User:Flynnjed/Sandbox - Revision history

Flynnjed at 16:08, 26 January 2022

2022-01-26T16:08:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 26 January 2022
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	arabic word for male circumcision		arabic word for male circumcision

			Male Circumcision: truly reliable figures on the extent of circumcision in the world do not exist. In 1996, during the 4<sup>th</sup> international symposium held in Lausanne, the following figures were distributed: each year, 13,300,000 male children are circumcised in the world. This makes an average of:

			1,100,000 childre per month

			36,438 per day

			1,518 per hour

			25 per minute.

			Another source indicates that 23% of the male population of the world is cricumcised, which makes a toatl of 650 million. (<nowiki>http://noharmm.org/HGMstats.htm</nowiki>) “

	==Quran==		==Quran==
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	There is no explicit reference to Male Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. However, the {{Quran\|30\|30}} requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'<nowiki/>''.{{Quote\|{{Quran\|30\|30}}\|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}'''''The word ''<nowiki/>'fitrah''' appears only this once in the Qur'an, and is left undefined and unexplained. To know what 'fitrah means, traditional scholars turned to hadith which make use of the word. Note that this hadith uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' (ختان) for 'circumcision'.{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|7\|72\|777}}; See also {{Muslim\|2\|495}}\|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or '''five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision''' [اخْتُتِنَّ - khitan], shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}}<br />
			There is no explicit reference to Male Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. However, the {{Quran\|30\|30}} requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'<nowiki/>''.{{Quote\|{{Quran\|30\|30}}\|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}'''''The word ''<nowiki/>'fitrah''' appears only this once in the Qur'an, and is left undefined and unexplained. To know what 'fitrah means, traditional scholars turned to hadith which make use of the word. Note that this hadith uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' (ختان) for 'circumcision'.{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|7\|72\|777}}; See also {{Muslim\|2\|495}}\|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or '''five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision''' [اخْتُتِنَّ - khitan], shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}}“...the Koran mentions 69 times Abraham's name, who is considered a “good example” to follow (60:4), without ever speaking of circumcision.”<br />

	==Hadith==		==Hadith==
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	Many examples exist of Mohammed granting himself ‘prophetic privilege’, and it would not be out of character for Mohammed to exempt himself from a painful procedure, which would put his sex-life on hold for many months, and reduce the sensitivity of his penis for ever afterwards.		Many examples exist of Mohammed granting himself ‘prophetic privilege’, and it would not be out of character for Mohammed to exempt himself from a painful procedure, which would put his sex-life on hold for many months, and reduce the sensitivity of his penis for ever afterwards.

			=== Did Mohammed have his sons circumcised? ===

	==Fatwas==		==Fatwas==
	<br />		<br />“let's note that proponents of female circumcision also resort to the argument of the perfection of God's creation. So Majdi Fathi Al-Sayyid writes:

			“The attachment to the specificities of Islam, of which circumcision , makes appear the beautiful picture according to which God created the human being and of which he says: “He designed you and perfected your design” (64:3). “We created man in the best design' (95:4). so the man apperas in a apicture to which no other picture is superior. To quit or to disregard these natural traditions constitutes a distortion of this divine creature”(Ibn-Asakir (d. 1176))

			It means for this author that the human being acquires “the best design” through the performance of male and female circumcision and not by abandoning these two practices. [abu sahlieh p144]

	==Forced Circumcision==		==Forced Circumcision==

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2022-01-26T09:02:58Z

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	Intro - the nature of circumcision, statistics, distribution, comparative stats (Muslims, Xtians, Jews, etc)		Intro - the nature of circumcision, statistics, distribution, comparative stats (Muslims, Xtians, Jews, etc)

	~~<br />~~		arabic word for male circumcision

	==Quran==		==Quran==
	<br />		<br />''“Then We revealed to you, [O Muhammad], to follow the religion of Abraham, inclining toward truth; and he was not of those who associate with Allah .”'' Koran 16:123


