Zunar (Islamic Yellow-Badge Practices) - Revision history

Asmith: /* Origin and history */

2026-05-09T17:10:51Z

Origin and history

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 9 May 2026
Line 27:		Line 27:
	Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.		Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.

	In traditional ~~Islamic~~ [[Sunni\|~~orthodoxy~~]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5899\|darussalam}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|3176\|darussalam}}</ref>		In traditional [[Sunni\|Sunni]] Islamic law, the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5899\|darussalam}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|3176\|darussalam}}</ref>

	In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>		In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>

Asmith: /* Origin and history */ fixed language and score

2026-05-09T17:10:31Z

Origin and history: fixed language and score

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 9 May 2026
Line 6:		Line 6:
	\|image=Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg		\|image=Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg
	}}		}}
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=4\|References=3}}

	[[File:Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg\|thumb\|right\|230px\|Left: Yellow badge made mandatory by the Nazis, worn to identify Jews in France. Right: 10th century badge incorporating a cross, worn to identify Christians in Egypt.]]		[[File:Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg\|thumb\|right\|230px\|Left: Yellow badge made mandatory by the Nazis, worn to identify Jews in France. Right: 10th century badge incorporating a cross, worn to identify Christians in Egypt.]]
Line 27:		Line 27:
	Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.		Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.

	In Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5899\|darussalam}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|3176\|darussalam}}</ref>		In traditional Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5899\|darussalam}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|3176\|darussalam}}</ref>

	In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>		In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>
Line 37:		Line 37:
	The yellow badge first appeared in Europe via the Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 which ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress (Latin "habitus")". The Jewish Encyclopedia entry notes: "The idea of such a discrimination seems to have been derived from Islam, in which the dress of the Jews was distinguished by a different color from that of the true believer as early as the Pact of Omar (640), by which Jews were ordered to wear a yellow seam on their upper garments (D'Ohsson, "Histoire des Mogols," 1854, iii. 274)."<ref name="Ulysse Robert"></ref>		The yellow badge first appeared in Europe via the Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 which ruled that Jews and Muslims must be distinguishable by their dress (Latin "habitus")". The Jewish Encyclopedia entry notes: "The idea of such a discrimination seems to have been derived from Islam, in which the dress of the Jews was distinguished by a different color from that of the true believer as early as the Pact of Omar (640), by which Jews were ordered to wear a yellow seam on their upper garments (D'Ohsson, "Histoire des Mogols," 1854, iii. 274)."<ref name="Ulysse Robert"></ref>

	It was later ~~revived~~ by the German Nazis. After the invasion of Poland in 1939 there were initially different local decrees forcing Jews to wear a distinctive sign, during the General Government. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word "Jude" (German for "Jew") inscribed was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich (current day Germany, Austria, parts of Poland, Slovakia and Luxemberg where German speakers predominated) and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (German-occupied Czechoslovakia) (by a decree issued on September 1, 1941, signed by Reinhard Heydrich) and was gradually introduced in other German-occupied areas, where local words were used (e.g. Juif in French, Jood in Dutch).		A similar policy was later implemented by the German Nazis. After the invasion of Poland in 1939 there were initially different local decrees forcing Jews to wear a distinctive sign, during the General Government. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word "Jude" (German for "Jew") inscribed was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in the Reich (current day Germany, Austria, parts of Poland, Slovakia and Luxemberg where German speakers predominated) and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (German-occupied Czechoslovakia) (by a decree issued on September 1, 1941, signed by Reinhard Heydrich) and was gradually introduced in other German-occupied areas, where local words were used (e.g. Juif in French, Jood in Dutch).

