal. "Our Lord! Make us not a (test and) trial for the Unbelievers, but forgive us, our Lord! for Thou art the Exalted in Might, the Wise."}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|4-5}}\|There is for you an excellent example (to follow) in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people: "We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred for ever,- unless ye believe in Allah and Him alone": But not when Abraham said to his father: "I will pray for forgiveness for thee, though I have no power (to get) aught on thy behalf from Allah." (They prayed): "Our Lord! in Thee do we trust, and to Thee do we turn in repentance: to Thee is (our) Final Goal. "Our Lord! Make us not a (test and) trial for the Unbelievers, but forgive us, our Lord! for Thou art the Exalted in Might, the Wise."}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 15 December 2022
Line 27:		Line 27:
	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|6\|70}}\|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|6\|70}}\|Leave alone [dhari] those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran\|28\|86}}\|~~28:86~~ Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from thy Lord, so never be a helper [thaheeran] to the disbelievers.}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran\|28\|86}}\|Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee; but it is a mercy from thy Lord, so never be a helper [thaheeran] to the disbelievers.}}

	{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|4-5}}\|There is for you an excellent example (to follow) in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people: "We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred for ever,- unless ye believe in Allah and Him alone": But not when Abraham said to his father: "I will pray for forgiveness for thee, though I have no power (to get) aught on thy behalf from Allah." (They prayed): "Our Lord! in Thee do we trust, and to Thee do we turn in repentance: to Thee is (our) Final Goal. "Our Lord! Make us not a (test and) trial for the Unbelievers, but forgive us, our Lord! for Thou art the Exalted in Might, the Wise."}}		{{Quote\|{{Quran-range\|60\|4-5}}\|There is for you an excellent example (to follow) in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their people: "We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: we have rejected you, and there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred for ever,- unless ye believe in Allah and Him alone": But not when Abraham said to his father: "I will pray for forgiveness for thee, though I have no power (to get) aught on thy behalf from Allah." (They prayed): "Our Lord! in Thee do we trust, and to Thee do we turn in repentance: to Thee is (our) Final Goal. "Our Lord! Make us not a (test and) trial for the Unbelievers, but forgive us, our Lord! for Thou art the Exalted in Might, the Wise."}}