			There is no explicit reference to Male Genital Mutilation in the Qur'an. However, the {{Quran\|30\|30}} requires Muslims to ''<nowiki/>'adhere to the fitrah'<nowiki/>''.{{Quote\|{{Quran\|30\|30}}\|So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. '''[Adhere to] the fitrah''' (فطرة or فطرت) of Allah upon which He has created (فطر) [all] people. No change should there be in the creation of Allah . That is the correct religion, but most of the people do not know.}}'''''The word ''<nowiki/>'fitrah''' appears only this once in the Qur'an, and is left undefined and unexplained. To know what 'fitrah means, traditional scholars turned to hadith which make use of the word. Note that this hadith uses the Arabic word ''khitan'' (ختان) for 'circumcision'.{{Quote\|{{Bukhari\|7\|72\|777}}; See also {{Muslim\|2\|495}}\|Abu Hurayrah said: I heard the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) say: “The fitrah is five things – or '''five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision''' [اخْتُتِنَّ - khitan], shaving the pubes, trimming the moustache, cutting the nails and plucking the armpit hairs.”}}<br />

	==Hadith==		==Hadith==

Flynnjed: added content - to be edited later

2022-01-26T08:59:47Z

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Flynnjed at 10:20, 25 January 2022

2022-01-25T10:20:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:20, 25 January 2022
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	circumcision		circumcision

			Intro - the nature of circumcision, statistics, distribution, comparative stats (Muslims, Xtians, Jews, etc)

			<br />

			== Quran ==
			<br />

			== Hadith ==
			<br />

			=== Was Mohammed Circumcised? ===

			== Fatwas ==
			<br />

			== Forced Circumcision ==


	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41

Flynnjed at 07:44, 30 May 2021

2021-05-30T07:44:31Z

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	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41


			<!-- wp:html -->
			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>A US surgeon from California spent 2 weeks in Bosnia-Herzegovina (including time at Kosevo hospital in Sarajevo) in late August and early September performing remedial urological surgery.The doctor reportedly found that Muslim and Mujahedin irregular troops -- some from Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia -- had routinely performed crude, disfiguring, nonmedical circumcisions on Bosnian Serb soldiers, and he treated one 18-year-old Bosnian Serb soldier who was so brutally circumcised that eventually the entire organ required amputation.<br></em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622061202/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/sdrpt4b.htm">Torture of Prisoners, Fourth Report on War Crimes in the Fomer Yugoslavia: Part II</a></p>
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			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>Circumcision has been forced on hundreds of Christians, including children and pregnant women, in a campaign by extremists to spread Islam through the war-ravaged Maluku islands.<br></em><a href="http://www.cirp.org/news/morningherald01-27-01/">Terror attacks in the name of religion, Sydney Morning Herald (2001)</a></p>
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			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>Non-Muslims in these camps, especially children, have been subject to religious indoctrination, circumcision and "Arabization" of their names, and eventual forced conversion to Islam</em> [...] <em>Some boys in these camps or in juvenile houses have reportedly undergone forced circumcision<br></em><a href="http://archive.today/ZuAr6">Sudan: Reports of Catholic residents of Khartoum or elsewhere in Sudan being forcefully converted to Islam (2001)</a></p>



			<a "></a></p>
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			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>The Justice and Peace Commission of Lahor has spoken out against cases of forced conversions: "Young non-Muslim men have been forced to convert and circumcised against their will,"<br></em><a href="http://archive.today/2jin">Christian minorities in Pakistan: little freedom and rising Islamic pressure (2004)</a></p>