	This practice was again revived most recently in the Islamic world, where in 2001, Afghanistan's Hindus were required by the [[Taliban]] to wear yellow badges to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from [[Islam\|Islamic]] ones.<ref name="Hindus1">[{{Reference archive\|1=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/index.html\|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus] - CNN, May 22, 2001</ref><ref name="Hindus2">Jack Kelley - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2001-05-22-talibanids.htm\|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban: Hindus must wear identity labels] - USA TODAY, June 19, 2001</ref><ref name="Hindus3">T.C. Malhotra - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/us-lawmakers-condemn-taliban-treatment-hindus\|2=2012-05-14}} US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus] - CNS News, July 7, 2008</ref>		This practice was again revived most recently in the Islamic world, where in 2001, Afghanistan's Hindus were required by the [[Taliban]] to wear yellow badges to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from [[Islam\|Islamic]] ones.<ref name="Hindus1">[{{Reference archive\|1=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/index.html\|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus] - CNN, May 22, 2001</ref><ref name="Hindus2">Jack Kelley - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2001-05-22-talibanids.htm\|2=2012-05-14}} Taliban: Hindus must wear identity labels] - USA TODAY, June 19, 2001</ref><ref name="Hindus3">T.C. Malhotra - [{{Reference archive\|1=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/us-lawmakers-condemn-taliban-treatment-hindus\|2=2012-05-14}} US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus] - CNS News, July 7, 2008</ref>

Lightyears: Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

2025-11-15T01:24:18Z

Automated script replacing USC-MSA hadith numbering system for Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:24, 15 November 2025
Line 27:		Line 27:
	Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.		Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.

	In Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|7\|72\|~~786~~}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{~~Abudawud~~\|20\|~~3170~~}}</ref>		In Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|\|\|5899\|darussalam}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abu Dawud\|\|3176\|darussalam}}</ref>

	In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>		In the early Islamic period, non-Muslims were required to wear distinctive marks in public, such as metal seals fixed around their necks. Likewise, they were not allowed to wear colors associated with Islam, particularly green.<ref>Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples, London: Faber and Faber, 1991, ISBN 0571166636, p.117</ref> The practice of physically branding Jews and Christians appears to have been begun in early medieval Baghdad and was considered highly degrading.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice, 1999, W. W. Norton & Company press, ISBN 0393318397, p.131</ref>

Asmith at 05:35, 27 May 2025

2025-05-27T05:35:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 27 May 2025
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\|keywords={{{keywords\|}}}		\|keywords={{{keywords\|}}}
	\|description={{{description\|}}}		\|description={{{description\|}}}
	\|image=~~Banu_qurayza_massacre~~.jpg		\|image=Coptic and Jewish Badges.jpg
	}}		}}
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=3}}

Asmith at 05:35, 27 May 2025

2025-05-27T05:35:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 27 May 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
			{{#seo:
			\|title=Zunar (Islamic Yellow-Badge Practices)
			\|title_mode={{{title_mode\|}}}
			\|keywords={{{keywords\|}}}
			\|description={{{description\|}}}
			\|image=Banu_qurayza_massacre.jpg
			}}
	{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=3}}		{{QualityScore\|Lead=2\|Structure=2\|Content=2\|Language=3\|References=3}}

IbnPinker at 02:05, 14 October 2021

2021-10-14T02:05:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:05, 14 October 2021
Line 79:		Line 79:
	A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').		A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}

			=== Taliban issues yellow badges for Afghani Hindus ===
			{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia\|author=Ahmed Rashid\|year=2010\|ISBN=9780300163681\|url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300163681/taliban\|page=218\|publisher=Yale University Press\|edition=2nd}}\|As pressure mounted on the Taliban, the moderate wing within its leadership – who despised the Arabs, was opposed to international terrorism, and was secretly willing to negotiate with the United Nations and others – suffered a major setback when their leader, Mullah Mohammed Rabbani, died of cancer in a Karachi hospital on 16 April. Rabbani was the de facto second in command of the Taliban and had strongly opposed the growing influence of the Arabs on the movement. With Rabbani gone, Al Qaeda persuaded Mullah Mohammed Omar to issue extreme edicts imposing mandates that were unrelated to Afghan culture and tradition. '''Over a few weeks the Taliban''' ordered the closing down of foreign hospitals, '''declared that all Afghan Hindus would have to wear yellow badges''', banned the Internet, put eight Western humanitarian workers on trial and forced the UN’s World Food Programme to shut down its bakeries, which had provided affordable bread to millions of hungry people.}}