			<p></p>
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			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>The Yezidi religious minority has suffered similar but perhaps even more severe forms of oppression than the Christian communities. Despised by Muslims as “devil-worshippers” and not protected by any form of official recognition, they constituted the most vulnerable community. Adult men were forcibly circumcised<br></em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073043/http://www.let.uu.nl/~Martin.vanBruinessen/personal/publications/Violence.htm#_ftn5">The nature and uses of violence in the Kurdish conflict</a></p>
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			<p style="padding-left:30px;"><em>In the city of Falluja, one of the most ancient seats of Mandaeism in the country, the thirty-five families who composed the community were ordered at gunpoint to adopt Islam shortly after the fall of the Saddam regime. The men were forcibly circumcised and the women were married off to Muslim men. Those who resisted were summarily executed.<br></em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623041759/http://www.arabwashingtonian.org/english/article.php?issue=4&articleID=71">The Rape of Basra: Cleansing the Iraqi Mandaeans</a></p>


			<p></p>
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Flynnjed: Replaced content with "circumcision https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41"

2021-05-30T07:36:33Z

Replaced content with "circumcision https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circumcision#cite_ref-41"

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Flynnjed at 07:48, 30 April 2021

2021-04-30T07:48:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:48, 30 April 2021
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	\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL		\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL
	\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>		\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>
	\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}Why are anaesthetics not used? [[File:Indonesia - susanfemalecircumcision-1.jpg\|thumb\|Medicalised FGM in Indonesia - note the apparent lack of anaesthesia (see also [http://archive.today/2021.04.26-080016/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/18/female-genital-mutilation-circumcision-indonesia The day I saw 248 girls suffering genital mutilation] The Guardian 2012) \|alt=\|350x350px]]There are several possible reasons. It may be that mothers and other older females in the family expect their daughters to undergo the same procedure (and suffering) that they did; anaesthetics may be unavailable or too expensive for poor families; the illegality of FGM in many countries may make anaesthetics hard to obtain for 'cutters' - or discourage those who can legitimately obtain and use anaesthetics (such as doctors, midwives and nurses) from practicing FGM. The non-use of anaesthetics may also be to some extent due to the fact that cultures that practice it do not understand it as a medical matter but a religious or technical matter and the concerns, priorities and ~~paraphinalia~~ of medical procedures don't apply. This may also explain why it is so often performed with germ-infested instruments, with no regard to asepsis and with crude ersatz instruments.		\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}Why are anaesthetics not used? [[File:Indonesia - susanfemalecircumcision-1.jpg\|thumb\|Medicalised FGM in Indonesia - note the apparent lack of anaesthesia (see also [http://archive.today/2021.04.26-080016/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/18/female-genital-mutilation-circumcision-indonesia The day I saw 248 girls suffering genital mutilation] The Guardian 2012) \|alt=\|350x350px]]There are several possible reasons. It may be that mothers and other older females in the family expect their daughters to undergo the same procedure (and suffering) that they did; anaesthetics may be unavailable or too expensive for poor families; the illegality of FGM in many countries may make anaesthetics hard to obtain for 'cutters' - or discourage those who can legitimately obtain and use anaesthetics (such as doctors, midwives and nurses) from practicing FGM. The non-use of anaesthetics may also be to some extent due to the fact that cultures that practice it do not understand it as a medical matter but a religious or technical matter and the concerns, priorities and paraphernalia of medical procedures don't apply. This may also explain why it is so often performed with germ-infested instruments, with no regard to asepsis and with crude ersatz instruments.

	However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM.		However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM.

	Ordeal, pain and fear are used in rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it may be that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends. PTSD is almost universal in girls who have undergone FGM.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164288/ Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review - Adegoke Adelufosi et al (2017)]</ref><ref>[https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations - Anke Köbach et al]</ref><ref>[https://www.taskforcefgm.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/FGM__Trauma.pdf 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Memory Problems After Female Genital Mutilation' - Alice Behrendt, Dipl.-Psych. Steffen Moritz, Ph.D.]</ref> This is the psychological state produced by the 'ordeals' of in Rites of Passage, which are designed to break the person down in order that the 'new person' be reconstructed.		Ordeal, pain and fear are used in rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it may be that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends. PTSD is almost universal in girls who have undergone FGM.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164288/ Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review - Adegoke Adelufosi et al (2017)]</ref><ref>[https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations - Anke Köbach et al]</ref><ref>[https://www.taskforcefgm.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/FGM__Trauma.pdf 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Memory Problems After Female Genital Mutilation' - Alice Behrendt, Dipl.-Psych. Steffen Moritz, Ph.D.]</ref> This is the psychological state produced by the 'ordeals' of in Rites of Passage, which are designed to break the person down in order that the 'new person' be reconstructed. In an act analogous to slave-branding - whereby arbitrary violence and pain was used to render the slave manipulable, and submissive to his/her master, the child learns that people she loves and trusts are capable of betraying her, and of inflicting great violence and pain. This makes her submissive not just to her family, but also her future husband, her community, her religion and her god. {{Quote\|[p365 ‘Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh]\|One of [FGM's] disastrous effects is deterioration of the relation between the girl and her parents. The girls has the feeling that these last betrayed her.}}

	~~FGM is~~ an act analogous to slave-branding - whereby arbitrary violence and pain was used to render the slave submissive to his/her master~~. The~~ child learns that people she loves and trusts are capable of betraying her and of inflicting great violence and pain ~~- this~~ makes her submissive not just to her family, ~~and~~ her future ~~husbands, but, by extension~~, her community, her religion and her god.

	{{Quote\|[https://www.amazon.com/Infidel-Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali/dp/0743289692 p33 'Infidel' - by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2007)]\|Haweya was never the same [after being subjected to FGM]. She had horrible nightmares, and during the day began stomping off to be alone. My once cheerful, playful little sister changed. Sometimes she just stared vacantly at nothing for hours.}}{{Quote\|[p365 ‘Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh]\|One of [FGM's] disastrous effects is deterioration of the relation between the girl and her parents. The girls has the feeling that these last betrayed her.}}

	FGM makes it probably that the child's first intense experience of her 'sexuality' is one of intense pain, prolonged suffering - and of betrayal by those she loved and trusted. This is likely to generate intense anxieties around the victim's body, sex and her sexuality - and make the child, and the woman she will grow up to be, more chaste, modest, pure and asexual.


	~~- break down personality~~

	~~- instill fear and submission~~

	~~- frigidity and trauma~~

	~~quotes from 'Infidel'~~


	~~increased visibility of initiation rits and victims skews narrative~~

			{{Quote\|[https://www.amazon.com/Infidel-Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali/dp/0743289692 p33 'Infidel' - by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2007)]\|Haweya was never the same [after being subjected to FGM]. She had horrible nightmares, and during the day began stomping off to be alone. My once cheerful, playful little sister changed. Sometimes she just stared vacantly at nothing for hours.}}Critics of FGM usually write in terms of it being a crime against ''women'', and that it is women who suffer from FGM and its consequences. However, it should be remembered that the victims of FGM are children, and FGM is a crime against the child long before it is a crime against the woman. FGM makes it probable that the child's first and most intense experience of 'sexuality' is one of cruelty, betrayal, pain and prolonged suffering. This is likely to generate anxieties considerable anxieties around her body, her sense of self, her sexuality and of sexuality in general - and implant in the the child, and the woman she will eventually grow up to be, a dysfunctional relationship to her body, to her sexuality and the sexuality of others. This will manifest itself socially in her being more chaste, modest, pure and asexual - which is the ultimate goal of FGM.
			{{Quote\|[https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00237-X 'Female genital mutilation (FGM) management during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period' H Rushwan (2000)]\|The psychological and social consequences of FGM include acute anxiety, frigidity, depression and neurosis which may result in marital disharmony.}}
			As such FGM, especially when performed without anaesthetics, can be said to deliberately make use of trauma as a tool of psychological and social engineering.

	==Arguments de-linking FGM and Islam==		==Arguments de-linking FGM and Islam==

Flynnjed at 06:17, 30 April 2021

2021-04-30T06:17:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:17, 30 April 2021
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	However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM.		However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM.