	==See also==		==See also==

IbnPinker at 02:29, 7 March 2021

2021-03-07T02:29:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:29, 7 March 2021
Line 18:		Line 18:
	==Origin and history==		==Origin and history==

	Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[~~Shariah~~\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.		Under [[Dhimmitude]], the Islamic system of governing [[Non-Muslims\|non-Muslim]] populations and their interactions with Muslims, Muslim superiority was expressed through numerous ways, including [[Shari'ah (Islamic Law)\|laws]] that established what colors, clothing or hats they were permitted or not permitted to wear.

	In Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|7\|72\|786}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abudawud\|20\|3170}}</ref>		In Islamic [[Sunni\|orthodoxy]], the use of distinctive clothing or marks for Jewish and other religious communities can be traced back to the [[Pact of Umar]] (637 AD), a pact that contains the terms dictated by the second Rightly-guided Caliph,<ref>"''...This is why the Leader of the faithful `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, demanded his well-known conditions be met by the Christians, these conditions that ensured their continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace.''" - [http://www.tafsir.com/default.asp?sid=9&tid=20986 Tafsir ibn Kathir, Paying Jizyah is a Sign of Kufr and Disgrace]</ref> and seems to reflect Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s wishes for his followers to look and act "differently" than the Jews.<ref>"''Narrated Abu Huraira : The Prophet said, "Jews and Christians do not dye their hair so you should do the opposite of what they do.''" - {{Bukhari\|7\|72\|786}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Ubadah ibn as-Samit: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to stand up for a funeral until the corpse was placed in the grave. A learned Jew (once) passed him and said: This is how we do. The Prophet (peace be upon him) sat down and said: Sit down and act differently from them.''" - {{Abudawud\|20\|3170}}</ref>

IbnPinker: /* Stamping the necks of dhimmis who paid the Jizyah */

2021-02-27T17:46:40Z

Stamping the necks of dhimmis who paid the Jizyah

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 27 February 2021
Line 76:		Line 76:
	==Related practices==		==Related practices==

	=== Stamping the necks of dhimmis who paid the Jizyah ===		===Stamping the necks of dhimmis who paid the Jizyah===
	A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').		A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised ~~ed.~~}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}

	==See also==		==See also==

IbnPinker: /* Related practices */

2021-02-27T17:46:24Z

Related practices

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 27 February 2021
Line 74:		Line 74:
	\|}		\|}

	== Related practices ==		==Related practices==

			=== Stamping the necks of dhimmis who paid the Jizyah ===
	A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').		A related practice to visually distinguish those who had and had not paid the Jizyah (described below as the 'poll-tax').
	{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised ed.}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}		{{Quote\|{{citation\|title=Economic Functions of an Islamic State: The Early Experience\|author=S. M. Hasanuz Zaman\|publisher=The Islamic Foundation\|year=1991\|pages=214-215\|ISBN=0860372022\|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40360540-economic-functions-of-an-islamic-state\|edition=Revised ed.}}\|In order to manage the affairs of the land, '''Caliph 'Umar''', first had experienced persons survey it and then conduct a census of the population which was also to be subjected to poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah]. It is not known how large a team of assistants they took with them because a survey of the whole province could not be undertaken by only one or two men in a reasonable time. Residential areas and houses were excluded from survey. Similarly the undergrowth, area covered under water, or the area inaccessible to water, and mounds (''tala'') were also excluded. Thus the total area of surveyed land was reportedly 36 million ''jarib'' or 125 ''farsakh'' in length and 80 ''farsakh'' in breadth or 10,000 square ''farsakh''. '''In order that people should not evade poll-tax [defined by the author as Jizyah] by pretending to have been counted, a seal was fixed on their necks after they had been counted. A man without a seal was declared to be unprotected [i.e. they would have no civil rights or protections]. Thus about 550,000 persons were dealt with in this way.'''}}

IbnPinker at 17:45, 27 February 2021

2021-02-27T17:45:59Z

Show changes