	Ordeal, pain and fear are used rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it ~~appears~~ that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends.		Ordeal, pain and fear are used in rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it may be that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends. PTSD is almost universal in girls who have undergone FGM.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164288/ Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or anxiety disorders in women and girls living with female genital mutilation: A systematic review - Adegoke Adelufosi et al (2017)]</ref><ref>[https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1757-0 Psychopathological sequelae of female genital mutilation and their neuroendocrinological associations - Anke Köbach et al]</ref><ref>[https://www.taskforcefgm.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/FGM__Trauma.pdf 'Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Memory Problems After Female Genital Mutilation' - Alice Behrendt, Dipl.-Psych. Steffen Moritz, Ph.D.]</ref> This is the psychological state produced by the 'ordeals' of in Rites of Passage, which are designed to break the person down in order that the 'new person' be reconstructed.

			FGM is an act analogous to slave-branding - whereby arbitrary violence and pain was used to render the slave submissive to his/her master. The child learns that people she loves and trusts are capable of betraying her and of inflicting great violence and pain - this makes her submissive not just to her family, and her future husbands, but, by extension, her community, her religion and her god.

			{{Quote\|[https://www.amazon.com/Infidel-Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali/dp/0743289692 p33 'Infidel' - by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (2007)]\|Haweya was never the same [after being subjected to FGM]. She had horrible nightmares, and during the day began stomping off to be alone. My once cheerful, playful little sister changed. Sometimes she just stared vacantly at nothing for hours.}}{{Quote\|[p365 ‘Male and female circumcision: Religious, medical, social and legal debate‘ by Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh]\|One of [FGM's] disastrous effects is deterioration of the relation between the girl and her parents. The girls has the feeling that these last betrayed her.}}

			FGM makes it probably that the child's first intense experience of her 'sexuality' is one of intense pain, prolonged suffering - and of betrayal by those she loved and trusted. This is likely to generate intense anxieties around the victim's body, sex and her sexuality - and make the child, and the woman she will grow up to be, more chaste, modest, pure and asexual.

	~~quotes from 'Infidel'~~

	- break down personality		- break down personality

	- instill fear and submission*		- instill fear and submission

	- frigidity and trauma		- frigidity and trauma

	~~- chastiry assurance~~		quotes from 'Infidel'


	increased visibility of initiation rits and victims skews narrative		increased visibility of initiation rits and victims skews narrative

Flynnjed: /* FGM and the Uses of Trauma */

2021-04-30T04:57:40Z

FGM and the Uses of Trauma

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:57, 30 April 2021
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	However, FGM and Rites of Passage do share one characteristic: they both involve a deliberate ordeal (a 'destructive nature') which brings about permanent physical and psychological changes.		However, FGM and Rites of Passage do share one characteristic: they both involve a deliberate ordeal (a 'destructive nature') which brings about permanent physical and psychological changes.

	This is reflected in the fact that anaesthetics are generally not used, even when available. [[File:~~Indonesia~~ - ~~susanfemalecircumcision~~-1.jpg\|thumb\|~~Medicalised FGM in Indonesia~~ - ~~note the apparent lack of anaesthesia (see also [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/18/female-genital-mutilation~~-circumcision~~-indonesia The day I saw 248 girls suffering genital mutilation] The Guardian 2012) \|alt=~~]]{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.27-044528/https://www.unfpa.org/pcm/node/9481 Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions, UNFPA (2020)]\|'''Anaesthetic and antiseptics are generally not used''' unless the procedure is carried out by medical practitioners.}}[[File:~~Fgm~~-in-~~the~~-~~middle-east~~.jpg\|thumb\|~~Iraqi Kurdish four-~~year-old ~~Shwen screams during her circumcision in Suleimaniyah on April 14, 2009~~]]{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.27-042745/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13131835.i-screaming-mother/ 'I was screaming for my mother' (2013)]\|I remember I was screaming for my grandmother and my mother to help me but no-one did. I wasn't given any medication before or after - '''not anaesthetic, nothing'''.}}{{Quote\|Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Survivor Tells Her Story (2016) - youtu.be/jlyj9hgdbrQ\|My aunt was a doctor, so when she led me downstairs for a clinic and instructed me to lie flat on my back on her operating table I didn't think to question her authority. '''With no anesthetic''' and very littlewarning she performed a ritualized cut.}}[[File:Endfgm-campaign-video-016.jpg\|thumb\|August, 25, 2008. Tuz Khurmatu, northern Iraq, a midwife (who also delivered Omer and is a trusted and valued member of the neighborhood) slices part of seven year-old Sheelan Anwar Omer's genitals (Photographer: Andrea Bruce).<ref>Image cropped from larger photo - for original see http://archive.today/2021.04.26-065336/https://i0.wp.com/freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/files/2012/06/Kurdish-girl.jpg?ssl=1</ref>\|alt=]]{{Quote\|{{cite web		This is reflected in the fact that anaesthetics are generally not used, even when available. [[File:Fgm-in-the-middle-east.jpg\|thumb\|Iraqi Kurdish four-year-old Shwen screams during her circumcision in Suleimaniyah on April 14, 2009]]{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.27-044528/https://www.unfpa.org/pcm/node/9481 Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions, UNFPA (2020)]\|'''Anaesthetic and antiseptics are generally not used''' unless the procedure is carried out by medical practitioners.}}[[File:Endfgm-campaign-video-016.jpg\|thumb\|August, 25, 2008. Tuz Khurmatu, northern Iraq, a midwife (who also delivered Omer and is a trusted and valued member of the neighborhood) slices part of seven year-old Sheelan Anwar Omer's genitals (Photographer: Andrea Bruce).<ref>Image cropped from larger photo - for original see http://archive.today/2021.04.26-065336/https://i0.wp.com/freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/files/2012/06/Kurdish-girl.jpg?ssl=1</ref>\|alt=]]{{Quote\|[http://archive.today/2021.04.27-042745/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13131835.i-screaming-mother/ 'I was screaming for my mother' (2013)]\|I remember I was screaming for my grandmother and my mother to help me but no-one did. I wasn't given any medication before or after - '''not anaesthetic, nothing'''.}}{{Quote\|Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Survivor Tells Her Story (2016) - youtu.be/jlyj9hgdbrQ\|My aunt was a doctor, so when she led me downstairs for a clinic and instructed me to lie flat on my back on her operating table I didn't think to question her authority. '''With no anesthetic''' and very littlewarning she performed a ritualized cut.}}{{Quote\|{{cite web
	\| title = 'A horrific nightmare' Female genital mutilation survivor shares her …		\| title = 'A horrific nightmare' Female genital mutilation survivor shares her …
	\| url = https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.3784062/a-horrific-nightmare-female-genital-mutilation-survivor-shares-her-story-in-ottawa-1.3784067		\| url = https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.3784062/a-horrific-nightmare-female-genital-mutilation-survivor-shares-her-story-in-ottawa-1.3784067
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	\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL		\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL
	\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>		\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>
	\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}Why are anaesthetics not used?		\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}Why are anaesthetics not used? [[File:Indonesia - susanfemalecircumcision-1.jpg\|thumb\|Medicalised FGM in Indonesia - note the apparent lack of anaesthesia (see also [http://archive.today/2021.04.26-080016/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/nov/18/female-genital-mutilation-circumcision-indonesia The day I saw 248 girls suffering genital mutilation] The Guardian 2012) \|alt=\|350x350px]]There are several possible reasons. It may be that mothers and other older females in the family expect their daughters to undergo the same procedure (and suffering) that they did; anaesthetics may be unavailable or too expensive for poor families; the illegality of FGM in many countries may make anaesthetics hard to obtain for 'cutters' - or discourage those who can legitimately obtain and use anaesthetics (such as doctors, midwives and nurses) from practicing FGM. The non-use of anaesthetics may also be to some extent due to the fact that cultures that practice it do not understand it as a medical matter but a religious or technical matter and the concerns, priorities and paraphinalia of medical procedures don't apply. This may also explain why it is so often performed with germ-infested instruments, with no regard to asepsis and with crude ersatz instruments.

	There are several possible reasons. It may be that mothers and other older females in the family expect their daughters to undergo the same procedure (and suffering) that they did; anaesthetics may be unavailable or too expensive for poor families; the illegality of FGM in many countries may make anaesthetics hard to obtain for 'cutters' - or discourage those who can legitimately obtain and use anaesthetics (such as doctors, ~~midwives and nurses) from practicing FGM. The eschewal of anaesthetics may also be to some extent due to~~ the ~~fact that FGM is not considered as a medical matter and is therefore not treated as such - it may - and therefore not treated as - a medical procedure~~, ~~but as a technical or religious procedure - this may~~ explain ~~not only~~ why anaesthetics are not used, ~~but also why it~~ is ~~often performed with germ-infested instruments~~		However, probably the most significant factor, one which might explain why anaesthetics are not used even when the mutilation is performed in medicalised environment by nurses, is that trauma is part of the functionality of FGM.

	i/		Ordeal, pain and fear are used rites of passage to alter the identity and personality of the initiand and it appears that FGM makes use of pain to the same ends.


	~~iv/ illegality in many countries makes use of anaesthetics difficult,~~

	~~v/ tradition - cutters prefer not to, parents expect daughters to undergo what they did~~

	~~vi/~~

	~~Keep costs down~~

	~~technical rather than medical nature of FGM~~

	~~unavailability of anaesthetics~~

	~~trauma part of the functionality of FGM~~

	Ordeal, pain and fear are used rites of passage to ~~xxxxx . It~~ appears that FGM makes use ~~this aspect~~ of ~~rites of passage,~~

Flynnjed: /* FGM and the Uses of Trauma */

2021-04-30T04:37:48Z

FGM and the Uses of Trauma

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:37, 30 April 2021
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	\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL		\| archiveurl = http://archive.today/T79HL
	\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>		\| archivedate = 2021-04-27 }}\|In Burkina Faso, we did not have proper clinics for these procedures. We didn’t have doctors in white jackets and gloves. '''We didn’t even have anesthesia to numb the pain'''.}}{{Quote\|<nowiki>Breakout Session 3: Female Genital Mutilation - The Facts (2017) - youtu.be/nuaZ_QIx-3U?t=31m44s</nowiki>
	\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}		\|Remember, '''there were no anesthetics''' because for we you have to walk the walk, you have to dance the dance. It's what makes you a woman. When you feel that pain it shows you that pain is all you know as a woman.}}Why are anaesthetics not used?

			There are several possible reasons. It may be that mothers and other older females in the family expect their daughters to undergo the same procedure (and suffering) that they did; anaesthetics may be unavailable or too expensive for poor families; the illegality of FGM in many countries may make anaesthetics hard to obtain for 'cutters' - or discourage those who can legitimately obtain and use anaesthetics (such as doctors, midwives and nurses) from practicing FGM. The eschewal of anaesthetics may also be to some extent due to the fact that FGM is not considered as a medical matter and is therefore not treated as such - it may - and therefore not treated as - a medical procedure, but as a technical or religious procedure - this may explain not only why anaesthetics are not used, but also why it is often performed with germ-infested instruments

			i/


			iv/ illegality in many countries makes use of anaesthetics difficult,

			v/ tradition - cutters prefer not to, parents expect daughters to undergo what they did

			vi/

	~~=== Why is anaesthetic not used? ===~~
	Keep costs down		Keep costs down

	technical rather than medical nature of FGM		technical rather than medical nature of FGM

	unavailability of anaesthetics		unavailability of anaesthetics

	~~illegality in many countries makes use of anaesthetics difficult~~

	~~tradition - cutters prefer not to, parents expect daughters to undergo what they did~~

	trauma part of the functionality of FGM		trauma part of the functionality of FGM